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A Literature Review of Transgender People in Prison: An ‘invisible’ population in England and Wales
Get PDFThe last few decades have witnessed a growth in advocacy for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) people, and that this activism for equality is
now increasingly visible within the Criminal Justice System.1 The Ministry of Justice report The Care and Management of Transsexual Prisoners PSI 07/2011 provides guidelines about the duties and responsibilities that prisons must comply with in ensuring that all transsexual people are treated fairly and in accordance with the law. However, two high profile cases highlighted issues of inequality for transgender people in the secure estate. In late 2015, Vikki Thompson and Joanne Latham, two transgender women placed in male prisons in England, committed suicide in their prison cells within weeks of each other. While it is understood that Joanne Latham had not requested a transfer to a women’s prison, it is reported that Vikki Thompson said she would kill herself if placed in a male prison.2 Following their deaths, it was announced that a review into the care and management of transgender people in prisons would be undertaken in light of a number of concerns that the current system does not adequately address their specific needs. In addition, the Minister for Women, Equalities and Family Justice, Caroline Dinenage indicated that the review extend to transgender people being managed in the community.3 The review was published in November 2016 that aimed to ensure that the care and management of transgender people in prison was ‘fit for purpose and provides an appropriate balance between the needs
of the individual and the responsibility to manage risk and safeguard the wellbeing of all prisoners’.4 According to Caroline Dinenage, there are approximately 80 transgender people in prison in England and Wales and although the exact number is unknown, she estimates that the population is increasing. Referring to prisons in the USA, Simopoulos and Khin Khin5 argue that the true estimate of transgender people may be unknown because people in prison are reluctant to disclose their gender identity for fear of transphobia and abuse. However, the recently published review indicated that there will be a data collection exercise across the prison estate (that has already been commissioned) and there will be a new equality information form that among other equality questions, will be a question on gender identity.6 The experience of transgender people in prison is an under-researched area generally but particularly in the UK. The majority of research about transgender people who offend has been undertaken in the USA.
This is despite existing research (discussed in this literature review) indicating that transgender people in prison are significantly more likely to experience more problems than other prison populations
Real-time model of switched reluctance drive based on a LUT magnetization curve for educational purposes
Get PDFThis paper discusses the implementation of a real-time model of a switched reluctance motor drive for which the parameters of its magnetisation curve are represented by the data in a look-up table. A method of cubic interpolation has been applied for the look-up table approximation in order to provide a high accuracy and realistic performance of the modelled motor drive. The model structure has been optimised for real-time execution in a motion control microcontroller operating under PWM frequency up to 40 kHz. The model is designed to be used in the students' coursework on the specialist subject of electric drive control
Curriculum development of undergraduate and post graduate courses on small unmanned aircraft
Get PDFThis paper describes the development of an undergraduate and a post graduate course on Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA). Few emerging technologies provide the potential for such a diverse application of knowledge as SUA which are more commonly referred to as “Drones”. They are being used for civil purposes in a growth business sector predicted to be worth billions of pounds over the next 10 years. They are also revolutionising everything from agriculture to film-making and are increasingly being used to monitor, research and conduct data gathering missions in surveying, mining, forestry, ecology, archaeology virtual reality and computer gaming. The purpose of this paper is to present the ideas and the researched findings which informed the rationale used for the curriculum development of the first Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Drone Technology to be offered in the UK, and also that of an accompanying Master of Science Degree in Unmanned Aircraft System Technology
Synthesis of Serving Policies for Objects Flow in the System with Refillable Storage Component
Get PDFThis paper discusses the solution of the logistic problem occurred in a management system to supply fuel to inhabitants in the Arctic regions using bulk water transport delivery. The suggested mathematical model of a logistic scheme is designed in the form of uniprocessor system with refillable storage component providing a single stage service of deterministic objects flow. The task scheduling optimisation problem is formulated in the way where service policies are estimated by two independent minimised criteria. Proposed synthesis algorithm of Pareto-efficient service policies utilises a bicriterial approach of dynamic programming. The algorithm has been verified by the simulation example
A Numerical Bubbly Flow Investigation of Drag Reduction for Underwater Vehicles
Get PDFThis paper discusses the numerical investigation of dispersed bubbly flow within the boundary layer of a fully submerged axisymmetric body in horizontal position. The aim is to analyse the influence of injection position and bubble parameters on the drag reduction behaviour. The numerical study is conducted with the commercial CFD package ANSYS Fluent using the Eulerian-Eulerian modelling approach. Several sets of simulations are carried out with air injection velocities in the rage of 1 m/s to 15 m/s, injection locations between 0 and 0.5 m, and bubble diameters from 0.1 mm to 2 mm. In order to obtain the percentage drag reduction the results are correlated with a model without air injection. The simulations demonstrate a different behaviour between small and large bubble diameters of 0.1 mm and 2 mm respectively. Small bubbles archive drag reduction rates around 10% almost independent from the injection velocity and position, while large bubbles are highly affected by those parameters. The maximum drag reduction of 20.67% is achieved by injecting bubbles of 2 mm diameter with a velocity of 12.5 m/s at the tip of the prow nose. It is presented that the drag reduction increases with increasing injection velocity and bubble diameter. These parameters enable the bubbles to build up a continuous film across large parts of the hull which is required for a sufficient drag reduction
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Drag Reduction Through Biomimetic Modelling
Get PDFThis paper characterises flow around a circular cylinder and investigates the potential of a non-smooth surface to reduce air resistance in a Reynolds number range between Red = 8.09 104 and Red = 2.02 105. The two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using a steady-state solution and the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches. Three different mesh designs and four turbulence models with various treatments were assessed and compared against experimental data. A total of 26 uneven preparations in the two-dimensional analysis and two riblet structures in the three-dimensional analysis were designed to investigate the effect of drag reduction. The results reported hold the potential of uneven structures to reduce the air resistance in the case of a circular cylinder. This research further demonstrates that engineering applications can benefit from mimicking nature's details and functions
Carbon Meets Silicon II
Get PDFThe exhibition was part of the seventh International Conference on Internet Technologies and Applications (ITA17), held at Wrexham Glyndwr University from Tuesday 12 to Friday 15 September in 2017.
The exhibition bought the work of fifteen diverse artists, scientists and technologists working in a range of media who have all in some way collaborated via ideas with specialist outside of their immediate field of enquiry. International artists from Chicago, Italy and Denmark met with UK artists from Wales, Salford and Bristol to reflect on the global nature of ‘Carbon Meets Silicon’. All of the artworks in the exhibition were about making connections and every artist involved had collaborated in some way.
The exhibition theme uses carbon and silicon as metaphors for the changing face of art practice in the digital age. Carbon references the materiality of the art object and silicon references how an artworks physical presence is questioned in the light of new media, resulting in the digital or virtual bringing artists closer to scientists and engineers.
The focus for this year is Arts/Science/Technology Collaborations and the exhibition brings together the work of sixteen diverse artists, scientists and technologists working in a range of media who have all in some way collaborated via ideas with specialist outside of their immediate field of enquiry.
To understand the complexity of the world we need to utilise the cognitive evolutionary tools developed through both scientific and artistic thinking. Science allows us to understand causality, predictions and rationality; art gives us expression, surprise and has the capacity to change minds. Collaborations between the arts and sciences has a long history of interdependence, but also tension and antipathy. Acknowledging the things we don’t know we don’t know; to quote Rumsfeld ‘the unknown unknowns’ [1] is as important as knowing the as the known unknowns and Crew’s approach to knowledge sums it up nicely. He said that we should follow:
“the ethic of respecting that which is known, acknowledging what is still unknown and acting as if one cared about the difference” [2]
Today we must re-frame our perceptions to ensure this dualism does not set artists and scientists apart. Global Challenges are better understood with a diverse team of researchers from both the arts and sciences working on solutions together. Collaboration can results in new approaches to core issues that may underlie developmental problems.
"Third culture starts when artists become scientists, when science paints the future, when systems are predictive and when politicians become poets." [3]
In 1963 the influential scientist and novelist C.P Snow’s book The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution was published outlining an optimistic view of the sometimes difficult relationship that exists between science and the arts [4]. Scneiderman (2016) advances the case for combining applied and basic research work to put the arts on an equal footing with science. Holzbaur (2012) recognised new paradigms for multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary collaboration with an understanding that if you think beyond traditional disciplines you can impact societal change [5]. The generation of new knowledge often arises on the boundaries of disciplines rather than within them. This exhibition and symposium explores the well-established discourse that exists between artists, scientist and technologists and how this symbiotic relationship has brought new understandings to the world.
References
[1] Rumsfeld, D (2002) "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United States Department of Defense (defense.gov)"
[2] Crews, F. (2006). Follies of the Wise, Shoemaker and Hoard. Emeryville, CA.
[3] Matthias Horx (2012) Keynote Speaker ELIA Biennial Conference: Art, Science and Society 8-12 Nov, Hosted by the University of Applied Arts, Vienna.
[4] Snow, C. P. (1959) The Two Cultures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 0-521-45730-0
[5] Earnshaw R.A (2017). Holzbaur, U.D. (2012) and Scneiderman (2016) cited in: Art Design and Technology: Collaboration and Implementation, Springer, Switzerland, Chapter 2 Independent Working, Collaboration and Team Activity. p 9-1
Characterisation and solution properties of a galactomannan from Bauhinia monandra seeds
Get PDFThis study reports on the chemical and physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide isolated from Bauhinia monandra seeds. The seeds were found to contain 17.8% polysaccharide which consisted predominantly of galactose and mannose. The Man/Gal ratio was found to be approximately 4:1and the average molar mass was 2.54 × 105 g/mol. The extracted material was also found to contain a small amount of protein (5.35%). The galactomannan produced highly viscous solution; the viscosity–shear rate profile was best described by the Williamson model. The mechanical spectrum of a 0.5 wt% solution showed that G″ was greater than G′ over the frequency range employed while at higher concentrations G′ became greater than G″ above a critical frequency. The solutions obeyed the Cox-Merz rule at low concentrations, but there was some deviation at higher concentrations. Viscosity measurements were undertaken over a range of temperatures and the activation energy of viscous flow was found to be 20.75 kJ/mol. The rheological properties of solutions of B. monandra galactomannan indicate that it has comparable characteristics to other commercially important galactomannans such as guar gum and locust bean gum and hence has potential as a thickener in the formulation of food and other related products
Engaging Gypsy and Traveller pupils in secondary education in Wales: tensions and dilemmas of addressing difference
Get PDFDespite decades of research and policy, we are still some way in the U.K. from ameliorating barriers for Gypsy and Traveller pupils. A complex set of factors exist which influence young people’s engagement with secondary education. This interpretive-deductive study, which draws upon ‘tensions and dilemmas of difference’ (Norwich 2013), presents Gypsy/Traveller learners’ perceptions and those of their parents and teachers about the barriers encountered. Findings around ‘intra-cultural conflict’ demonstrate significant tensions between and within cultures that are profound for young people during this stage of education. Resilient, supportive mothers and strong bonds with teachers and children from the mainstream community, appeared essential in helping young people to manage criticism and resist pressure to conform to cultural norms. However, a fundamental shift in societal attitude is required and critical thought paid to inclusive education, or young learners who remain in education may end up on the periphery of both societies
Implementation of electrical rim driven fan technology to small unmanned aircraft
Get PDFAircraft propeller performance is significantly reduced when tip speeds become sonic causing the maximum attainable airspeed of the vehicle to be limited by the propeller diameter. There are also performance losses attributable to miniature Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as the propeller to hub diameter ratio is reduced. The research conducted indicated that re-arranging a Brushless DC Motor and propeller configuration, so that it becomes rim-driven rather than hub-driven, would provide some performance and operational advantages and could inspire the design of novel high-speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle configurations powered by hub-less, multi-stage contra-rotating electrical fan-compressors. This investigation involved analysis, design and testing a prototype, low cost, concept demonstrator Rim Driven Fan device in order to assess the feasibility of applying this technology to Small Unmanned Aircraft. It was demonstrated that Rim Driven Fan technology could be successfully applied to lift and propel a Small Unmanned Aircraft. However, the performance testing of the Rim Driven Fan demonstrated that in its prototype configuration it would not be as efficient as a conventional Brushless DC motor and propeller