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ANALYSIS OF MIKROELEMENT (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) CONTENT IN ASH OF BRIQUETTES FROM DIFFERENT BIOMASSES
No full textMineralna supstanca biomase predstavlja količine metala prisutne u obliku neorganskih i organskih soli, kompleksnih jedinjenja ili jona tokom vegetacionog perioda. Određivanje sadržaja pepela, odnosno mineralne supstance dobijene sagorevanjem biomase, ključni je parametar za procenu kvaliteta i klase biogoriva. Poznavanje kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog
sastava minerala značajno je zbog uticaja oksida u pepelu na njegove
fizičke karakteristike i temperature topljenja. U ovom radu sprovedena je kvalitativna analiza mikroelemenata (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) u pepelu dobijenom sagorevanjem briketa pripremljenih od duvanskih i sojinih stabljika, pšenične slame, ostataka glavica suncokreta, oklasaka kukuruza i piljevine
drveta bukve, prema standardu EN 14961-2. Najniži sadržaj Mn (207
mg/kg) utvrđen je u uzorku duvanske stabljike, dok je najviši sadržaj Mn zabeležen u oklascima kukuruza (1447 mg/kg). Sadržaj Fe najniži je u piljevini bukve (2,78 mg/kg), a najviši u sojinoj slami (18,35 mg/kg). U ostatcima glavica suncokreta registrovane su najniže vrednosti Cu (44,58mg/kg) i Zn (74,40 mg/kg), dok su piljevina bukve imala najviše vrednosti
(148,7 mg/kg za Cu i 335,8 mg/kg za Zn). Analiza je pokazala da uzorci različite biomase značajno variraju u sadržaju mikroelemenata, što je od
važnosti za primenu biomase u proizvodnji biogoriva i predviđanje
ponašanja pepela tokom sagorevanja.The mineral substance of biomass represents the amounts of metals
present in the form of inorganic and organic salts, complex compounds, or ions during the vegetation period. Determination of ash content, i.e., the mineral substance obtained by biomass combustion, is a key parameter for
assessing the quality and class of biofuel. Knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative composition of minerals is important due to the influence of
oxides in ash on its physical properties and melting temperatures. In this study, a qualitative analysis of microelements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) was conducted in ash obtained from the combustion of briquettes prepared from tobacco and soybean stems, wheat straw, sunflower head residues, maize
cobs, and beech wood sawdust was carried out, according to the EN 14961- 2 standard. The lowest Mn content (207 mg/kg) was found in the tobacco stem sample, while the highest Mn content was recorded in maize cobs (1447 mg/kg). The lowest Fe content was found in beech sawdust (2.78
mg/kg), and the highest in soybean straw (18.35 mg/kg). The lowest Cu
(44.58 mg/kg) and Zn (74.40 mg/kg) contents were recorded in sunflower head residues, while beech sawdust had the highest values (148.7 mg/kg for Cu and 335.8 mg/kg for Zn). The analysis showed that different biomass samples significantly vary in microelement content, which is important for biomass application in biofuel production and predicting ash behavior during combustion
Potential synergistic effect of selected mushroom extracts and presence of the Fhb7 resistance locus in novel bread wheat- Thinopyrum spp. recombinants in the control of Fusarium diseases
No full textFusarium head blight, mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) and crown rot, caused by F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, are major wheat diseases which significantly reduce grain yield and quality worldwide. The primary concern associated with these diseases is the contamination of the grain-based food and feed by secondary fungal metabolites, specifically mycotoxins of the trichothecene group, which pose serious health risks to humans and animals. In this study, we preliminary evaluated the antifungal activity of extracts from the fruiting bodies of various mushroom species as potentially novel biological agents. We also assessed their synergistic effect with Fhb7, a major Fusarium resistance gene derived from alien Thinopyrum spp. wheatgrasses, against infection by F. graminearum pathotypes isolated in Serbia. Four chromosomally engineered bread wheat-Thinopyrum spp. recombinants carrying the alien Fhb7 resistance locus either from Th. elongatum or Th. ponticum on the 7DL chromosome arm, along with susceptible control lines lacking Fhb7, were used. The antifungal activity of extracts from fruiting bodies of three diverse mushroom species, i.e. Trametes versicolor, Fomes fometarius and Ganoderma applanatum, were tested in vitro against three F. graminearum strains. The overall highest antifungal activity in vitro was exhibited by T. versicolor, causing a 30% reduction in Fusarium spp. growth. The potential synergistic effect of mushroom extracts and presence of the Fhb7 locus was evaluated by applying 30 mg/ml extract concentration onto seeds and 2-leaf seedlings of Fhb7 carrier and control genotypes previously inoculated with F. graminearum strains. Typical seedling blight symptoms, assessed with the Assess 2.0, Image Analysis Software for Plant Disease Quantification, were observed on susceptible genotypes, whereas resistant Fhb7 genotypes showed no visible signs of disease. This study is the first to identify mushroom extracts with antifungal activity against Serbian Fusarium spp. pathotypes. Moreover, it confirms the broad efficacy of the Fhb7 locus, here proved to extend to these specific pathotypes, and provides a basis for optimizing synergy-based application protocols, which are currently under development
80 ГОДИНА РАДА ИНСТИТУТА ЗА ЗАШТИТУ БИЉА И ЖИВОТНУ СРЕДИНУ
No full textИнститут се од оснивања до данас стално развијао и унапређивао основну
делатност, научноистраживачки рад из области пољопривреде - заштите биља.
Основан је 29. септембра 1945. године, у време када није било ни средстава, ни
кадрова за научни рад, па је рађено на постепеном опремању лабораторија,
оспособљавању истраживача и истовременом решавању бројних актуелних
проблема у заштити биља. Руководство и истраживачи су увек били
фокусирани на изврсност и релевантност научноистраживачких резултата
са јасно зацртаним циљевима: стварање квалитетног истраживачког кадра,
конкурентности истраживања и иновативним решавањем важних питања
у пољопривреди и заштити биља. Данас је рад истраживача у Институту
усмерен на решавање присуства штетних организама у биљној производњи
на мултидисциплинаран и интердисциплинаран начин, обједињавањем
основних (природно-математичких наука - биолошких наука) и примењених
истраживања (биотехничких наука - биотехнологије и пољопривреде).
У складу са тим је и висок ниво постигнутих резултата из фитопатологије,
хербологије, ентомологије, нематологије, примене средстава за заштиту
биља, са проценом утицаја на животну средину. Институт се увек успешно
носио са бројним тешкоћама које су се периодично јављале током његовог
вишедеценијског рада, уз ентузијазам и жељу запослених да се постављени
циљеви остваре и да Институт остане на путу водеће институције у области
заштите биља у Републици Србији. У лабораторијама Института, поред стално
запослених, велики број колега из других институција, пољопривредних
станица и производних организација обавио је усавршавања из области
заштите биља. Многи истакнути научни радници и професори универзитета
започели су професионалну каријеру у Институту и стекли основна знања из
области заштите биља.Urednici: Šikuljak Danijela i Savić Slađan
Heavy metals – environmental river water risk
No full textThe constant threat of hazardous substances in water recipients caused by anthropogenic activities require continuous monitoring of river water quality in densely populated regions. In accordance, one of the obligations of the Belgrade City Institute for Public Health is the systematic monitoring of rivers within the Belgrade region.
The generated database spans many years in past; however, for the purposes of this study, a representative dataset was extracted, covering the period from the beginning of 2021 to June of 2025. A total of 896 water quality parameters were successfully analyzed for the observed period.
Specifically, by monitoring the Danube and Sava rivers and their tributaries at 30 measuring locations within the Belgrade region, over 200 environmental parameters were tracked. From these, 22 representative water quality indicators and 13 heavy metals (Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were selected per monitoring site, resulting in 990 annual measurements and a total of 3960 results.
These data were used to train artificial neural networks and subsequently applied to predict heavy metal pollution in 2025 [1-2]. For the purposes of this research, the most commonly used neural network models were GRNN (General Regression Neural Network) and BPNN (Backpropagation Neural Network), trained using monitoring data collected between 2021 and 2024 and were subsequently applied to predict future pollution trends.
The predicted results for the first half of 2025 were compared with actual measurements, achieving a matching index of 22% for GRNN and 26% for BPNN. Statistical analysis showed that additional descriptive input parameters should be included in the training process to improve prediction accuracy. Since the current findings are satisfactory, future research will focus on expanding the dataset to include additional groups of indicators, such as biological and microbiological parameters, to enhance the precision and robustness of the predictive models
Storage of buckwheat products as an factor affecting colour condition and implications on meat products
No full textBuckwheat is one of the traditionally high-quality crops recognized for its high nutritional and functional value. Buckwheat products (grain and flour) stored for 0, 3, 6, and 9 months and emulsion-type chicken sausages modified by adding those buckwheat flours (FB0, FB3, FB6, and FB9) were analyzed for instrumental colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, h, S, ΔE). One- (P < 0.05) and two-way (P < 0.001) ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data, followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test (P < 0.05). In terms of storage, a slight decrease in hue angle was observed in grains, with the lowest value of 57.48 (6 months). In flour, trends of decreasing L* and increasing a*, b*, C*, and S values were observed to the end of storage. The values of hue angle and total colour difference decreased, with the lowest point at 73.92 for h and the largest significant change at 4.73 for ΔE in 6 months. In terms of product type, compared to grains, flour was lighter and yellowish on average 2.3 (L*) and 1.3 (h) times. Grains consistently demonstrated significantly higher a*, C*, and S values. In composite products, added flour slightly affects L*, and significantly a* and b*, where FB0 was lighter, redder and yellower than the other combined products. A significant decrease in C* and increase in h values caused lower chromatic purity and a more yellow nuance in FB9 (20.66, 45.38). A decrease in S resulted in the greatest attenuation in overall colour perception at FB6, and FB9. An increase trend of ΔE indicating the differentiation of sausages with respect to effect on total colour (ΔE ≤ 5.10). The results could indicate the potential utilization of long-term stored buckwheat grains (flour) as a functional ingredient and valuable plant-based raw material in the production of enriched, composite meat products
Genetic characterization of maize landraces using SSR markers: Insights for breeding applications
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of traditional maize landraces and identify promising germplasm for breeding by performing molecular characterization of 31 maize landraces and 5 testers using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 33 SSR primers initially tested, four were excluded due to monomorphism or low amplification efficiency, while the remaining 29 revealed a total of 139 alleles, with an average of 4.8 alleles per locus. The highest number of alleles (7) was observed with primers phi087 and phi080, whereas four primers (umc1265, umc1282, phi075, and umc1310) each detected the lowest number (3). Genetic distance analysis based on the Nei method revealed a high level of variability. Among the landraces, genetic distances ranged from 0.11 (AN2249 vs. AN2047) to 1.97 (AN1509 vs. AN1267). Population AN1509 exhibited the highest average genetic distance (1.643), suggesting strong divergence potential, while AN1945 had the lowest (0.478), indicating greater genetic similarity. For the five testers (L217, L73B013, L255/75-5, F2, and Polj17), genetic distances ranged from 0.43 between L217 and L73B013 to 1.54 between L217 and L255/75-5. Intermediate values were observed for F2 vs. L255/75-5 (0.64), Polj17 vs. L255/75-5 (0.57), and Polj17 vs. F2 (0.74), reflecting their differing genetic backgrounds and pedigrees. These results align with the known pedigree and origin of the testers. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) explained 35.9% of the total variation across the first two axes and revealed clear differentiation between the testers and most local populations. Population structure analysis (K=4) grouped the genotypes into four distinct clusters. The testers formed a homogeneous group, while the local populations exhibited greater intra-population diversity. These findings highlight the broad genetic base of the maize landraces and identify highly divergent genotypes. Among them, AN1509, with its pronounced genetic divergence, stands out as a valuable resource for future breeding programs
Procena doprinosa iskorišćenju poljoprivredne biomase kao obnovljivog izvora u Srbiji
No full textПовећање енергетске ефикасности и коришћење обновљивих извора енергије (ОИЕ) представља један од кључних приоритета енергетске политике Републике Србије, посебно у контексту придруживања Европској унији. У том оквиру, пољопривредна биомаса је препозната као најзначајнији домаћи ресурс, с обзиром на то да чини чак 61% укупног потенцијала ОИЕ у земљи. Циљ овог рада је процена доприноса искоришћењу пољопривредне биомасе као обновљивог извора енергије у Србији, у светлу стратешких докумената и преузетих обавеза. Посебна пажња посвећена је анализи циљева дефинисаних у Националном акционом плану за коришћење обновљивих извора енергије (НАПОИЕ), као и у Стратегији развоја енергетике до 2025. године са пројекцијама до 2030. године. Приказани су и подаци о учешћу Србије у регионалним циљевима за 2020. годину, у поређењу са другим земљама Југоисточне Европе. Истраживање указује на то да Србија има знатне потенцијале у биомаси, али да је неопходно унапређење инфраструктуре, технолошке опремљености и подстицајних мера како би се овај потенцијал ефикасно искористио. Реализацијом постављених циљева у секторима електричне енергије, грејања и хлађења, као и транспорта, омогућава се остварење укупног циља од 27% учешћа ОИЕ у бруто финалној потрошњи енергије, што би Србију приближило енергетским стандардима Европске уније и допринело одрживом развоју
ALLELOPATHY AND WEED CONTROL IN CHANGING CLIMATE
No full textModern agriculture involves dealing with challenges from climate change, environmental pollution,
depletion of natural resources, as well as pressure to cope with dependence on agricultural inputs
with aim sustainable management of crop production and the environment. Weeds are one of
the most challenging problems facing agricultural production, while modern agriculture relies
heavily on synthetic herbicides for weed control. The excessive use of synthetic herbicides
has contributed significantly to soil degradation, environmental pollution and adverse
effects on non-target organisms and human health. Also, long-lasting exploitation of
herbicides with one target site in plants has resulted in the evolution of weeds
resistant to herbicides. Due to all these problems, there is a need to develop a sustainable,
environmentally friendly tool for weed management. One great field for discovering new approaches
for weed control is allelopathy and allelochemicals. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon
of chemical interaction between plants and this phenomenon has great potential to be
used as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for weed management in agriculture.
Previous studies showed that some plant species possess potent allelochemicals
that have great potential to be ecofriendly bioherbicides
THE TWIN THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND PLANT INVASIONS IN SERBIA
No full textClimate change and invasive species represent two of the five major direct drivers of biodiversity
loss
globally. These two phenomena are inextricably linked and expected to interact in very complex
ways, which are difficult to foresee with certainty. Field studies conducted over the last decade
across the territory of Serbia show the spread and dominance of invasive alien plants (IAPs) in
this country, particularly in its riparian and roadside habitats. Bearing these results in mind, we
provide an illustrative review of perspectives for Serbia regarding the problem of IAPs spread in
conditions of climate change. A number of river valleys are expected to experience added invasion
pressures, resulting from the spread of IAPs via shared river corridors with our
neighboring countries. Additionally, mountain regions in Serbia are predicted to experience
increased temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and anthropogenic activities that worsen
ecosystem fragility, making them more susceptible to plant invasions. Although they currently face
lower invasion pressures, an increase in both the number and
abundance of invasive species in these areas is expected due to climate change and other factors
The effect of Trichoderma spp. on seed quality parameters of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
No full textPaprika (Capsicum annuum L.) je jedna od ekonomski najznačajnijih povrtarskih kultura. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita efekat tretmana semena konidijskom suspenzijom Trichoderma spp. (2 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹) na parametre kvaliteta i zdravstveno stanje semena genotipa Palanačko čudo. Kvalitet semena je procenjen na osnovu energije klijanja, ukupne klijavosti i zdravstvene ispravnosti. Tretman je povećao energiju klijanja na 62 ± 1 % (u poređenju sa 50 ± 3 % u kontroli) i ukupnu klijavost na 89 ± 1 % (u poređenju sa 76 ± 2 % u kontroli). Kod tretiranog semena nije detektovana Alternaria spp., koja je registrovana kod netretiranih uzoraka (3 %). Rezultati ukazuju da primena Trichoderma spp. značajno poboljšava vigoroznost i sanitarni kvalitet semena, te da može predstavljati efikasno biološko sredstvo za tretman semena paprike.Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of seed treatment with a conidial suspension of Trichoderma spp. (2 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹) on seed quality and health of the Palanačko čudo genotype. Seed quality was evaluated based on germination energy, total germination, and health status. Treatment increased germination energy to 62 ± 1 % (compared to 50 ± 3 % in control) and total germination to 89 ± 1 % (compared to 76 ± 2 % in control). Alternaria spp. was detected in 3 % of control samples but not in treated seeds. The results confirm that Trichoderma spp. significantly improves seed vigour and sanitary quality, proving its potential as an effective biological agent for seed treatment in pepper production