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Harmful and potentially harmful species of eriophyoid mites in Serbia
Get PDFEriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) are the most numerous phytophagous mites and are among the most harmful mites in agriculture, forestry and urban horticulture. So far, 418 species of these obligate phytophagous mites have been recorded in the Serbian fauna. More than 20 species are considered as plant pests in agriculture, with six of them acting as vectors of plant viruses. Additionally, around 40 species are known to cause damage to forest plantations, nurseries, and ornamental plants. The most harmful eriophyoids in horticulture include: Phyllocoptes gracilis (Nal.) in raspberry orchards, Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nal.), Aculus fockeui (Nal. et Trt.), a complex of rust mite species, and gall forming Eriophyes spp. affecting stone fruit, Epitrimerus pyri (Nal.) and Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.), russet mite pests in pear and apple orchards, respectively, russet mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Nal.) and erineum mite Colomerus vitis (Pgst.) as pests in vineyards and four pest species on nut trees, Phytoptus avellanae (Nal.), Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Nal.), Aceria erinea (Nal.) and A. tristriata (Nal.). The most harmful eriophyoids in floriculture are Aceria tulipae (K.), Cecidophyopsis hendersoni (K.), Paraphytoptus chrysanthemi K. and Aceria cladophthira (Nal.). Among the pests of urban greenery, the most important alien species are: Aceria petanovicae (Nal.), Aculops gleditsiae (K.), Aculus ligustri (K.), Aculops allotrichus (Nal.), Reckella celtis Bagd., Shevtchhenkella brevisetosa (Hodgkiss), and Vasates quadripedes Shimer. The recently registered Aceria pyracanthi (Can.), Aceria magnoliae (K.), Rhyncaphytoptus platani K., Cecidophyes psilonotus (Nal.) and Aculops sophorae Kuang are pontentionaly harmful in urban horticulture, while Eriophyes mali Nal., Aceria kuko (Kishida) and Aceria fici Cotte have been registered as new potential orchard pests in Serbia. In this presentation, the distribution, symptoms and harmfulness of these pests are discussed
Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres Drechsler): An increasingly significant threat to barley production
Get PDFPyrenophora teres is a pathogen causing a net blotch disease in cultivated barley, which is present worldwide
and can thus significantly reduce barley yields. This fungus also infects wild barley and other plants of the Hordeum
genus, as well as barley grass, wheat, oats and plants from various genera, including Agropyron, Bromus, Elymus, Hordelymus and Stipa. Based on the symptoms it causes on the infected barley plants, the pathogen can be divided into two
forms: P. teres f. teres, which causes net-like symptoms, and P. teres f. maculata, which causes blotchy symptoms. Infected seeds, stubble and plant debris, and volunteer and weed plants represent primary sources of pathogen inoculum.
During the growing season, the pathogen enters a sexual stage, developing pseudothecia with asci and ascospores. This
is followed by an asexual stage, during which conidiophores with conidia are formed. The conidial (anamorphic) stage is
much more common, whereby conidia is a source of inoculum for secondary infection during the barley growing season.
The first symptoms appear at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, often during the tilling phase. The most
characteristic symptoms form on barley leaves. Frequently, symptoms of the net form can be mistaken for other diseases
occurring on barley, making molecular analysis essential for accurate detection of P. teres, its forms, mating types and
hybrids. Current net blotch control measures are based on the combined application of cultural, chemical and biological
control methods and the selection of resistant varieties
Application of artificial neural networks to classify Avena fatua and Avena sterilis based on seed traits: insights from European Avena populations primarily from the Balkan Region
No full textBackground Avena fatua and A. sterilis are challenging to distinguish due to their strong similarities. However,
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can effectively extract patterns and identify these species. We measured seed traits
of Avena species from 122 locations across the Balkans and from some populations from southern, western, and
central Europe (total over 22 000 seeds). The inputs for the ANN model included seed mass, size, color, hairiness, and
placement of the awn attachment on the lemma.
Results The ANN model achieved high classification accuracy for A. fatua and A. sterilis (R2>0.99, RASE<0.0003) with
no misclassification. Incorporating geographic coordinates as inputs also resulted in successful classification (R2>0.99,
RASE<0.000001) with no misclassification. This highlights the significant influence of geographic coordinates on
the occurrence of Avena species. The models revealed hidden relationships between morphological traits that are
not easily detectable through traditional statistical methods. For example, seed color can be partially predicted by
other seed traits combined with geographic coordinates. When comparing the two species, A. fatua predominantly
had the lemma attachment point in the upper half, while A. sterilis had it in the lower half. A. sterilis exhibited slightly
longer seeds and hairs than A. fatua, while seed hairiness and mass were similar in both species. A. fatua populations
primarily had brown, light brown, and black colors, while A. sterilis populations had black, brown, and yellow colors.
Conclusions Distinguishing A. fatua from A. sterilis based solely on individual characteristics is challenging due to
their shared traits and considerable variability of traits within each species. However, it is possible to classify these
species by combining multiple seed traits. This approach also has significant potential for exploring relationships
among different traits that are typically difficult to assess using conventional methods
Molecular characterization of grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus isolates infecting grapevines in Serbia
No full textGrapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) occurs worldwide and is often considered to be one of the most prevalent grapevine viruses. It is involved in the graft-transmissible disease rupestris stem pitting of the rugose wood complex, as well as in the vein necrosis and Syrah decline, although its role in all diseases is not yet clear. In addition, GRSPaV is also found in grapevine cultivars in a latent state. After the first detection, two-year survey (2021-2022) was carried out to determine the presence and distribution of the virus in Serbia and to examine its genetic diversity. A total of 55 samples were collected and analyzed by the multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) using primers for nine viruses that commonly infect grapevine: arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFV), grapevine virus A (GVA) and B (GVB), GRSPaV, grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), -2 (GLRaV-2), and -3 (GLRaV-3). The presence of GRSPaV was detected in 66.6% of the samples tested in single or mixed infections with GVA, GLRaV-1, -3, GFkV and/or ArMV. For further GRSPaV molecular characterization, seven mRT-PCR positive isolates were selected and a fragment of the coat protein (CP) gene was partially sequenced. Multiple alignments of the sequences revealed nucleotide identities from 83.9% to 97.9%, indicating variability of the GRSPaV population in Serbia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetic variability of GRSPaV comprising three molecular variants is present in Serbian grapevine genotypes. Although GRSPaV is considered a virus of minor importance, the virus may pose a risk for severe decline symptoms caused by either single or complex infections with other viruses. This study has also shown that the virus is highly prevalent in Serbia and that enhanced phytosanitary measures are needed to exclude GRSPaV in vines used for vineyard propagation and planting
Variations in polyphenol content and anthocyanin composition in bilberry populations (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) due to environmental factors
Get PDFAnthocyanins are natural pigments belonging to the flavonoid group, subclasses of polyphenol compounds.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a commercially important wild berry species, which accumulates high
quantities of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins in the skin and flesh. This research aimed to evaluate the total
anthocyanins content (TA) and anthocyanin composition profile of fruits in thirty wild bilberry populations from
five regions of northern Montenegro. Total anthocyanin content in examined wild bilberries ranged from 236 to
656 mg/100 g. Delphinidin was found to be the most abundant aglycone, followed by cyanidin. Regions at higher
altitudes (1129–1699 m) and with high UV radiation (0.370–0.480 W/m2
) had higher values of anthocyanins.
There were significant variations in anthocyanin content within and between the populations, indicating differences in berry raw material. Variations in the anthocyanin content expressed in different bilberry populations
from various regions are a result of the cumulative effects of genotype and environment
Paraquat and other dessicants and bleaching herbicides – their influence on weeds, crops and human and animal health
No full textThe paper provides an overview of various aspects of desiccants and bleaching herbicides,
from different chemical groups, which have in common the drying and bleaching of leaf mass.
In weed plants, they can act as total or selective herbicides, and be applied in the mature stages
of the crop, where by drying the leaf mass they promote the maturation of some important crops
such as sunflower, soybeans, and potatoes. More or less, all these various herbicides are highly or
significantly toxic, which greatly complicates their application. In the EU, there was an initiative
to ban some of them (e.g. paraquat). However, despite their significant toxicity, we believe they
should be considered as an alternative to some other herbicides
New insights on the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ transmission by Neoaliturus fenestratus (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)
Get PDFNeoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer 1834) is a polyphagous leafhopper widespread throughout
Europe, particularly in ruderal habitats, i.e., abandoned fields, vineyards, and sparsely vegetated
meadows, commonly associated with different plants of the family Asteraceae (Nickel 2003).
Neoaliturus fenestratus is confirmed to transmit the safflower phyllody associated with phytoplasmas
from the 16SrI-B subgroup (Raccah & Klein 1982), Picris hieracioides bushy stunt caused by
phytoplasma from the 16SrII-E subgroup (Mitrović et al. 2012), lettuce phyllody and wild lettuce
phyllody associated with phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrIX group (Salehi et al. 2007), and chicory
phyllody phytoplasma of the 16SrIX-C subgroup (Ermacora et al. 2013). Furthermore, Mitrović et al.
(2019) experimentally confirmed its vector role in transmitting 'Ca. P. solani' of the 16SrXII-A
subgroup to lettuce and carrot. In this study, N. fenestratus was investigated for its capacity to transmit
the 'Ca. P. solani' to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and native plants commonly found in and/or around
vineyards in Serbia (Convolvulus arvensis, Calendula officinalis, Chenopodium album, and P.
hieracioides)
Impact of drought stress on tomato quality during fruit development in ABA contrasting genotypes
No full textDrought has an impact on fruit quality through accumulation of the different nutritive and
health-promoting attributes. Also, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) has an important role in the
regulation of fruit quality. The aim of this study was to determine biochemical quality and ABA
content in different fruit ripening stages of two tomato genotypes – wild type Ailsa Craig and
its ABA mutant flacca under drought stress. Plants were grown in control conditions (VWC 36%)
and moderate drought (VWC 25%) that were applied from the anthesis of the 2nd flower truss.
Among biochemical parameters were measured total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity
(TTA), vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and ABA content. Total soluble solids were the highest in
red ripening stage, in both treatments and genotypes, while the total titratable acidity increased
in stress conditions in both genotypes and all ripening stages. The effect of drought on these parameters was more expressed in wild type Ailsa Craig than in mutant flacca. Genotype, treatment
and phenophase, but also the interaction of these factors, had a significant effect on TSS content
and TTA. Drought increased accumulation of vitamin C in both analysed genotypes that was more
expressed in the fruits of wild type than in mutant. Vitamin C and ABA content were dependent on
genotype, treatment and phenophase, as well as interaction of these factors. These results point
out that moderate drought alters the biochemical composition of tomato fruits, depending on
fruit developmental stage and genotypic differences in ABA accumulation
Genome sequence data for 61 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris from Brassica crops in Serbia
No full textThis Technical Resource describes genome sequencing data for 61 isolates of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris collected from Brassica and Raphanus crops between 2010 and 2021 in Serbia. We present the raw
sequencing reads and annotated contig-level genome assemblies and determine the races of ten isolates. The data can be
used to test hypotheses and phylogeographic analyses and inform the design of informative molecular markers for population genetics studies. When combined with phenotypic data, they could be used to dissect relationships between genotypes
and phenotypes such as host range and virulence. Finally, these genome sequences expand our inventory of plasmids
known to reside in this pathogen
Dynamics of moisture release from maize husks as a function of crop density
No full textMaize husk mass affects the dynamics of maize kernel moisture release as well as the yield and harvest timing of maize. The aim
of this study was to observe the dynamics of moisture release in maize husks depending on the sowing density technology used. At the
Zemun Polje location, a trail was established with three hybrids (H1-ZP 4708, H2-ZP4242, H3-ZP4790) in three densities (G1-
40,816, G2-69,689, G3-89,286). During the vegetation period, 15 days after fertilization, four samples (V1-V4) were taken to determine the fresh and dry weight of the husk. The leaves were dried in an oven at 60°C for 12 hours.
The effect of the genotype was reflected in the different mass of the maize husks and the dynamics of moisture loss. It was most pronounced in hybrid ZP 4242, which had the highest moisture loss between V1 and V4 samples at 9.86 %. It is also the hybrid with the
highest fresh mass of leaves, 88.71 g. The dynamics of mass reduction, i.e. moisture loss, was linear in all hybrids, except for the exceptions by ZP 4242. The effects of sowing density and genotype on the moisture release of the maize husks and thus the maize kernel
lead to an optimal harvest and a reduction in the risk of yield loss