Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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The effect of auxin and gibberellin on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of plum
No full textDuring the two-year period, the effects of two plant hormones (auxin – NAA and gibberellin – GA3) on pollen germination and pollen tube growth were studied in vitro in three plum cultivars: ‘Nada’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ (from Serbia) and ‘Wangenheims Frühzwetschge’ (from Germany). The germination rate and growth of the pollen tubes were determined on a culture medium with 15% sucrose and 0.7% agar. Pollen germination in the control variant (without hormone application) was between 30.99% (‘Čačanska Najbolja’) and 57.35% (‘Wangenheims Frühzwetschge’). The length of the pollen tubes ranged from 189.8 µm (‘Čačanska Najbolja’) to 387.1 µm (‘Wangenheims Frühzwetschge’). Plant hormones had a significant influence on the increase in pollen germination and pollen tube length. Gibberellin had a stronger effect on pollen germination compared to auxin. Gibberellin-treated pollen had a 10-15% higher pollen germination compared to the control. The clearest effect of the plant hormones was seen in the length of the pollen tubes. In auxin-treated pollen, the length of the pollen tubes increased by 18-66% compared to the control, while in gibberellins-treated pollen, the length of the pollen tubes increased by 12-78% compared to the control. Therefore, treatment of trees with auxin and gibberellin can be recommended as a measure to improve the efficiency of fertilization and yield of plums
Floristic analysis of anthropogenically modified and semi-natural riparian areas in Serbia (SE Europe)
No full textRiparian areas represent dynamic and fragile zones connecting rivers and the adjacent land, which host a mosaic of different vegetation types. These high biodiversity zones, which provide a wide array of ecosystem services have long been subjected to numerous anthropogenic pressures, leading to their degradation and changes in vegetation structure. Bearing this in mind, our aim was to analyze the floristic characteristics of the riparian vegetation of these anthropogenically affected areas across Serbia. A total of 203 riparian field sites situated along 38 rivers belonging to 9 catchment areas were studied for four years. Vegetation data was collected on 100 m long longitudinal transects, set up on the riverbank parallel to the river. Cover and abundance values were recorded, and field data were georeferenced. Plants were determined and their life form and areal types designated following the relevant literature, with their nomenclature following the Euro+Med PlantBase database. As a result of field research, a total of 299 taxa, belonging to 63 families were recorded. The most abundant families, based on the number of taxa were: Asteraceae (44 taxa), Poaceae (32), Fabaceae (19) and Lamiaceae (18). Plant species with the highest number of records across the analyzed field sites was Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum, found at 138 field sites (68%). Regarding the biological spectrum of the analyzed vegetation, hemicryptophytes were the dominant life form (33,78%), followed by therophytes (26,09%) and phanerophytes (18,39%). Floristic elements were grouped into ten areal types, dominated by species of Eurasian origin (41,47%). The presence of 43 alien species is of special concern, with 26 of them being categorized as invasive in Serbia. Their number was negatively correlated with the altitude of the field site (p<0.01). While habitat type did not show any statistically significant effects on their number, catchment area was shown to be a strong predictor (p<0.01) of the number of alien species per field site. Further analysis should reveal the relations between the land use/land cover characteristics of the analyzed field sites and the overall plant diversity and floristic characteristics of the riparian vegetation
Yield, Morphological Traits, and Physiological Parameters of Organic and Pelleted Avena sativa L. Plants Under Different Fertilization Practices
No full textOat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most important self-fertilizing field plants belonging to the Poaceae family. It has no significant requirements regarding growing conditions but has a very good reaction to fertilization. The current research evaluated the significance of the effects of individual applications of mineral (NPK) and organo-mineral (OMF) fertilizers, as well as their individual combination with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2), on the yield, morphological traits [mean number of leaves per plant—MNLP, minimum leaf length (cm) per plant—MinLL, maximum leaf length (cm) per plant—MaxLL, number of ears per plant—NEP], and physiological parameters (nitrogen balance index—NBI, content of chlorophyll—Chl, flavonoids—Flv, anthocyanins—Ant) of organic and pelleted (graded) oat plants, comparing the treatments and in relation to the control. The experiment was performed in semi-controlled glasshouse conditions, in pots, from the fourth week of March to the fourth week of June 2024, using Vertisol soil. This soil is characterized as light clay with an acid reaction. Physiological parameters were measured using a Dualex leaf clip sensor. The results obtained showed that physiological parameters in both oat types significantly differed (p 0.05) between the treatments. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the yield of both oat types were most pronounced in the OMF + Slaked Lime treatment (organic: 4.49 g pot−1; pelleted: 4.61 g pot−1) in relation to the control (organic: 2.48 g pot−1; pelleted: 2.63 g pot−1). The pelleted oats showed slightly better results for the effects of different treatments across all tested parameters compared to organic oats. In conclusion, the best results were obtained with the use of OMF + Slaked Lime, which could be proposed as the optimal fertilization treatment for pelleted and organic oat cultivation based on this research
APPLICATION OF THE EPIC MODEL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF KHORASAN WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SERBIA AND LIBYA
No full textBased on the results of a two-year study on the impact of agro-ecological conditions in Serbia in the regions of the Sava River and the Danube River, the possibility of introducing Khorasan wheat in the three most important agricultural regions of Libya was analyzed using the EPIC model (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator). The EPIC method was used to analyze precipitation and temperature, which have the biggest impact on the growth and development of wheat. It has been found that by choosing the most suitable production technology, Khorasan wheat can be grown as a winter or facultative-winter crop in these areas
Nutri-score and the macro and microelement content in milk and plant-based beverages available at the Serbian market
No full textU posljednjih nekoliko godina značajno je povećan broj biljnih napitaka koji neprestano dolaze
na tržište i nude se kao zamjene za mlijeko. Međutim, nedostaju istraživanja koja pokazuju
stvarnu nutritivnu vrijednost tih proizvoda. Kako bi se bolje razumjela nutritivna vrijednost
tih napitaka u usporedbi s kravljim mlijekom, analizirani su različiti biljni napici i kravlje mlijeko koji se nude na tržištu Srbije korištenjem Nutri-Score sustava obilježavanja. Uzorci su
analizirani klasičnim i instrumentalnim analitičkim metodama, pri čemu su makroelementi i
mikroelementi analizirani atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrofotometrijom. Utvrđene su razlike u nutritivnom sastavu biljnih napitaka, kako u odnosu na kravlje mlijeko, tako i unutar
kategorija biljnog podrijetla. U usporedbi s kravljim mlijekom, biljni napici imaju znatno manji
sadržaj proteina i zasićenih masnih kiselina, dok imaju veći sadržaj vlakana i ugljikohidrata.
Nutri-Score klasifikacija je pokazala da većina uzoraka biljnih napitaka pripada klasama A i
B, dok je kravlje mlijeko pretežno kategorizirano u klasu B. Kravlje mlijeko sadržava značajne
količine makroelemenata (Ca, P, Na, Mg), dok biljni napici sadržavaju između 30 i 70 % ovih
vrijednosti. Iz rezultata se može zaključiti da biljni napici zaista nisu pogodne zamjene za
mlijeko u pogledu nutritivnog sastava i da zamjena mlijeka ovim napicima može dovesti do
nedostatka važnih nutritijenata u prehrani.In recent years, the number of plant-based beverages that are placed at the market and
offered as milk alternatives has been signifacntly increased. However, there is a lack of
scientific information that shows the actual nutritional value of these products. To better
understand the nutritional value of plant-based beverages compared to cow milk, various
plant-based beverages and cow milk offered at the Serbian market were analysed using the
Nutri-Score labelling system. The samples were analysed using classical and instrumental
analytical methods, with macro- and microelements analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Differences in the nutritional composition of plant-based beverages were
found, both in comparison to cow milk and within the plant-based categories. Compared to
cow milk, plant-based beverages have a significantly lower content of proteins and saturated
fatty acids, but a higher content of fibre and carbohydrates. The Nutri-Score classification
showed that most samples of plant-based beverages belong to classes A and B, while cow
milk was predominantly categorised as class B. Cow milk contains significant amounts of
macroelements (Ca, P, Na, Mg), while plant-based beverages contain between 30 and 70 %
of these values. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the analysed plant-based beverages are not really suitable substitutes for milk in terms of nutrient
composition and that replacing milk with these products can lead to a lack of important
nutrients in the diet
Primena inertnih prašiva i diatomejske zemlje u zaštiti uskladištenih biljnih proizvoda od štetnih insekata: stanje i perspektiva
No full textInertna prašiva su heterogena grupa prirodnih i sintetisanih materijala koja imaju
dugu tradiciju korišćenja u zaštiti uskladištenih biljnih proizvoda od štetnih insekata.
Prirodni materijali u obliku prašiva koji se najviše koriste su: različite vrste peska, gline i
mineralnih soli, pepeo od omotača zrna pirinča i drvenastih delova biljaka, zeolit i
diatomejska zemlja (DZ), dok se od sintetisanih materijala najviše koriste silika gel i
zeolit. Inertna prašiva karakteriše jedinstven način delovanja jer ne stupaju u
metaboličke reakcije kod insekata već deluju fizički, oštećuju kutikulu i insekti uginu
zbog gubitka vode.
Efektivnost inertnih prašiva zavisi od više faktora među kojima su najvažniji
zastupljenost amorfnog silicijum dioksida (SiO 2 ) u prašivima, temperatura i vlažnost
vazduha/proizvoda u skladištima. Izražen uticaj različitih faktora na efektivnost je u
direktnoj vezi sa količinama primene koje su za tretman uskladištenih proizvoda u
rasponu od 0,5 do >10 kg/t. Toksikološki i ekotoksikološki profili inertnih prašiva su
generalno povoljniji u odnosu na sintetisane insekticide. Međutim, zbog velikih količina
primene i sastava pojedinih prašiva i u vezi sa tim, potencijalnog rizika po zdravlje ljudi,
većina se koristi ograničeno u tropskim i sub-tropskim područjima sveta. Na globalnom
nivou samo su preparati na bazi DZ šire prihvaćeni.
Diatomejska zemlja i dalje ispunjava kriterijume sve zahtevnijih zakonskih
regulativa o upotrebi sredstava za zaštitu bilja i važan je element u okviru integralnog
koncepta suzbijanja štetnih insekata u skladištima kao i u organskoj proizvodnji odnosno
skladištenju tih proizvoda. Preparati na bazi DZ (sinonimi: diatomit, i „Kieselgur”) su
formulisani kao prašiva za direktnu primenu i registrovani su u više zemalja u Evropi,
dok u Srbiji za sada nema registrovanih preparata, ali je DZ na listi odobrenih supstanci.
U pogledu efektivnosti i bezbednosti, za preparate na bazi DZ je potrebno da budu
ispunjeni kriterijumi kao što je minimalni sadržaj amorfnog SiO 2 (80%) sa ujednačenom
veličinom čestica (najčešće 5-20 µm), dok kristalni silicijum sa veličinom čestica <10 µm
ne sme da bude zastupljen sa više od 0,001%.
Primena preparata DZ se obavlja uz pomoć uređaja za praškaste formulacije
pesticida, ređe prskalicama kao suspenzija u vodi ili ručno zaprašivanjem. Preparati na
bazi DZ se koriste za direktan tretman tokom unošenja ili tokom skladištenja robe (sa
<14% vlažnosti zrna) tretiranjem u celosti ili u slojevima u količinama primene 1-2 kg/t.
Za tretman površina u podnim skladištima, magacinima i mlinovima preparati DZ se
najčešće koriste u količini 1 kg/100 m 2 . Maksimalan broj tretmana na površinama je do
12, dok je za robu jednom godišnje. Karenca nije definisana, a ostaci DZ u hrani su
minimalni jer se najveća količina odstrani u postupku pripreme žita za preradu. Ipak,
negativan uticaj na hektolitarsku masu naročito starijih formulacija DZ kao i sporije
delovanje na insekte su glavni ograničavajući faktori većeg korišćenja DZ u zaštiti
uskladištenih proizvoda od štetnih insekata. Takođe, u objektima sa velikim kapacitetima
skladištenja DZ se retko koristi jer su potrebne značajne logističke pripreme i cena
tretmana je do 2,5 puta veća u odnosu na tretman sintetisanim insekticidima, a teži se i
da se izbegne rizik od povećanog sadržaja prašine u vazduhu i njenog uticaja na
zdravlje ljudi. Kako bi se otklonili ili umanjili negativni efekti DZ se kombinuje sa
kontaktnim insekticidima, sa tretmanima toplim/hladnim vazduhom ili unapređenjem
formulacija dodavanjem sintetisanih silikata (do 10%) ili sinergista (npr. piperonil
butoksid). Većina ovih načina primene, odnosno formulacija DZ se danas koristi u
zemljama Azije i Severne i Južne Amerike. Poslednjih godina napravljen je napredak u
formulisanju preparata sa DZ dodavanjem malih količina supstanci prirodnog porekla
koje imaju insekticidno delovanje, čime se obezbeđuje brže delovanje sa malim
količinama primene (0,1-0,4 kg/t).
Preparati DZ se danas i pored brojnih prednosti uglavnom koriste za tretman
površina/robe u manjim skladišnim objektima, na porodičnim gazdinstvima i ograničeno
za tretman površina u mlinovima i većim skladištima. Trend povlačenja iz upotrebe
aktivnih supstanci, odnosno sintetisanih insekticida kao i dalji razvoj novih tehnologija i
veće korišćenje nanočestica u poljoprivredi, mogu pozitivno uticati da se u budućnosti
masovnije koriste DZ i druga inertna prašiva. Takođe, dalji razvoj tržišta hrane biljnog
porekla bez ostataka pesticida će uticati na ekonomsku opravdanost upotrebe inertnih
prašiva u zaštiti uskladištenih biljnih proizvoda od štetnih insekata
REZULTATI ŠESTOGODIŠNJEG NADZORA NA PRISUSTVO XYLOPHILUS AMPELINUS NA VINOVOJ LOZI U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ
No full textBakterija Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos) Willems et al., prouzrokovač bakteriozne plamenjače vinove loze, prvi put je opisana u Grčkoj 1969. godine, nakon čega je njeno prisustvo utvrđeno i u još nekoliko evropskih zemalja, uključujući Francusku, Italiju, Sloveniju, Rusku Federaciju, Moldaviju i Ukrajinu. Jedini poznati domaćin ove bakterije je vinova loza (Vitis vinifera L.), na kojoj ona prouzrokuje rak-rane na mladarima koje često pucaju i dovode do njihovog sušenja. Na listovima, cvastima i grozdovima javlja se nekroza i uvenuće. U slučaju jače zaraze X. ampelinus može izazvati propadanje čitavog čokota. Osim vidljivih simptoma, u zaraženim vinogradima, kod nekih sorti bolest može biti prisutna i u vidu latentne infekcije, što predstavlja visok rizik za širenje patogena na velike udaljenosti. Zbog svog potencijala da prouzrokuje ozbiljne ekonomske štete u vinogradarskoj proizvodnji, kao i zbog činjenice da se prenos patogena vrši prvenstveno putem zaraženog sadnog materijala, X. ampelinus je kategorizovan kao karantinski štetni organizam na II/А2 listi u BiH i EPPO A2 listi, te kao regulisani nekarantinski štetni organizam (RNQP) u EU, prema Prilogu IV dio C Uredbe (EU) 2019/2072. Obzirom da je proizvodnja vinove loze od strateške važnosti u Republici Srpskoj, Program posebnog nadzora na prisustvo X. ampelinus započet je 2019. godine. Šestogodišnji program posebnog nadzora (2019–2024) odobrilo je i finansiralo Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede RS (Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske 56/19, 34/20, 41/21, 33/22, 27/23 i 35/24), tokom kog je analizirano ukupno 318 uzoraka vinove loze. Laboratorijske analize vršene su u skladu sa EPPO dijagnostičkim protokolom PM 7/96(1), koji uključuje ekstrakciju bakterije maceracijom sitnih fragmenata tkiva lista, grozda i lastara vinove loze u fosfatnom puferu iz uzoraka prikupljenih tokom juna i jula mjeseca, izolaciju na YPGA podlogu i dva testa zasnovana na različitim biološkim principima (serološke i molekularne metode). Za serološku detekciju korišćen je enzimski imunosorbentni test (double antibody sandwich DAS-ELISA test), dok je za molekularnu detekciju korišćena metoda lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) uz primjenu para prajmera Xa TS1 / Xa TS2. Broj analiziranih uzoraka vinove loze u 2019. godine bio je 65, u 2020. – 58, u 2021. – 40, u 2022. – 30, u 2023. – 50, a u 2024. godini – 75. Prema Programu posebnog nadzora od 2019–2022. uzorci su mapirani, zabilježeni i fotodokumentovani korišćenjem FITO GIS softvera, dok je u 2023. i 2024., za mapiranje, snimanje i digitalizaciju korišćena IT web platforma u realnom vremenu @Farm FITO GIS. Na osnovu sprovedenih laboratorijskih analiza tokom šestogodišnjeg perioda (2019–2024), svi testirani uzorci vinove loze bili su negativni na prisustvo X. ampelinus. Obzirom na karantinski status ove fitopatogene bakterije, njen ekonomski značaj, latentnu prirodu infekcija, ograničene mjere suzbijanja i stalni rizik od širenja u Evropi, neophodno je da se program posebnog nadzora nastavi, posebno imajući u vidu da u Republici Srpskoj postoje povoljni uslovi za njenu introdukciju i širenje
Prilog poznavanju distribucije i širenja divljeg sirka duž mreže puteva u Srbiji
No full textLinearne transportne infrastrukture poput puteva, pruga i vodotokova predstavljaju glavne kopnene koridore invazije, jer omogućavaju širenje stranih invazivnih vrsta između prethodno izolovanih regiona. Intenzivne antropogene aktivnosti i promene u korišćenju zemljišta duž ovih koridora dodatno podstiču njihovu kolonizaciju, posebno u pojasevima uz puteve koji se sve više prepoznaju kao žarišta bioloških invazija. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., poznat kao divlji sirak, višegodišnja je invazivna vrsta.
Izuzetna prilagodljivost ovoj vrsti omogućava da uspešno kolonizuje širok spektar staništa, uključujući obradive površine, zaparložena zemljišta i riparijalne zone.
Prisustvo ove vrste zabeleženo je širom sveta, često u velikim, dominantnim sastojinama koje potiskuju autohtonu floru, dok dokumentovana višestruka rezistentnost divljeg sirka na herbicide dodatno otežava njegovo suzbijanje. Terenska istraživanja su vršena u periodu jul–septembar tokom tri uzastopne godine, na ukupno 321 lokalitetu duž autoputeva i puteva I reda na području Srbije. Transekti dužine 100 metara postavljani su paralelno sa putem, u svim zonama prisutne putne vegetacije (bankina, padina, jarak, uzvišenje), pri čemu je relativna pokrovnost divljeg sirka izražena u procentima po transektu. Korelacija prisustva i pokrovnosti ove invazivne korovske vrste i nadmorske visine lokaliteta, ukupnog broja korovskih vrsta i broja stranih invazivnih vrsta u transektu određena je analizom linearne regresije.
Prisustvo divljeg sirka je zabeleženo na 176 lokaliteta, sa pokrovnošću od <5% do preko 90% istraživanog transekta. Na većem broju istraživanih lokaliteta (>10%) zabeleženi su veliki, gusti sklopovi Sorghum halepense, sa pokrovnošću većom od 60%. Prosečna pokrovnost ove vrste na svim lokalitetima iznosila je 20,66%, dok je maksimalna vrednost od preko 90% registrovana na dva lokaliteta. Najveći intenzitet prisustva S. halepense registrovan je u severnim nizijskim delovima Srbije, gde formira guste sklopove uz puteve, koji se približavaju monospecifičnim sastojinama.
Prisustvo i pokrovnost ove vrste u putnoj vegetaciji negativno su korelisani sa nadmorskom visinom. Iako nije utvrđena korelacija između prisustva/pokrovnosti ove vrste i ukupnog broja zabeleženih vrsta, uočene su veoma značajne i snažne pozitivne veze između njenog prisustva i pokrovnosti i ukupnog broja zabeleženih invazivnih stranih biljaka u transektu
Status of the dietary fibre and phenolic compounds in some standard and ancient cereals
No full textThe popularity of the functional food grows with the increasing awareness of consumers of its
health promoting characteristic. The cereals with various active compounds are of particular
importance. This research aimed to analyse whole-grain cereals (bread wheat, durum wheat,
triticale, rye, barley and oat), and some ancient grains (emmer wheat and spelt) towards
bioactive compounds, such as dietary fibre (arabinoxylan and β-glucan), and specific phenolic
compounds. Genotypes of durum wheat, triticale, spelt, emmer wheat and barley could be
considered as important and sustainable sources of prebiotic fibre (β-glucan and arabinoxylan,
ranging 0.114.59% and 0.516.47%, respectively). The presence of various phenolic
substances was recorded in genotypes of the examined cereals. The greatest concentration of
p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid was mostly determined in Caramel oat, while the triticale
(Agrounija) was highest in dihydrocaffeic acid. Dihydro-p-coumaric acid, naringin, quercetin,
epicatechin were determined in grains of oat (Sopot), while catechin was present in barley
grains (Apolon and Osvit) underlining their unique chemical profile. The naringenin was
found in the grains of Emmer LP2-1-5 and oat genotypes. This research provides valuable
information of specific nutritional profile of cereals, indicating their importance as
nutraceuticals. It also provides genetic background that could be translated to genotypes with
even more profound effects on human health
COMPARATIVE LIPOPEPTIDE ANALYSIS OF BACILLUS VELEZENSIS STRAINS WITH ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY
No full textMembers of the genus Bacillus are widely recognized as microbial factories, capable of producing diverse biologically active compounds with strong inhibitory effects against plant pathogens. Among antimicrobial compounds, cyclic lipopeptides of the surfactin, iturin, and fengycin families have gained significant recognition for their potential applications in biotechnology. This study aimed to analyze lipopeptide profile of four Bacillus velezensis strains (P-FC 55, RD-FC 88, R-FC 102, and R-FC 114) with proven in vitro and in vivo antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on cabbage cv. Futoški in order to identify key metabolites potentially responsible for their antimicrobial effect. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC Q-ToF MS) was used to analyze lipopeptides present in ethyl acetate extracts of B. velezensis. UHPLC Q-ToF MS revealed the presence of different isoforms of surfactin (C12–C17) in all four strains, while differences between strains were only observed in terms of the abundance of detected metabolites. Molecular screening of strains for the presence of genes encoding lipopeptides with known antimicrobial properties (bacillomycin D, iturin operon, fengycin, surfactin, and kurstakin synthetase) highlighted the genetic potential of all strains to produce surfactins, bacillomycin D, and iturins (except R-FC 114) under certain growing conditions. Identification of strains as B. velezensis was confirmed after sequencing of their amplified DNA with the same primers. The obtained results indicate the potential role of lipopeptides, especially surfactins, in antimicrobial potential of four tested B. velezensis strains isolated from Serbian autochthonous cabbage cv. Futoški