Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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Genetic diversity and virulence traits of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from various hosts in Serbia
No full textIn this study, we assessed the genetic relatedness of 11 representative Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) strains isolated in Serbia from different herbaceous and woody plant species, as well as one reference Pss strain, using various molecular tools such as repetitive element palindromic PCR, arbitrarily primed PCR, insertion sequences 50 PCR (IS50-PCR) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). Their virulence traits were also assessed by inoculating detached pear and lilac leaves, as well as immature cherry fruitlets. The results indicated genetic heterogeneity among the strains, which formed a complex network with prominent clustering patterns. While four distinct groups could be recognised when comparative Pss strains from the database were included in the analyses, the strains in focus of this study segregated into two distinct genetic groups labelled PssG-2 and PssG-3. MLSA findings mostly matched the IS50-PCR results, while virulence assays helped distinguish sweet cherry (RE05, RE3) and pumpkin (PS-T71) strains as the most virulent. Only strain Pss25, originating from pear, exhibited host specificity
Streamlining Global Germplasm Exchange Integrating Scientific Rigor and Common Sense to Exclude Phantom Agents from Regulation
No full textThis collaborative work by over 180 researchers from 40+ countries
addresses the challenges posed by “phantom agents”—putative pathogenic agents named in literature without supporting data on their existence. Those agents remain on regulatory lists, creating barriers in trade and plant certification. Historically identified based solely on symptoms, these agents lack isolates or sequence data, making reliable detection or risk assessment impossible. After reviewing over 120 such agents across 10 key plant genera, we recommend their removal from regulatory lists and call for revised standards aligned with modern diagnostics. This effort seeks to streamline germplasm exchange,
benefiting global agriculture by removing the constraints imposed by phantoms
Assessment of quality and regulatory compliance of corn feed flour in Serbia
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and regulatory compliance of corn feed flour, one of the most commonly used energy components in feed production for monogastric animals (poultry and pigs), as well as its use in ruminant rations. A total of 56 samples of corn feed flour produced in Serbia were analyzed at the Institute for Animal Husbandry. The analysis included key physico-chemical
parameters: protein, moisture, fat, starch, crude fiber (cellulose), total ash, and acid-insoluble ash. The results were compared with the legal limits defined by the Rulebook on Animal Feed Quality ("Official Gazette", No. 4/2010, 113/2012, 27/2014, 25/2015, 39/2016, and 54/2017) of the Republic of Serbia. Average values
for the analyzed samples were: protein 8.87%, moisture 11.83%, fat 3,68%, cellulose 3.42%, starch 62.40%, total ash 1.61% and ash insoluble in HCl 0.13%. The most common inconsistencies of the examined samples were in the content of protein and total ash. In 8 samples of corn feed flour, the protein content was lower than the prescribed minimum value (8%), which may indicate the use of poorer varieties of corn, the removal of the germ during the grinding process, the addition of protein-poor components such as corn starch, or inadequate storage. Total ash content was higher than the permitted limit (more than 5%) in 3 samples. This may indicate poor technological processing, the presence of dirt or impurities (earth, dust, plant parts), or
falsification of raw materials by adding cheaper mineral components. Two samples exceeded the 14% moisture limit, indicating a risk of spoilage and microbial growth. Other parameters complied with the limits prescribed by legal regulations. A total of 13 non-compliant results were identified, which contributed to the fact that 11 samples did not meet the requirements of the regulatory standards. This study indicates the
importance of regular control of physico-chemical parameters of raw materials in order to ensure consistent quality and safety of animal feed
BOLESTI DRVETA VINOVE LOZE U CRNOJ GORI I MOGUĆNOSTI SUZBIJANJA
No full textVinova loza (Vitis vinifera L.) predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih kultivisanih biljnih vrsta na svijetu,
ali je, nažalost, podložna infekciji različitim patogenim mikroorganizmima, što može dovesti do
smanjenja prinosa i kvaliteta grožđa. U Crnoj Gori, vinogradarstvo ima veliki značaj za
ekonomiju zemlje i razvoj ruralnih područja, jer je vino jedini poljoprivredni proizvod sa
spoljnotrgovinskim suficitom. Bolesti stabla vinove loze predstavljaju grupu oboljenja koje
prouzrokuje veliki broj filogenetski nepovezanih gljivičnih patogena inficirajući sprovodna tkiva
drveta vinove loze. Kao rezultat kolonizacije patogena, javljaju se unutrašnji simptomi poput
mrljastih nekrotičnih pjega, tamno braon do crnih nekrotičnih zona različitih oblika i veličina,
nekrotičnih lezija, ili bijele truleži. Spoljašnji simptomi su veoma raznovrsni i uključuju: hlorozu i
uvenuće listova, različite nekroze na listovima, zaostajanje u rastu mladara, pojavu rak-rana i
sušenje lastara. Zaraza dovodi do usporenog rasta biljke, smanjenja produktivnosti i
dugovječnosti, a često i do potpunog sušenja čokota. Prema najnovijoj klasifikaciji u grupu
bolesti stabla vinove loze spadaju: Petrijeva bolest, crna trulež korijena, botriosferijsko
uvenuće, eutipoza vinove loze, eska oboljenje i crna pjegavost vinove loze. Međutim, u
agroekološkim uslovima Crne Gore do sada su najzastupljenije: crna pjegavost vinove loze
(prouzrokovač: Diaporthe ampelina) i eska oboljenje, koje prouzrokuje kompleks gljiva iz
različitih rodova. Uprkos postojećem znanju o simptomima i uzročnicima, suzbijanje bolesti
stabla vinove loze, naročito eska oboljenja, ostaje izuzetno teško. Trenutno ne postoje
jednostavne mjere kontrole, posebno nakon zabrane primjene određenih hemikalija (kreozan i
DNOC), koje su bile efikasne, ali su imale ozbiljne negativne posljedice po zdravlje ljudi i životnu
sredinu. Jedan od ključnih problema u borbi protiv ovih bolesti je duga latentna faza, tokom
koje patogeni kolonizuju sprovodna tkiva vinove loze, ali biljka ne pokazuje nikakve vidljive
simptome. Latentna faza omogućava patogenima da ostanu neprimijećeni u matičnim zasadima
i da lako inficiraju sadni materijal tokom procesa kalemljenja. Zbog toga, sadni materijal
predstavlja jedan od glavnih puteva širenja bolesti drveta vinove loze. Patogeni najčešće
inficiraju biljke preko rana od rezidbe, a nakon što kolonizuju sprovodne sudove, oni postaju
van domašaja djelovanja sintetičkih fungicida. Ovo ukazuje da hemijski tretmani nijesu efikasni
u borbi protiv eska oboljenja, što dodatno naglašava potrebu za održivijim rešenjima u zaštiti
vinograda. Među najefikasnijim održivim metodama suzbijanja bolesti drveta vinove loze ističe
se primjena biofungicida, posebno proizvoda na bazi gljiva iz roda Trichoderma i bakterija iz
roda Bacillus. Ovi korisni mikroorganizmi danas predstavljaju jedan od glavnih načina u zaštiti
vinograda od bolesti stabla vinove loze, naročito kada je riječ o zaštiti rana nastalih rezidbom
Evaluating biocontrol potential of Bacillus velezensis against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on cabbage cv. Futoški under greenhouse conditions
No full textBacillus velezensis is recognized as a species with remarkable biocontrol potential
against a wide range of plant pathogens, including the bacterium Xanthomonas
campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot of Brassicaceae crops.
This study aimed to establish the most suitable technique for application of four B.
velezensis strains (BFC55, BFC88, BFC102, and BFC114) against Xcc on cabbage cv.
Futoški.
The efficacy of three application techniques (seed-soaking, preventive and curative foliar
spraying) was evaluated on cabbage plants under the controlled greenhouse conditions
in two independent experiments. Simultaneously, the efficacy of whole cultures and cellfree
supernatants of B. velezensis strains were tested. The disease intensity was scored
14 days after inoculation using the Horsfall–Barratt scale. Upon the end of the
experiment, fresh and dry biomass, as well as chlorophyll and epidermal flavonoid
content and nitrogen balance index were measured for all treatments.
Among the compared treatments, preventive application showed the greatest disease
suppression (89.71–93.09%) ability, while the curative exhibited the lowest efficacy
(55.00–75.68%). The highest efficacy was observed after preventive application of strain
BFC88 in the form of whole culture (93.09%). Preventive treatment showed increased
epidermal flavonoid accumulation compared to all other application treatments, along
with a decrease in fresh/dry biomass ratio.
Preventive treatment has been highlighted as the most effective method for controlling
black rot in cabbage cv. Futoški in comparison to other treatments. The demonstrated
efficacy of tested strains in greenhouse conditions suggests their potential for successful
application in the field
Phenolic Composition in Native and Defatted Nuts and Seeds from the Serbian Market: Analytical Insights and Functional Potential
No full textIn this study the phenolic profile of 25 different commercially available edible nuts and seeds from the Serbian market and their defatted by-products were analyzed and compared. Results showed that both native and defatted nuts and seeds are rich sources of various phenolics. Of all the samples analyzed, walnuts, pecan nuts and sunflower seeds (raw and roasted) showed the highest total phenolic content. Sunflower seeds, especially the raw ones, proved to be an exceptionally rich source of chlorogenic acid (116,928.66 μg/g), exceeding the values previously reported in the literature. Similarly, walnut and pecan samples showed the highest levels of protocatechuic and gallic acids, while high flavonoid concentrations in different peanut samples and chia seeds suggest that these commonly consumed foods may have greater bioactive potential than previously thought. The present research confirmed the fact that certain edible nuts and seeds as well as their defatted by-products, already valued for their nutritive values, are affordable, sustainable and rich natural sources of various bioactive phenolics, especially phenolic acids. This work substantiates data on phenolic profiles of edible nuts and seeds, strengthening the foundation for the development of functional foods and contributing to the valorization of agro-industrial residues in line with the principles of circular economy and functional food innovation. Our results also highlight some important and relatively constant characteristics of phenolic composition and content in certain nuts and seeds. These characteristics could potentially serve as quality parameters for the respective samples, enabling the development of products with uniform and standardized composition, one of the prerequisites for high-quality products with pronounced activity
SELECTIVITY AND EFFICACY OF SOME HERBICIDES IN WEED CONTROL IN PROCESSING TOMATO
No full textPoljski ogled je postavljen na oglednom polju Instituta za
povrtarstvo Smederevska Palanka, sa ciljem ispitivanja stepena
selektivnosti prema paradajzu i efikasnosti određenih herbicidnih
kombinacija na prisutne korove. Ogled je postavljen kao split plot u tri ponavljanja, pri čemu su glavne parcele bile vreme aplikacije herbicida, a za podparcele su uzeta 2 herbicidna tretmana kao I zakorovljena parcela. Kao glavni tretman uzete su dve varijante primene herbicida sa zemljišnim
delovanjem. U prvoj varijanti a) rasad paradajza je prvo rasađen a nakon 4 dana je usledila aplikacija herbicida, dok je u drugoj varijanti b) prvo apliciran herbicid a nakon 4 dana je rasađen paradajz. Herbicidi primenjeni u ogledu bili su: 1) flurohloridon 500 g a.s. ha-1 + metobromuron 1000 g a.s. ha-1; 2) dimetenamid-P 864 g a.s. ha-1 + flurohloridon 500 g a.s. ha-1 i
3) zakorovljena parcela. Paradajz sorte SP-109 je rasađen u fenofazi 3 lista (BBCH 13) na razmaku od 0,5 x 0,25m. Veličina eksperimentalne parcele iznosila je 2,5 x 2 metara sa 4 reda paradajza, gde su dva prvo rasađena pa tretirana, a dva rasađena nakon tretiranja. Aplikacija herbicida obavljena je
pomoću leđne akumulatorske prskalice Farm KF-16C-47 primenom Lechler IDK12002 rasprskivača, uz utrošak zaštitne tečnosti od 200L ha-1.
Radni pritisak prilikom tretiranja bio je 276 kPa a brzina kretanja 4,56 km h-1. Nakon rasađivanja kao i nakon aplikacija herbicida usledilo je zalivanje, a ceo ogled je zalivan rasprskivačem protoka 10 L m-2 h-1. U ogledu je rađena determinacija korova, merena je njihova brojnost po kvadratnom metru kao i suva masa korova i suva masa useva. Uzorkovanje
je rađeno 28 dana nakon aplikacije herbicida kada su uzorci sušeni u
sušnici na 75⁰C do konstantne mase.
U ogledu su bile prisutne vrste Echinochloa crus-galli (L) P. Beauv i
Portulaca oleracea L. Najbolju efikasnost u suzbijanju E. crus-galli
ispoljio je tretman 2) primenjen pre rasađivanja paradajza gde je brojnost bila 2,66 individua po kvadratnom metru a procenat redukcije suve mase iznosio je 81,50%, dok je najlošija efikasnost bila u tretmanu 1) primenjenom nakon rasađivanja paradajza gde je prosečna brojnost bila 6,67 individua po kvadratnom metru, a procenat redukcije suve mase
51,08%. Efikasnost tretmana 2) u suzbijanju vrste P. oleracea bila je 100%, dok je efikasnost tretmana 1) iznosila 88,08% pri prosečnoj brojnosti od 0,83 individua po kvadratnom metru primenjenom pre sadnje, odnosno
91,61% pri prosečnoj brojnosti od 0,17 individua po kvadratnom metru, primenjenom nakon sadnje. Bolju efikasnost u suzbijanju vrste E. crusgalli ispoljili su tretmani primenjeni pre sadnje, dok u suzbijanju vrste P. oleracea nije postojala statistički značajna razlika u efikasnosti. Oba tretmana su ispoljila fitotoksičnost, s tim da je veća fitotoksičnost zabeležena u varijantama kada je prvo urađen tretman a nakon toga rasađen
paradajz. Najveći procenat redukcije suve mase paradajza zabeležen je u tretmanu 1) primenjenom pre sadnje 81,23% a najmanji u tretmanu 2)
primenjenom nakon sadnje paradajza 52,43%.
Ispitivani herbicidi ispoljili su različit stepen efikasnosti spram
korovske vrste i načina primene, ali su ispoljili i značajan stepen fitotoksija. Zarad dobijanja pouzdanijih rezultata neophodno je ponoviti ogled I proširiti istraživanja tretiranjem paradajza kasnije nakon rasađivanja.The field experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Vegetable crops Smederevska Palanka in Smederevska Palanka, Serbia. The aim of the study was to estimate level of selectivity and efficacy of the applied herbicides on present weed species. The field experiment was established as a split-plot design in three replications,
where the main plot was time of herbicide application, and the sub-plot were two herbicide treatments as well ass weedy treatment. Two ways of herbicide application were a) soil application where after 4 days tomato was transplanted and b) transplanting first where after 4 days seedling were transplanted. Herbicide treatments applied in the study were 1) flurochloridone 500 g a.i. ha-1 + metobromuron 1000 g a.i. ha-1; 2) dimethenamid-P 864 g a.i. ha-1 + flurochloridone 500 g a.i. ha-1 and 3) weedy treatment. Processing tomato variety SP-109 was transplanted when developed 3 leaves (BBCH13) on 0.5 x 0.25m of spacing. The experimental plot size was 2.5 x 2 meter with 4 rows, whereby 2 were sprayed before transplanting and 2 after transplanting.
Herbicide application was conducted by using battery powered backpack sprayer Farm KF-16C-47 with Lechler IDK12002 nozzles, which deliveres 200L-1 of spraying solution per hectare. The used pressure was 276 kPa with a ground speed of 4,56 km h-1. After transplanting as well as after herbicide application, the field was irrigated with a sprinkler with constant flow of 10 L m-2 h-1. Weed determination, density, dry
biomass of weeds and crop were measured in the study. Sampling was conducted 28 days after herbicide application (DAA), after which the samples were owen dried at 75⁰C to constant dry mass. Weed species present in the study were Echinochloa crus-galli (L) P. Beauv and Portulaca oleracea L. The best efficacy for E. crus-galli control was achived in treatment 2) when applied before transplanting, with average density of 2.67 plants m-2 and the dry biomass reduction was 81.50%. The least effective efficacy was achived in treatment 1) where herbicides were applied after transplanting with 6.67 plants m-2 and dry biomass reduction of 51,08%. Efficacy of treatment 2) in P. oleracea control was 100% applied either before or after transplanting, whereby efficacy of treatment 1) was 88,08% by an average density of 0,83 m-2 when applied before transplanting, and 91,61% of dry biomass reduction when applied after transplanting with a density of 0,17 plants m-2. Better efficacy in E. crus-galli was achived in treatments applied before transplanting, whereby statistically no significant differences in efficacy were observed for P. oleracea control. Both herbicide treatments caused crop injury, where a higher level of injury was observed when herbicide application occured before transplanting than rather the other way. The highest percent of dry biomass reduction was observed in treatment 1) applied before transplanting 81,23% and the least in treatment 2) applied after transplanting 52,43%. The tested herbicides caused different level of efficacy on both weed species based on way of application, but also caused crop injury. For more reliable data, the study needs to be repeated with more treatment times added later after transplanting
How to Bring Science Closer to Citizens: The First Steps Towards Involving Citizens
No full textGrađanska naučna istraživanja predstavljaju savremen pristup nauci koji uključuje širu javnost u prikupljanje podataka, analizu i predlaganje novih inicijativa u okviru različitih istraživačkih tema. Ovaj model saradnje između stručnjaka i građana omogućava demokratizaciju nauke i doprinosi boljem razumevanju lokalnih problema i potencijalnih rešenja. U ovom istraživanju, koje je sprovedeno u saradnji sa građanima volonterima, cilj je bio podizanje svesti o značaju očuvanja biodiverziteta i semena starih sorti. Učestvovali su građani različitih starosnih grupa, obrazovnih i profesionalnih profila, kao i interesovanja. Učesnicima su podeljeni upitnici sa sledećim pitanjima: • Da li su ranije čuli za građanska naučna istraživanja? • Da li bi želeli da učestvuju u ovakvim aktivnostima? • Da li su ranije bili volonteri? • Da li bi bili zainteresovani da postanu volonteri? Rezultati pokazuju da je veoma mali broj ispitanika prethodno čuo za građanska naučna istraživanja, dok je interesovanje za eventualno uključivanje u ove aktivnosti bilo znatno izraženije. Ipak, volonterske aktivnosti generalno nisu popularne među ispitanim građanima, a nijedan ispitanik nije izrazio konkretnu spremnost za aktivno učešće. Analiza odgovora prema kategorijama starosti, obrazovanja i zanimanja nije pokazala statistički značajne razlike, što ukazuje da niska informisanost i učešće nisu vezani za određenu demografsku grupu. Iako građanska naučna istraživanja mogu pružiti širu sliku problema i uključiti zajednicu u procese donošenja odluka, ovaj pristup još uvek nije dovoljno prepoznat. Niska informisanost može biti jedan od ključnih razloga za slabo interesovanje i pasivan odnos građana. Popularizacijom koncepta građanske nauke – naročito među mlađim generacijama – može se značajno doprineti podizanju svesti o važnosti očuvanja prirodnih resursa, kao i o ulozi svakog pojedinca u rešavanju lokalnih i globalnih problema. Uključivanje zajednice u naučna istraživanja ne samo da osnažuje društvenu odgovornost, već i obogaćuje samu nauku novim perspektivama i iskustvima.Citizen science research represents a modern approach to science that involves the general public in data collection, analysis and proposing new initiatives within various research topics. This model of cooperation between experts and citizens enables the democratisation of science and contributes to a better understanding of local problems and potential solutions. In this research, which was conducted in cooperation with volunteer citizens, the goal was to raise awareness of the importance of preserving biodiversity and seed of old varieties. This research involved citizens of different age groups and educational and professional profiles, as well as various interests. Participants were given Q&A questionnaires with the following questions: • Have they heard of citizen science research before? • Would they like to participate in such activities? • Were they volunteers before? • Would you be interested in becoming a volunteer? The results indicated that a very small number of respondents had previously heard about citizen scientific research, while the interest in possible involvement in these activities were significantly more pronounced. However, volunteer activities are generally not popular among the surveyed citizens, and no respondent expressed a specific readiness for active participation. Analysis of responses according to age, education and occupation categories did not show statistically significant differences, which indicates that low information and participation are not related to a certain demographic group. Although citizen science research can provide a broader picture of the problem and involve the community in decision-making processes, this approach is still not recognised. Low information can be one of the key reasons for the weak interest and passive attitude of citizens. Popularising the concept of citizen science – especially among younger generations – can significantly contribute to raising awareness of the importance of preserving natural resources, as well as the role of each individual in solving local and global problems. Community involvement in scientific research not only strengthens social responsibility but also enriches science itself with new perspectives and experiences
Circular model of conservation and use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
No full textKljučne aktivnosti u okviru genetičkih resursa (GR) su konzervacija i korišćenje. Statička konzervacija široke genetičke varijabilnosti se najčešće odvija u bankama gena (ex situ), najčešće semena, kojom upravljaju kuratori banki gena, a korišćenje je u nadležnosti oplemenjivača. Dodatno, postojeći diverzitet se čuva i održava in situ - u izvornim ekosistemima. Ovo predstavlja klasičan linearni model kozervacije i korišćenja biljnih GR. Linerni model je uspešno korišćen za unapređenje poljoprivrednih vrsta kao što su pšenica, paradajz, grašak i dr. Trougaoni model je modifikovani linearni model koji se zasniva na korišćenju široke varijabilnosti dostupne u bankama gena za kreiranje novih varijeteta kroz višestepeni proces unapređenja, čime se minimizira gubitak diverziteta. Cirkularni model konzervacije i korišćenja GR uzima u obzir evolucione procese i potencijal genetičkog materijala, povezujući in situ i ex situ pristupe. Krajnji cilj je formiranje sistema u kojem su farmeri glavni činioci, a granice između GR, varijeteta i konzervacije nisu strogo razdvojene.Key activities within genetic resources (GR) are conservation and utilization. Static conservation of wide genetic variability is commonly performed in gene banks (ex situ), usually seeds, managed by seed bank curators, while the use of genetic resources is in the domain of breeders. In addition, existing diversity is preserved and maintained in situ – in the original ecosystems. This framework represents a classical linear model of conservation and utilization of plant GRs. The circular model takes into account evolutionary processes and the evolutionary potential of genetic material, integrating in situ and ex situ approaches. The ultimate goal is to create a simple system in which farmers are the main actors, without strict boundaries between GR, varieties, and conservation