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GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF HOT PEPPER LINES (Capsicum spp.) IN HYBRID COMBINATIONS
No full textBreeding programs for developing new genotypes emphasize earliness, fruit quality, yield
potential, resistance to economically significant diseases, tolerance to abiotic stress, and plant
morphology. Hybrids offer numerous advantages over varieties, including higher yields, fruit
uniformity, resistance to plant pathogens, and the manifestation of heterosis. These are the primary
reasons for initiating research on hybrid combinations of hot peppers. This study aimed to develop
a hybrid hot pepper capable of meeting market demands. Seven experimental pepper hybrids
were created by crossing the ms line HM5 (nuclear male sterility) as the female parent with seven
pure lines (LHP 1–7) as the male parents, producing seeds of hybrid combinations. In 2023, a
randomized block design experiment with three replications of 40 plants each was conducted in a
greenhouse at the Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka. Harvesting was performed
at the technological maturity stage. The most important morphological fruit traits and dry matter
content (DMC) were analyzed on 10 fruits (kapya type) from each hybrid combination. The results revealed that hybrid combinations had a statistically significant impact on parameters such
as fruit weight, length, width, pericarp thickness and DMC. The hybrid HM5xLHP6 showed the
highest fruit weight (119.70 g), HM5xLHP4 exhibited the longest fruit (18.26 cm), while HM5xLHP1 and HM5xLHP3 demonstrated the largest fruit width (6.02 cm) and pericarp thickness
(5.2 mm) respectively. High DMC values were recorded for HM5xLHP7 and HM5xLHP5 (10.5%
and 9.40%). The number of fruits per plant (11.40-16.80) and the number of chambers (2) were
consistent across hybrids, with no statistically significant differences observed. By comparing
market-available varieties with hybrids, which are still limited in number, the results of this study
highlight the superiority of hybrids for cultivation in greenhouse. Hybrids demonstrated justified
economic effects for both fresh consumption and industrial processing.U oplemenjivačkim programima se stavlja akcenat pri stvaranju novih genotipova na osobine
kao što su ranostasnost, kvalitet ploda, visina prinosa, otpornost na ekonomski značajne bolesti, tolerantnost na abiotički stres, morfologiju biljaka. Prednosti hibrida u odnosu na sorte su
mnogobrojne poput povećanja prinosa, uniformnosti plodova, otpornosti na biljne patogene,
pojava heterozisa i dr. To su razlozi zbog kojih se započelo istraživanje sa hibridnim kombinacijama ljutih paprika. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se stvori hibrid ljute paprike, koji će moći da odgovori
postavljenim zahtevima na tržištu. Korišćeno je sedam eksperimentalnih hibrida paprike stvorenih
ukrštanjem ms linije HM5 (jedarna muška sterilnost) kao linije majke i sedam čistih linija kao linije
oca (LHP 1-7) i proizvedena su semena hibridnih kombinacija. Tokom 2023. godine postavljen je
ogled po randomiziranom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja sa po 40 biljaka u plasteniku Instituta za
povrtarstvo Smederevska Palanka. Berba je obavlјena u tehnološkoj zrelosti plodova. Analizirane
su najvažnije morfološke osobine ploda i sadržaj suve materije (SSM) na 10 plodova (tip kapije)
od svake kombinacije. Rezultati pokazuju da su hibridne kombinacije ispoljile statistički vrlo
značajan uticaj kod parametara masa, dužina i širina ploda, debljina perikarpa i SSM. Najbolje
rezultate mase ploda je ostvario hibrid HM5xLHP6 (119.70 g), dok je najveća dužina izmerena kod
HM5xLPH4 (18.26 cm). Najveću širina plodu od 6.02 cm je imao hibrid HM5xLHP1 i debljina
perikarpa od 5.2 mm hibrid HM5xLHP3. Visok SSM je zabeležen kod HM5xLHP7 i HM5xLHP5
(10.5% i 9.40%). Broj plodova po biljci (11.40-16.80) i broj komora (2) je bio približan kod različitih hibrida i nije bilo statistički značajne razlike. Poređenjem sorti koje su prisutne na tržištu
u odnosu na hibride, kojih ima veoma malo, na osnovu rezultata ovog rada možemo zaključiti
superiornost hibrida za gajenje u zaštićenom prostoru sa opravdanim ekonomskim efektom, za
svežu upotrebu i industrijsku preradu
An integrative taxonomic study of north temperate Cotesia Cameron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) that form silken cocoon balls, with the description of a new species
Get PDFUsing CO1 sequence analysis, we investigated the relationships of Western Palearctic and Nearctic Cotesia
that spin aggregated cocoons in the shape of a ball, and as adults are morphologically very similar. The
analysis included the conceptual taxa C. tibialis, C. ofella, C. vanessae, C. ruficrus, C. xylina and C. yakutatensis, as well as the newly described species C. trivaliae sp. nov. The examined specimens of C. tibialis,
C. ofella, C. vanessae, C. ruficrus and C. trivaliae sp. nov. were collected in several European countries,
and C. xylina and C. yakutatensis in Canada and the USA. Molecular analyses showed that C. ruficrus is
not closely related to the other studied taxa. Based on the genetic distances as well as biology and morphology, C. vanessae and C. ofella are confirmed as solid taxa. The species C. yakutatensis comprises two
entities. Having 8 haplotypes, C. tibialis also emerges as a species complex, divided into two clusters. With
26 detected haplotypes, C. xylina shows the highest diversity, being composed of three segregates. The conceptual species C. tibialis, C. xylina and C. yakutatensis seem to be species complexes containing several
candidates for recognition as distinct species. One from the European C. tibialis complex is here described
as new, and the impediments to be overcome before the description of further species are outlined
Profitability of organic farming of spelt in the climate conditions of Serbia
Get PDFThis research focuses on assessing the general profitability
of organically produced spelt. Spelt is an ancient grain that
has experienced a resurgence in Serbia in the late seventies
of the previous century, due to its exceptional nutritional
value and high compatibility with organic farming. Field
experiments were conducted in northern Serbia over
four years, applying further financial analysis. The main
goal of the research is to identify and quantify the costs,
benefits, and general profitability of organic production of
spelt in the climatic conditions of Serbia. Results indicate
that organically produced spelt is economically profitable,
primarily due to its significantly higher market price
compared to conventionally produced spelt. Given climate
change concerns, promoting the cultivation of climateresilient
crops, like spelt, becomes crucial. Organic spelt
cultivation could play a significant role in adapting crops
to climate change, emphasizing the need for activities that
mitigate negative environmental impacts
Efficacy evaluation of synthetic fungicides and biofungicides against Fusarium wilt in blueberry
No full textFusarium wilt poses a significant challenge to blueberry production worldwide and recent reports suggest it is posing a threat to sustainability and expansion of this crop in Serbia. During the survey in 2019 in Sopot, Serbia, symptoms of leaf wilting, reduced plant growth, decreased yield and fruit quality of blueberries were observed. Subsequent morphological and molecular analysis identified Fusarium sporotrichoides as the causal agent of the disease. Addressing this threat, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the widely used synthetic fungicides, trifloxystrobin, metalaxyl+fluazinam, and difenoconazole alongside innovative biological agents comprising of three combinations of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus >103CFU/g), phototrophic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris >103CFU/g) and yeast sugar molasses (Saccharomyces cerevisiae >103CFU/g), marked as: EM1, EM5 and EM AGRO, using in vitro methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined via microdilution tests in 96-well plates, with spore suspensions adjusted to 5x104 in 100 μl per well, incubated at 25°C for 5 days. MIC values were analyzed using STATISTICA v.7, with Duncan’s multiple range tests to differentiate the means at p<0.05. The highest degree of inhibition for F. sporotrichoides was demonstrated by difenoconazole (MIC: 0.13 μg/ml) and a combination of metalaxyl and fluazinam (MIC: 3.63 μg/ml). Trifloxystrobin showed a moderate inhibition (MIC: 15.00 μg/ml). All three combinations of lactic acid, phototrophic bacteria and yeast sugar molasses showed a significant antifungal effect against F. sporotrichoides (MIC<50.00 μg/ml). The microbial mixture EM5 demonstrated the highest potency (MIC: 38.80 μg/ml). This study not only validates the effectiveness of these antifungal strategies against Fusarium wilt in blueberries, but also encourages a balanced approach to combating this disease. Combining chemical and biological treatments contributes to the preservation of ecosystems and human health by reducing the effect of chemicals and enhancing food safety
Citizen science platforms can effectively support early detection of invasive alien species according to species traits
Get PDFEarly detection and rapid response are essential to deal effectively with new introductions of invasive alien
species (IAS). Citizen science (CS) platforms for opportunistic recording of species have the potential to
harvest their data for early detection of IAS, but this has not been tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of
CS platforms for early detection of IAS by obtaining data on 707 species x country combinations from Europe
where there was both an official first record (i.e. published in scientific literature or by a government
agency) and a record in a CS platform. We tested how the difference between the two (CS time lag) was
related to species traits, popularity in CS platforms, public and research attention and regulatory status. We
found that for 50% of species x country combinations the time lag was zero or with CS being earlier than
the official record. Although we cannot determine causality (the first official record could have been from
a CS platform, or contemporaneous with it), this demonstrates the relevance of CS platforms for early
detection. The time lags were affected by species traits rather than the overall activity of citizen platforms
per country. Compared to official records, vertebrates were more likely to have earlier records on CS
platforms, than plants or invertebrates. Greater popularity of the IAS in CS platforms and its observation
in neighbouring countries resulted in earlier CS reporting, while its inclusion in the EU priority list resulted
in earlier official recording, reflecting the efficacy of targeted surveillance programmes. These findings
demonstrate how CS platforms are a valuable source of information on early detection of IAS. However,
there is still room for improvement to connect CS platforms with IAS surveillance including greater acknowledgement
of the role of citizen scientists and a better data flow from CS into global databases
In-vitro evaluation of Bacillus velezensis isolates for biocontrol activities against fungal pathogens
No full textEfikasnost piraflufen-etila u suzbijanju korova u malini
No full textSrbija je jedan od vodećih proizvođača maline u svetu. Pored bolesti i štetočina,
koje negativno utiču na rast i prinos maline, korovi takođe predstavljaju važan ekonomski
faktor u njihovoj proizvodnji. Zabrana upotrebe herbicida na bazi aktivnih supstanci (a.s.)
parakvat-dihlorid i glufosinat-amonijum na nivou Evropske Unije i Republike Srbije dovela
je do potrebe da se nađe adekvatna alternativa za suzbijanje korova u zasadima sitnog
voća. Stoga je cilj našeg rada bilo ispitivanje efikasnosti herbicida na bazi a.s. piraflufenetil u suzbijanju korova u malini. Istraživanja su sprovedena u zasadima maline na
lokalitetima Kušići i Zminjak. Ispitivanje je vršeno u skladu sa standardnom EPPO
metodom, na plotovima površine 8 m2
, postavljenim međuredno, u četiri ponavljanja.
Primena preparata je vršena u proleće (početkom maja), kada su biljke maline i korovi u
optimalnim fazama razvoja. Ocene efikasnosti su vršene 15, 30 i 45 dana nakon primene
preparata, beleženjem broja korova u četiri nasumično postavljena rama površine 1 m2
.
Efikasnost preparata je ocenjivana u odnosu na kontrolu i izražena kao % efikasnosti.
Ispitivani preparat na bazi a.s. piraflufen-etil (komercijalni naziv: Kabuki 2,5 EC) pokazao
je visoku efikasnost (≥90%) u suzbijanju širokolisnih korova, i u pojedinačnoj i split
primeni na oba istraživana lokaliteta. Na lokalitetu Zminjak u dozi primene 0,8 l/ha
pokazao je efikasnost ≥90% prema vrstama Lactuca serriola, Convolvulus arvensis i
Cirsium arvense u trećoj oceni, odnosno 45 dana nakon primene. Na lokalitetu Kušići 45
dana nakon primene preparata, u dozi 0,8 l/ha preparat na bazi a.s. piraflufen-etil
pokazao je efikasnost ≥90% prema vrstama Erigeron canadensis, Stellaria media i
Veronica persica. Najbolja efikasnost zabeležena je u split primeni u dozi 0,8 l/ha + 0,8
l/ha na lokalitetu Zminjak, gde je efikasnost suzbijanja korova bila ≥90% prema svim
korovskim vrstama, osim vrste Sorghum halepense. Primena preparata uz dodatak
okvašivača Alteox T prima u količini 1 l/ha dovela je do povećanja efikasnosti suzbijanja
korova u slučaju pojedinačne primene, ali u slučaju split primene viši procenat efikasnosti
zabeležen je u tretmanima bez primene okvašivača, nego u tretmanima sa okvašivačem.
Od posebnog značaja je i visoka efikasnost preparata na bazi a.s. piraflufen-etil u
suzbijanju invazivnih korovskih vrsta Veronica persica i Erigeron canadensis, imajući u
vidu njihovu invazivnost i potencijal za razvoj rezistencije na a.s. glifosat kod vrste E.
canadensis
Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels
Get PDFThe mature larvae of the following fourteen Rhinusa species are described and illustrated:
Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800), R. asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807), R. collina (Gyllenhal,
1813), R. eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838), R. florum (Rubsaamen, 1895), R. herbarum
(H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862), R. incana (Kirsch, 1881), R. linariae (Panzer, 1796),
R. melas (Boheman, 1838), R. neta (Germar, 1821), R. pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838), R. rara
Toševski & Caldara, 2015, R. tetra (Fabricius, 1792), and R. vestita (Germar, 1821). The
pupae of thirteen of them (except R. incana) were also described. The comparison of
larval morphological characters and plant preferences provides evidence supporting
the existence of different species groups previously established according to a phylogenetic
analysis based on adult morphological characters. The following diagnostic
attributes distinguishing the genus Rhinusa are highlighted. For the larvae: (1) pronotal
shield indistinct; (2) thoracic prodorsal fold small or even vestigial; (3) abdominal postdorsal
folds (especially of segments III–VII) high or even in the form of conical protuberances;
(4) cuticle of abdominal segments densely covered with asperities; (5) cuticle
without dark spots or dark pigmentation; (6) head suboval, rarely round; (7) labrum usually
with 2 als; (8) des1 short or absent, rarely elongated; and (9) fs1-3 usually absent or
minute. For the pupae: (1) body stout; (2) head protuberances always present; (3) pronotal
protuberances (if present), separated at bases of the pronotum, always wider than
higher; (4) abdominal protuberance usually present, wide or round; (5) femora usually
with a single fes; and (6) urogomphi short or vestigial. Keys to the larvae and pupae
described here are provided. All the characters used for identification are illustrated by
photographs or drawings. Biological and distribution data, including new information,
are provided for all the species studied
Evaluation of the viability of old seeds of several important agricultural weeds
No full textPersistent seed banks are equally important in agriculture and invasion biology. While
seed vitality persistence exemplifies an eternal uphill battle for weed control in agriculture, it
signals a potential invasiveness of species in invasion biology. Considering yield losses caused
by Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album and Datura stramonium
in agriculture, and the importance of Ambrosia trifida as an emerging invader in Europe, the
objective of this study was to test the viability and longevity of the aged seeds of these
economically important weeds. Three seed viability/longevity tests were conducted: the
crush test, germination test in Petri dishes, and 3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) test.
The results revealed a significant variation in germination potential among the tested species.
The highest vitality was observed in 7-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus (41.67 %), followed by
16-year-old A. theophrasti seeds (17.78 %), 13-year-old C. album seeds (15.00 %) and 17-yearold
D. stramonium seeds (7.5 %). Furthermore, a remarkable seed longevity was documented
in the tested species (with the exception of A. trifida), preserving their germination potential
for over half a century. Seed germination was recorded in 49-year-old seeds of D. stramonium,
53-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus, 58-year-old seeds of A. theophrasti and 59-year-old seeds of C.
album, in strong evidence of the persistence of these weed species’ seeds in the environment.Prisustvo banke semena je podjednako važno za poljoprivrednu praksu i oblast bioloških
invazija. U poljoprivredi vitalnost semena predstavlja borbu protiv korova, a u oblasti invazivne
biologije to je signal invazivnog potencijala vrste. Uzimajući u obzir smanjenje prinosa zbog
prisustva vrsta Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon teophrasti, Chenopodium album i Datura
stramonium u poljoprivrednoj praksi i značaj invazije Ambrosia trifida u Evropi, cilj rada je bio
da se ispita vitalnost i dugovečnost starih semena navedenih ekonomski značajnih vrsta.
Urađena su tri testa za proveru vitalnosti/dugovečnosti semena: test gnječenja, test klijanja
u Petri posudama i tetrazolijum test (3,5 trifeniltetrazolijum hlorid-TTC). Dobijeni rezultati
su pokazali velike varijacije potencijala klijavosti. Najveća vitalnost je utvrđena za seme
A.retroflexus starog 7 godina (41,67%), zatim semena A. teophrasti starog 16 godina (17,78%),
trinaestogodišnjeg semena C. album (15%) i sedamnaestogodišnjeg semena D. stramonium
(7,5%). Takođe, utvrđena je izuzetna vitalnost semena testiranih vrsta (osim A. trifida) starog
više od pola veka. Zabeležena je klijavost 49 godina starog semena D. stramonium, 53 godina
starog semena A. retroflexus, 58 godina starog semena A. teophrasti i 59 godina starog semena
C. album, čime se potvrđuje njihova perzistentnot u životnoj sredini