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"Gelli ymddiried ynof i…" Pobl ifanc yn mynd ar goll ac sy'n cael, neu mewn perygl o gael, eu cam-drin drwy gamfanteisio rhywiol yng Ngogledd Cymru'
Get PDFBarnardo’s mae camfanteisio’n rhywiol ar blant (CSE) wedi bod yn flaenoriaeth strategol, ac yn faes allweddol ar gyfer datblygu arferion am fwy na dau ddegawd. Yng Nghymru, mae Barnardo’s Cymru wedi gweithio’n agos a Llywodraeth Cymru ers 2005 er mwyn cefnogi datblygu polisi cydnerth a chanllawiau arferion er mwyn delio a CSE yng Nghymru. Mae ymchwil sefydledig a thystiolaeth o arferion yn dangos cysylltiad cryf rhwng plant a phobl ifanc sy’n mynd ar goll a’r perygl o wynebu camfanteisio rhywiol. Yn ystod y blynyddoedd diweddar, mae cyfres o erlyniadau proffil uchel mewn perthynas ag achosion o CSE wedi codi ymwybyddiaeth y cyhoedd ynglŷn a’r drosedd hon. Cafodd rhwydweithiau o droseddwyr a fu’n cam-drin plant a phobl ifanc am nifer o flynyddoedd eu datguddio yn Rotherham, Rochdale, Derby, Sheffield, Manceinion a Rhydychen, gan arwain at gynnydd mewn gweithgaredd ar draws pob sector er mwyn gwella diogelwch ac amharu ar dramgwyddwyr. Mae’r ymchwil hwn yn amcanu at wella dealltwriaeth o natur y berthynas rhwng mynd ar goll a CSE, a gwella ymatebion i blant a phobl ifanc sydd mewn perygl. Er bod y mater hwn wedi cael ei ystyried ar lefel y DU, ychydig iawn o ymchwil sydd wedi cael ei wneud yng Nghymru i blant a phobl ifanc sy’n mynd ar goll a’r berthynas rhwng mynd ar goll a’r risg o ddioddef CSE. Cynhaliwyd yr ymchwil hwn yng Ngogledd Cymru, ond gallai fod yn ddefnyddiol fel sail I arferion ar draws Cymru
Composite repairs to bridge steels demystified
Get PDFThis paper examines crack growth associated with carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) repairs to cracked bridge steels and boron epoxy composite and fibre metal patch repairs to cracked aluminium alloy structures. It is first shown that the da/dN versus ΔK curves associated with bridge steels is very similar to that seen in the high strength aerospace steel D6ac. The importance of 1st ply failure, which was first observed on a boron epoxy repair to the F-111 D6ac steel wing pivot fitting, and how to alleviate this failure mechanism is then discussed as is the common design approach whereby after patching the repair is designed to have a ΔK beneath the ASTM long crack threshold ΔKth. It is shown that crack growth in bridge steels repaired with CFRP patches and in aluminium alloy structures repaired with either boron epoxy or glare patches exhibit a near linear relationship between the log of the crack length and the number of cycles. We then show that crack growth in these repairs can be represented by the same simple master curve relationship that has been found to hold for cracks growing in both operational aircraft and full scale fatigue tests. These findings are important since they suggest that the methodology used by the Royal Australian Air Force to certify structural modifications to operational aircraft may also be applicable to composite repairs/modifications to steel bridges, which are generally experience significantly lower stresses
Rheological properties of a polysaccharide isolated from Adansonia digitata leaves
Get PDFThe rheological properties of Adansonia digitata leaf polysaccharide were studied in dilute and semi-dilute solutions. The intrinsic viscosity of the polysaccharide obtained by Fedors equation and the combined Huggins and Kraemer extrapolations was ∼3.27 dL/g. The polysaccharide contained random coil macromolecules with mass average molecular mass of 4.01 × 106 g/mol. The polysaccharide in semi-dilute concentrations exhibited strong shear thinning property, and viscoelastic behaviour was observed with solutions within (3–5% (w/w)) consistent with the formation of entangled random coil macromolecules in solution. The polysaccharide solutions were sensitive to temperature and the minimum energy to initiate flow in 4.0% polysaccharide solution calculated from Arrhenius plot of zero shear viscosity as a function of temperature was 48.6 kJ/mol. The FTIR spectral studies of the polysaccharide confirmed the presence of uronic acid groups
Prison building ‘Does size still matter?’: A Re-Assessment
Get PDFThis paper synthesises existing work and extends empirical knowledge about the possibilities attendant on building bigger prisons in England and Wales. This follows on from an announcement in 2013 that a 2,100 inmate prison (HMP Berwyn) would be built in North Wales. Moreover a statement by the Justice Secretary, Michael Gove, that ‘ageing and ineffective’ Victorian jails would be sold off to fund larger replacement prisons.1 To that end it is salutary to note that in 1980 44,000 people were held in prisons and young offender institutions in England and Wales and that this number was described by the sitting Home Secretary as dangerously high.2 This is because by October 2015 a neo-liberal inspired popular penalty had gone on to inflate the prison population to 86,727.3 The social and economic costs attendant on imprisoning large numbers (and proportions) of people hardly needs further exploration. They have been amply poured over and debated in this and other journals as well as in media and political circles. Comparatively speaking, however, the practical management implications of the policy of mass incarceration has received less attention. As increasing numbers of people have been imprisoned, the prison estate has aged and contestability between the public and private sector has become the norm, the question of how the prison estate should be structured and managed to ensure prisoners ‘are treated humanely, decently and lawfully’ has become more salient
The internal consistency reliability of the Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism among students in India
Get PDFThe Santosh–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism was originally developed and tested among Hindus in the UK as part of a programme designed to assess religious affect across faith traditions. The present study tests the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the instrument among 149 students in Karnatak University Dharwad (74 males and 75 females), India. The data demonstrated an alpha coefficient of .90, suggesting a high level of internal consistency reliability and commending the instrument for further application within Hindu communities
Encouraging signs: A qualitative evaluation of Review and Congratulate Panels in the Wrexham Youth Justice Team
Get PDFCommunity disposals incorporate both punitive and rehabilitative elements in order to punish, deter and rehabilitate. Failure to comply with them has serious implications for young people and for the credibility of the youth justice system in both the short and longer term. This report draws on a small qualitative study of a local initiative to promote compliance by young people in receipt of community orders. Drawing on the accounts of a sample of Youth Justice practitioners, Magistrates, young people and parents it explores a ‘Review and Congratulate’ (referred throughout the report as RACP) process initiated by the Wrexham Youth Justice Service (YJS)
Crack growth in a naturally corroded bridge steel
Get PDFThis paper summarises the findings of an international collaborative programme that focuses on the problem of the growth of cracks that arise from natural corrosion in bridge steels. The experimental data presented in this paper confirm that the bridge steel da/dN versus ΔK relationship is similar to that seen by the high-strength aerospace steels D6ac and 4340. It is then shown that the methodology developed to predict the growth of small naturally occurring cracks in aerospace materials can also be used to compute the growth of cracks that arise because of natural corrosion in bridge steels
The relationship between sight loss and substance use: users' perspectives
Get PDFThis UK study emerged from the concerns of a sight loss charity which sought to meet the support needs of its service users with problematic alcohol use. This paper presents findings from one strand of the study focusing on service users' perspectives. Aims: The aim was to explore the meaning and function of substance use in the lives of people with sight loss. Method: Through purposive and snowball sampling, 17 semi-structured interviews were held with people face-to-face or via telephone. Data were analysed thematically through coding, recoding and categorising data with double coding providing quality control. Results: People were at different stages in their use of substances and their experiences of sight loss. They reported a number of relationships between sight loss and substance use with three main relationships emerging; substance use as i) a cause of their sight loss, ii) a contributor to their sight loss and iii) a coping mechanism for sight loss. Conclusion: The diverse experiences of people with sight loss and substance problems require an individual and tailored response from substance use professionals. This needs to include routine questioning and accurate information about the medical relationship between sight loss and substance use
Reconstruction of a conic-section surface from autocollimator-based deflectometric profilometry
Get PDFWe present a description of our method to process a set of autocollimator-based deflectometer 1-dimensional line-scans taken over a large optical surface and reconstruct them to a best-fit conic-section surface. The challenge with our task is that each line-scan is in a different (unknown) coordinate reference frame with respect to the other line-scans in the set. This problem arises due to the limited angular measurement range of the autocollimator used in the deflectometer and the need to measure over
a greater range; this results in the optic under measurement being rotated (in pitch and roll) between each scan to bring the autocollimator back into measurement range and therefore each scan is taken in a different coordinate frame. We describe an approach using a 6N+2 dimension optimisation (where N is the number of scan lines taken across the mirror) that uses a gradient-based non-linear least squares fitting combined with a multi-start global search strategy to find the best-fit surface. Careful formulation of the problem is required to reduce numerical noise and allow the routine to converge on a solution of the required accuracy
Self-Assembly and Emulsification Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Inulin
Get PDFA series of alkenylated inulin samples were synthesized in aqueous solution using alkenyl succinic anhydrides with varying alkenyl chain lengths (C8–C18). The inulin derivatives (ASA–inulins) were characterized using NMR and FTIR and their degree of substitution determined. The solution properties of ASA–inulins were investigated using dye solubilization, surface tension, and dynamic light scattering, and all three techniques confirmed that the molecules aggregated in solution above a critical concentration (critical aggregation concentration, CAC). The value of the CAC was found to be reasonably consistent between the different techniques and was shown to decrease with increasing alkenyl chain length, from 0.08% for the octenyl succinylated sample to 0.005% for the octadecenyl succinylated sample. The hydrodynamic diameter of ASA–inulins above the CAC was determined from dynamic light scattering studies and was shown to increase with alkenyl chain length, from 4 nm for the octenyl derivative to 55 nm for the hexadecenyl derivative. All ASA–inulins were shown to be able to produce oil-in-water emulsions with a droplet size similar to that of emulsions prepared using Tween 20 on storing for 21 days. The fact that the derivatives are able to form micellarlike aggregates and stabilize emulsions makes them suitable candidates for the encapsulation and delivery of water-insoluble active compounds, with potential application in food, cosmetic, personal care, and pharmaceutical formulations