Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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Burial depth and temperature effects on seed germination of Ambrosia trifida: implication for weed management
No full textAmbrosia trifida is a problematic weed species in arable rotations dominated by summer annuals and
its allergenic pollen can be harmful to human health. Accurately predicting seed germination timing
is crucial for planning management strategies after soil tillage operations. Ploughing places A.
trifida seeds deep into the soil where they may remain dormant until subsequent ploughing. When
viable seeds are returned to the soil surface, they are exposed to light before reburial and elevated and
varying temperatures, promoting germination. A no-till or shallow-till strategy may retain most of
the A. trifida seeds at a shallow soil depth, which is favorable for germination, and where intensive
weed control can effectively deplete the soil seed bank. Mixing seeds from different soil depths may
stagger germination if they are at different levels of dormancy, causing difficulties in weed
management. We aimed to increase understanding of how the burial depth of seeds prior to soil tillage
impacts A. trifida seeds after tillage, by investigating the germination of seeds from different burial
depths at different temperatures
Bacillus velezensis: a natural shield against black rot disease on Serbian autochthonous cabbage cv. Futoški
No full textSerbian autochthonous cabbage cv. Futoški is highly susceptible to the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas
campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot, leading to significant economic losses. This study aimed to isolate
indigenous Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. strains with beneficial traits for biocontrol of black rot. From a total
of 115 potential antagonistic strains, four (coded as P-FC 55, RD-FC 88, R-FC 102, And R-FC 114) identified as species
Bacillus velezensis were selected as candidates based on strong in vitro antagonistic activity, both as whole cultures
and cell-free supernatants, against the most virulent X. campestris pv. campestris strain (XcFC 231) identified in this
study. No statistically significant differences were observed between the efficacy of whole cultures and supernatants
of biocontrol candidates. Preventive inoculation approaches (seed and foliar) of biocontrol candidates consistently
outperformed curative treatments across all strains, highlighting their potential as preferred application strategies. The
most effective B. velezensis strain was RD-FC 88, applied in the form of a whole culture during preventive foliar application,
achieving 93.86% disease suppression, surpassing copper oxychloride (89.26%) under the same conditions.
Chemical profiling (GC/MS and UHPLC–QToF MS) of ethyl acetate extracts revealed the presence of a wide range
of antimicrobial organic compounds (e.g., 2,3-butanediol, urea, succinic acid, thymine, phenylalanine, 9H-purin-6-ol)
and lipopeptides (surfactins C12–
C17), which may be contributing factors to the biocontrol activity of the strains. Next
to the surfactins, molecular screening for the presence of genes encoding the production of lipopeptides with antimicrobial
activity indicated the potential of strains to produce bacillomycin D and iturins (except R-FC 114) under certain
growing conditions. Preventive application (seed and foliar) of biocontrol candidate strains led to an increase
in epidermal flavonoid and chlorophyll content, while the opposite trend was observed in curative treatments. The
results of this study highlight the strong potential of the B. velezensis strains P-FC 55, RD-FC 88, R-FC 102, And R-FC
114 for controlling black rot disease on the cabbage cv. Futoški, with possible broader applicability to other cabbage
cultivars and Brassicaceae crops
First Report of Pectobacterium brasiliense Causing Soft Rot and Blackleg on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Montenegro
No full textDuring June and July 2023, soft rot and blackleg outbreak was observed on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Carrera and Rudolph, covering approximately 0.8 ha in two localities near Podgorica, Montenegro, resulting in high yield losses. Water-soaked lesions appeared at the stem base and spread toward upper parts, followed by stem softening, blackleg symptoms and collapse of the entire plant. Incidence of stem infection exceeded 60% of all the plants. Underground, tubers of these plants were soft-rotten. The tuber decay was extended over time and favored by increased soil moisture. Weather conditions significantly contributed to disease development, with average daily temperatures ranging from 24°C to 31°C and relative humidity around 70%. Several isolations from the diseased surface-sterilized stem tissue, made on nutrient agar (NA) medium, repeatedly yielded in shiny, white-gray, round colonies, 2-4 mm in diameter. Pathogenic strains were selected by testing pectolytic activity on potato slices as a preliminary screening test. The three strains (KFB 1539, 1540 and 1558), out of seven isolated, were further characterized as Gram and oxidase negative, catalase positive, nonfluorescent and grew at 37°C. They were positive in acid production from L-arabinose, lactose, sucrose and melibiose and negative for erythritol, sorbitol and inositol utilization. The strains did not utilize arginine nor lysine, showing characteristics of Pectobacterium brasiliense. PCR assay, using primers BR1f/L1r (Duarte et al. 2004), specific for P. brasiliense, amplified a gene fragment of 322bp in all tested strains. Our strain KFB 1540, 16S rRNA gene sequence (1354 bp, GenBank PQ388327) showed 100% identity to P. brasiliense isolated from potato in Serbia (GenBank MT240621) and China (GenBank CP136134). The tested strain recA (GenBank PQ399780) and gapA (GenBank PQ399799) genes showed 99.43% and 99.80% identity with previously deposited sequences of P. brasiliense isolated in South Korea (CP113504) and Brazil (MW046308), respectively. Pathogenicity test was conducted on 2-weeks-old potato plants grown in a commercial potting mix in a greenhouse. Two plants per each of the three strains were inoculated by applying a mass of 24-h-old bacteria, grown on KB medium, with a sterile toothpick to three aseptically made one-centimeter long wounds on the stems. The inoculation site was covered with moist sterile cotton pad and wrapped in parafilm for 3 days to provide high humidity. The plants were maintained in the greenhouse at 28 ± 2°C until symptom development. Seven days after inoculation, inoculated stems developed dark, necrotic lesions, resembling the natural infection. Bacteria were re-isolated and their identity was confirmed by specific PCR assay (Duarte et al. 2004). Negative control plants remained symptomless. Based on all characteristics, the strains isolated from diseased potato stems were identified as P. brasiliense, the causal agent of potato soft rot and blackleg disease. This is the first report of P. brasiliense affecting potato in Montenegro. This pathogen, first described in Brazil, followed by reports of its occurrence worldwide, emerged as economically very important due to significant losses causing in potato production. It spreads over long distances by infected seed and may persist in the soil for few years. Therefore, certified seed and good agricultural practices are essential in disease prevention
Tara: Tomato Variety (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
No full textTara je srednje rana determinantna sorta paradajza žbunastog tipa, sa snažnom stabljikom i obilnom lisnom masom koja efikasno štiti plodove od direktnog sunčevog zračenja. Plodovi su krupni (200–250 g), intenzivno crvene boje, čvrsti i otporni na pucanje, sa mesnatom strukturom, visokim sadržajem suve materije i odličnim ukusom i aromom. Sorta je univerzalne namene – prikladna je za svežu potrošnju, ali i izuzetno cenjena u prerađivačkoj industriji (sosevi, pelati, kečap, sokovi). U intenzivnim proizvodnim uslovima postiže veoma visoke i stabilne prinose, koji često prelaze 100 t/ha. Zbog kombinacije visokog prinosa, kvaliteta ploda i otpornosti na pucanje, Tara se ističe kao jedna od najpouzdanijih komercijalnih determinantnih sorti na tržištu.Tara is an early-medium, determinate bush-type tomato variety characterized by a strong stem and abundant foliage that effectively protects fruits from direct sunlight. The fruits are large (200–250 g), deep red, firm and crack-resistant, with a fleshy structure, high dry matter content, and excellent taste and aroma. The variety is multipurpose — suitable for fresh consumption and highly valued in the food processing industry (sauces, peeled tomatoes, ketchup, juices). Under intensive cultivation conditions, it achieves very high and stable yields, often exceeding 100 t/ha. Owing to the combination of high productivity, excellent fruit quality and resistance to cracking, Tara stands out as one of the most reliable commercial determinate tomato varieties on the market.Sort
Diverzitet i zastupljenost virusa pšenice koji se prenose insektima u Srbiji
No full textPšenica (Triticum aestivum) je jedna od prvih domestifikovanih biljaka i već preko 10.000 godina predstavlja jednu od vodećih poljoprivrednih kultura koja ima ključnu ulogu u obezbeđenju globalne bezbednosti hrane. Pšenicom je zasejano oko ¼ obradivih površina u svetu, a pšenični hleb je osnovna hrana za oko 70% ljudske populacije. U Srbiji, pšenica je druga najčešće gajena žitarica posle kukuruza sa proizvodnjom od preko 2,7 miliona tona. Među brojnim patogenima koji ugrožavaju proizvodnju pšenice, nalazi se i više od 50 virusa koji mogu izazvati značajne gubitke prinosa. Usled opšteg trenda i napora u Evropskoj Uniji da se smanji upotreba insekticida u kombinaciji sa globalnim klimatskim promenama, poslednjih godina značajno se povećalo širenje virusa pšenice, posebno onih koje prenose insekti.
U periodu april-maj 2023. godine primećena je intenzivna pojava simptoma žutila praćena zaostajanjem biljaka u porastu u većem broju lokaliteta gajenja pšenice u Srbiji. Simptomatične biljke pšenice testirane su primenom RT-PCR ili PCR metode korišćenjem prajmera specifičnih za detekciju virusa koji se prenose insektima, uključujući virus žute patuljavosti ječma-PAV, -MAV i -SGV (barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV, -MAV i -SGV, BYDV-PAV, -MAV i -SGV), virus žute patuljavosti kukuruza-RMV (maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV, MYDV-RMV), virus žute patuljavosti žitarica-RPV (cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV, CYDV-RPV) i virus kržljavosti pšenice (wheat dwarf virus, WDV). Molekularnom detekcijom u sakupljenim uzorcima dokazano je prisustvo tri virusa: BYDV-SGV, BYDV-MAV i WDV. Najzastupljeniji I najrašireniji virus bio je BYDV-SGV detektovan u 85,71% testiranih uzoraka sakupljenih u 36 polja na 20 lokaliteta. Prisustvo BYDV-MAV dokazano je u 26,19% testiranih uzoraka sakupljenih u 11 polja na 5 lokaliteta, dok je prisustvo WDV dokazano u istom broju uzoraka (26,19%), ali sakupljenih u 11 polja na čak 10 lokaliteta. Virusi su detektovani, kako u pojedinačnim, tako i u mešanim infekcijama, pri čemu je najzastupljenija bila pojedinačna infekcija sa BYDV-SGV (42,86%). Među mešanim infekcijama, najznačajnije su bile dvostruke infekcije, od kojih je najčešće registrovana kombinacija BYDV-SGV i WDV detektovana u 21,43% analiziranih uzoraka.
Epidemije izazvane virusima koje prenose insekti direktno su povezane sa brojnošću populacije vektora tokom rane faze razvoja biljaka. Produženi topli periodi u jesen dovode do duže aktivnosti vektora, povećavajući rizik od infekcije ozimih useva. Sa globalnim zagrevanjem, očekuje se da će virusi koje prenose insekti imati sve veći značaj, čak i u hladnijim regionima. Zbog toga je neophodno pažnju usmeriti na suzbijanje populacije vektora i eliminisanje svih domaćina koji predstavljaju „zeleni most“ za održavanje i virusa i vektora u prirodi
Biofertiliser Effects on Lettuce Morphological Traits for Fresh Consumption and Processing in Two Distinct Soil Types
No full textLettuce is a leafy vegetable consumed fresh or processed in ready-to-eat products, supporting lifestyle trends favouring quick, healthy, and convenient meals. Morphological traits impact yield, processing efficiency, shelf life, and product quality. Biofertilisers are gaining attention as ecofriendly, sustainable alternatives that enhance soil fertility, increase microflora diversity, stimulate plant growth, and reduce pollution in all agricultural systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biofertilisers on lettuce morphology traits for fresh consumption and processing. Six lettuce cultivars ('Kiribati', 'Murai', 'Aquino', 'Gaugin', 'Aleppo', and 'Carmesi') were cultivated over three consecutive seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) under greenhouse conditions. Experiments were conducted in two distinct soil types: Mollic Gleysol (Calcaric)-GL and Hortic Anthrosol (Terric, Transportic)-AT. Two biofertilisers, EM Aktiv and Vital Tricho, were applied alone and combined to the soil and foliar via a battery sprayer. Green cultivars, especially 'Kiribati' and 'Aleppo', had the highest levels in most morphological parameters, while red 'Gaugin' had the highest core ratio (stem to rosette height) in both soils. In GL soil, all biofertilisers increased rosette diameter, with Vital Tricho boosting dry leaf weight, and EM Aktiv and combined fertilisers raising core ratio. In contrast, in AT soil, all fertilisers significantly reduced fresh leaf weight and stem diameter, while Vital Tricho and combined treatment lowered rosette diameter and core ratio. Generally, morphological traits were higher in winter and spring trials than in autumn. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that fresh leaf weight was positively linked to all other traits in both soils. An increased core ratio negatively impacts processing quality; thus, maintaining it below 0.5 is essential. Although fertiliser did not influence all parameters, the interaction among all factors was significant, except for dry leaf weight in both soils, indicating the need to optimise biofertiliser application according to soil type
INFLUENCE OF BIOCONTROL TREATMENTS ON MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF INFECTED CABBAGE CV. FUTOŠKI PLANTS
No full textBlack rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), threatens the yield and quality of cabbage cv. Futoški and other Brassicaceae crops. Due to economic losses and the harmful effects of chemical pesticides, there is an increasing interest in environmentally friendly biocontrol methods. This study evaluated the effects of four antagonistic Bacillus velezensis strains (P-FC 55, RD-FC 88, R-FC 102, and R-FC 114) on the performance of cabbage cv. Futoški plants infected with Xcc. The effect on growth and physiological responses of cabbage was evaluated under controlled greenhouse conditions during the exposure of plants to four application strategies of antagonistic strains, i.e. seed inoculation, preventive foliar, curative foliar 1 (three days after) and curative foliar 2 (after black rot symptoms appeared), depending on the time of application of the Xcc. Plant physiological response was assessed by measuring chlorophyll and epidermal flavonoid content using a portable Dualex device, and biomass parameters (leaf and stem fresh and dry weight) were recorded at the end of the experiment. The relationships among chlorophyll content, flavonoid content, their ratio (NBI), and various morphological parameters were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Preventive treatments (seed and foliar) with all antagonistic strains induced higher chlorophyll accumulation compared to curative treatments. Plants treated with Xcc showed the highest accumulation of epidermal flavonoids, while the lowest accumulation was observed in control treatments with water and NB. The results suggest that preventive application is the most effective strategy for black rot control and promoting plant health in cabbage cv. Futoški
Possibility of control of Botrytis cinerea on Begonia semperflorens by Trichoderma atroviride SC1
No full textA decay of the plant species Begonia semperflorens was observed in several greenhouses in the territory of the municipality of Podgorica during the months of March and April 2024. Symptoms were recorded on leaves and flowers as water-soaked spots which then turn brown and zonate over time. The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the cause of gray mold disease, was isolated from infected parts of the plant in the Laboratory of phytopathology of the Biotechnical Faculty in Podgorica. The fungus survives in plant debris and is favored by high moisture, low temperatures and low light levels in greenhouses. B. cinerea is a fungus that develops resistance to synthetic fungicides relatively quickly, but also, fungicides can often leave traces on the plant leaves which represent a problem in sales because of the reduction of the plants' market value. The efficacy of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec®) toward the obtained B. cinerea isolate was tested in vitro. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the diameter and surface area of the developed pathogenic fungus colony in the treatment compared to the control. Three days after inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 disabled the growth of B. cinerea on PDA in Petri dishes, with the efficiency percentage of 65.7 %. The sixth day after the inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 intensively sporulated on the surface of the B. cinerea colony and completely stopped its development. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are soil microorganisms that stimulate the development of the root system of treated plants. The high degree of efficacy of T. atroviride against B. cinerea in in vitro tests in this study, indicates its potential application in Montenegrin flower production by mixing with the substrate for growing or spraying plants with suspension of the biofungicide
An Integrative Revision of the Genus Rhamphus (Curculionidae) from the Western Palearctic: Morphological and Molecular Data Reveal the Radiation of Multiple Species
No full textHere, we report on the complexity of the taxonomy and species evolution within the
monophyletic genus Rhamphus, which includes some of the smallest members of the
Curculionidae family and whose species are morphologically almost indistinguishable
from each other. Despite their similar appearance, we found high divergence and varying
evolutionary rates among observed species groups living both in sympatry and allopatry
in the western Palearctic. On the basis of subtle morphological differences and molecular
evidence, we defined eight morphotypic groups and 14 species, of which 6 are newly
described in this paper: R. diottii sp. nov. and R. ibericus sp. nov. (monzinii-group), R.
cypricus sp. nov. and R. macedonicus sp. nov. (cypricus-group), R. betulae sp. nov. and
R. crypticus sp. nov. (pulicarius group). Rhamphus morphotypic groups showed intense
species radiation and cryptic speciation, with an estimated genetic divergence of 4.2–18.8%
(uncorrected) in the barcoding region of the mitochondrial COI gene. The estimated
divergence of the two nuclear markers, nEF-1α and nCAD, ranged from 1 to 11.9% and 0.5
to 15%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses using both single and partitioned multigene
adequately resolved the relationships between Rhamphus species and identified all groups
and the species with high nodal support. According to our study, Rhamphus species cluster
into monophyletic groups that are partly defined by their host plant associations and by
subtle differences in penis shape. No substantial differences in female genitalia were found.
Most of the species exhibit relatively rapid species radiation, which is cryptic by nature
PRAĆENJE DIVERZITETA CIKADA U VINOGRADIMA SRBIJE POD EPIDEMIJOM FD FITOPLAZME
No full textFitoplazme ('Candidatus Phytoplasma') predstavljaju obligatne intracelularne patogene
biljaka koje kao insekti vektori prenose cikade (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) koje se
hrane floemskim sokom biljaka domaćina. Jedna od najznačajnijih fitoplazmi vinove loze u
Evropi je Flavescence dorée fitoplazma (FD) koja izaziva bolest zlatastog žutila, i koja zbog
ogromnih ekonomskih šteta ima karantinski status na nivou EPPO regiona (European and
Meditteranean Plant Protection Organization). Usled kompleksne epidemiologije FD
fitoplazme, pored glavnog vektora – cikade severnoameričkog porekla Scaphoideus titanus
(Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), u prenošenju bolesti potencijalno je uključen i niz nativnih
i invazivnih vrsta cikada koje pripadaju familiji Cicadellidae, podfamiliji Deltocephalinae:
Oncopsis alni, Allygus modestus, A. mixtus, Orientus ishidae, Japananus hyalinus i Phlogotettix
cyclops.
Diverzitet cikada u vinogradarskim regionima Srbije praćen je pomoću žutih lepljivih
klopki u vinogradima na 22 lokaliteta od Vranja do Subotice. Klopke su postavljane ivično i
unutar vinograda, od maja do oktobra tokom dve godine, 2024/2025.
Na osnovu preliminarnih rezultata, morfološkom identifikacijom primeraka sa klopki
utvrđeno je prisustvo preko 120 vrsta cikada u okviru 10 familija i 17 podfamilija.
Podfamilija Deltocephalinae, kojoj pripadaju skoro svi poznati dokazani ili potencijalni
vektori FD fitoplazme, je najzastupljenija sa 40 registrovanih vrsta, dok je sledeća po
zastupljenosti podfamilija Typhlocybinae sa 37 identifikovanih vrsta. Od 40 vrsta u okviru
podfamilije Deltocephalinae, identifikovano je osam vrsta (20%) za koje postoje dokazi o
njihovoj uključenosti u prenošenju raznih fitoplazmi a takođe je potvrđeno prisustvo i
glavnog i alternativnih vektora FD fitoplazme. Utvrđeno je prisustvo glavnog vektora FD
fitoplazme u svim praćenim vinogradima, ali i često prisustvo vrsta koje su potencijalni
alternativni ili prirodni vektori: Anoplotettix horvathi, Phlogotettix cyclops, Allygus mixtus,
Allygidius atomarius, Allygidius commutatus, Allygidius mayri, Allygidius furcatus, Euscelidius
schenckii, Japananus hyalinus.
Istraživanja prisustva i brojnosti cikada u vinogradarskim regionima Srbije za cilj imaju
utvrđivanje diverziteta cikada kao i diverziteta FD fitoplazme kako bi predvideli i
predupredili buduće epidemije i unapredili njihovu kontrolu