Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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UTICAJ TRETMANA SOJEM BACILLUS HALOTOLERANS P122 NA TOLERANTNOST PAPRIKE USLOVIMA NISKE TEMPERATURE
No full textKlimatske promene predstavljaju ozbiljan izazov za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, posebno u regionima sklonim naglim padovima temperature ili produženim hladnim periodima. Abiotički stres izazvan niskom temperaturom nepovoljno utiče na fiziološke procese u biljkama, čime se ograničava njihov rast i razvoj, što dovodi do smanjenog prinosa i kvaliteta useva. Upotreba korisnih bakterija iz roda Bacillus predstavlja potencijalno efikasnu strategiju za unapređenje tolerancije biljaka na stresne uslove i stimulaciju njihovog rasta, čime se može doprineti boljoj zaštiti I produktivnosti useva. Cilj istraživanja ovog rada je da se ispita uticaj Bacillus halotolerans soja P122 na tolerantnost paprike (Capsicum annuum L.) izložene niskoj temperaturi kroz ocenu akumulacije prolina i sadržaj ukupnog hlorofila. Paprike su gajene u stakleniku na 28±2 °C, do faze razvoja BBCH 202, kada su tretirane suspenzijom soja B. halotolerans P122 (izolovanog iz semena paprike) gustine 10⁸ CFU/mL i to tri puta, sa intervalom od sedam dana. Nakon poslednjeg tretmana, biljke su izložene uslovima niske temperature (7±2 °C), gde su držane 7 dana radi indukcije stresa. Koncentracija prolina određena je pomoću ninhidrinskog testa. Prolin je ekstrahovan iz biljnog tkiva pomoću 3% sulfosalicilne kiseline. Reakcioni rastvor je pripremljen mešanjem 2 mL 2.5% ninhidrina, 2 mL 60% fosforne kiseline i 1 mL hladne sirćetne kiseline, a apsorbanca je merena spektrofotometrijski, na talasnoj dužini od 518 nm. Ekstrakcija hlorofila iz lista paprike vršena je upotrebom 80% acetona, kvantifikovanje je vršeno spektrofotometrijski na talasnim dužinama od 663 nm (hlorofil a) i 645 nm (hlorofil b). Dobijeni podaci su analizirani metodom analize varijanse, na nivou značajnosti P < 0.05. Rezultati su pokazali da je sadržaj prolina kod paprike izložene uslovima stresa usled niske temperature iznosio 1.05 ± 0.07 μmol/g FW, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi iznosio 0.58 ± 0.05 μmol/g FW, što predstavlja 1.79 puta veći sadržaj u uzorcima paprike tretiranim B. halotolerans sojem P122. Ukupan sadržaj hlorofila u kontrolnoj grupi iznosio je 23.67 ± 0.55 mg/g FW, dok je u tretiranoj grupi povećan na 26.04 ± 0.62 mg/g FW, što odgovara povećanju od 1.10 puta. Viša koncentracija hlorofila u stresnim uslovima povezana je sa poboljšanom fotosintetskom aktivnošću i usporenom degradacijom hlorofila, što ukazuje na moguću zaštitnu ulogu tretmana u očuvanju fotosintetskog aparata tokom hladnog stresa. Primena B. halotolerans soja P122 značajno je povećala akumulaciju prolina pod uslovima niske temperature, što ukazuje na pojačan zaštitni odgovor protiv osmotskih i oksidativnih oštećenja izazvanih hladnoćom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na visok potencijal bakterije B. halotolerans u zaštiti bilja od stresa izazvanog abiotičkim faktorima
UTICAJ FORMULACIJE BAKTERIOFAGA NA INTENZITET SIMPTOMA BAKTERIOZNE PLAMENJAČE JABUČASTIH VOĆAKA
No full textNajveći izazov u primeni bakteriofaga (faga) kao agensa biološke kontrole Erwinia amylovora, prouzrokovača bakteriozne plamenjače jabučastih voćaka, predstavlja kratka postojanost u spoljašnjoj sredini uglavnom zbog osetljivosti na UV svetlo i isušivanje. Istraživanja pokazuju da formulisanje bakteriofaga pojedinim supstancama produžava njihov životni vek, a samim tim i efikasnost u biokontroli. Baktericidno dejstvo E. amylovora specifičnih faga, formulisanih cink-oksidom, kaolinom ili L-triptofanom, proučeno je in vivo na mladim plodićima kruške, sorte Santa Marija. Površinski dezinfikovane kriške plodića debljine 1cm, tretirane su smešom faga ФEa10 (1x10 9 PFU/ml) i formulanta (5%), u razmeri 1:1, prskanjem. Nakon prosušivanja u trajanju od 20 minuta, kriške su inokulisane suspenzijom soja E. amylovora KBI52 (10 4 CFU/ml). Kontrolne varijante obuhvatale su tretmane neformulisanim fagima, streptomicinom (100 ppm), sterilnom destilovanom vodom I suspenzijom baketrija, ponaosob. Inokulisane kriške plodića inkubirane su u Petri kutijama na vlažnom filter papiru pri sobnoj temperaturi, a svaki tretman izveden je u četiri ponavljanja. Intenzitet simptoma ocenjivan je posle 5 dana prema skali: 0 – bez promene boje i pojave eksudata; 1 - pojava smeđe boje u središnjem delu kriške, na mestu inokulacije, uz pojavu eksudata; 2 - 1/8 površine kriške zahvaćena promenama; 3 - zahvaćena ¼; 4 - zahvaćena ½; 5 - zahvaćeno ¾; i 6 – zahvaćena cela površina kriške. Statistički značajne razlike između srednjih vrednosti ocean intenziteta simptoma utvrđene su T-testom na nivou značajnosti od 95% (P≤0,05). Na kriškama tretiranim neformulisanim bakteriofagima došlo je do pojave izraženih simptoma u vidu smeđe boje uz obilno stvaranje bakterijskog eksudata na celoj površini kriški u sva 4 ponavljanja. Nasuprot tome, kod tretmana fagima formulisanim cink-oksidom simptomi se nisu pojavili ni u jednom od 4 ponavljanja, pa je između ova dva tretmana utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u intenzitetu simptoma. L-triptofan kao formulant takođe je statistički značajno doprioneo efektima primenjenih faga te je i u ovoj varijanti zabeležen smanjen intenzitet simptoma, dok kaolin nije pokazao statistički značajan efekat. Dodatnim testovima u hranljivoj podlozi potvrđeno je da formulanti samostalno ne utiču na razvoj E. amylovora. Bakteriofagi formulisani cink-oksidom ili L-triptofanom ostvarili su slične rezultate kao tretman streptomicinom jer između ovih tretmana nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u intenzitetzu simptoma.
Ostvareni rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan efekat cink-oksida i L-triptofana na povećanje postojanosti bakteriofaga u laboratorijskim uslovima, pa samim tim I njihove efikasnosti u biološkoj kontroli prouzrokovača bakteriozne plamenjače jabučastih voćaka
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND INFLUENCE OF DIGESTATES ON RYE HEIGHT IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION
No full textThe influence of digestate, a by-product of biogas production, on rye height was investigated. Trials over three years at Ilandža and Dolovo examined rye growth with and without the application of 50 t ha-1 of digestate. The tallest plants were found at Dolovo with digestate application. The highest plant height (130.99 cm) was recorded in 2023, while the lowest (126.46 cm) was in 2021. The study contributes to climate change mitigation and CO2 emission reduction
Sunflower husk: from waste material to a useful resource
No full textSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important
oilseed crops, widely used in industry, agriculture, and as a food source, while
its by-products, such as husks, can be utilized in various ways. Sunflower
husks, constituting up to 40% of the seed's mass, are rich in fiber,
polysaccharides, and other valuable components, with applications in livestock
production, the energy industry, and agriculture. This paper explores different
possibilities for utilizing sunflower husks, with a particular focus on ecological
and energy applications, as well as opportunities for further use in industry and
agriculture. Due to their composition, sunflower husks are used as fuel (in
pellets or as biomass for combustion) and in the production of bio-briquettes.
Moreover, ash obtained from the combustion of sunflower husks contains
valuable nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and
trace elements (zinc, copper, manganese, iron), which makes it beneficial for
soil fertilization. The efficiency of ash usage has been improved through
granulation, enabling better application in agriculture. As sunflower production
residues serve as a renewable energy source, sunflower husks represent a
significant resource in the context of sustainable development and energy
efficiency
Possibility of control of Botrytis cinerea on Begonia semperflorens by Trichoderma atroviride SC1
No full textA decay of the plant species Begonia semperflorens was observed in several greenhouses in the territory of the municipality of Podgorica during the months of March and April 2024. Symptoms were recorded on leaves and flowers as water-soaked spots which then turn brown and zonate over time. The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the cause of gray mold disease, was isolated from infected parts of the plant in the Laboratory of phytopathology of the Biotechnical Faculty of Podgorica. The fungus survives in plant debris and is favored by high moisture, low temperatures and low light levels in greenhouses. B. cinerea is a fungus that develops resistance to syntetic fungicides relatively quickly, but also, fungicides can often leave traces on the plant leaves which represent a problem in sales because of the reduction of the plants' market value. The efficacy of Trichderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec®) toward the obtained B. cinerea isolate was tested in vitro. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the diameter and surface area of the developed pathogenic fungus colony in the treatment compared to the control. Three days after inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 disabled the growth of B. cinerea on PDA in Petri dishes, with the efficiency percentage of 65.7%. The sixth day after the inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 intensively sporulated on the surface of the B. cinerea colony and completely stopped its development. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are soil microorganisms that stimulate the development of the root system of treated plants. The high degree of efficacy of T. atroviride against B. cinerea in in vitro tests in this study, indicates its potential application in Montenegrin flower production by mixing with the substrate for growing or spraying plants with suspension of the biofungicide
Erwinia amylovora specific bacteriophages distribution during the fire blight epidemic in central Serbia
No full textSince first detection of Erwinia amylovora on apple and pear in Serbia, in 1989, the
fire blight (FB) disease occurred periodically depending mostly on weather conditions. Rainy
weather during blooming period induced severe symptom development, resulting in reduced
yield, plant damage and eradication. During the spring of 2024, fruit growers reported frequent
occurrence of apple, pear and quince FB in several localities of Central Serbia. We assume that
unusual high average monthly temperatures for February, March and April significantly
contributed to a high disease incidence. Typical symptoms included blackening along the leaf
midrib and veins or full necrosis of leaves as if scorched by fire, shepherd's crook and
occasional occurrence of bacterial exudate on infected tissue. The etiology of the symptoms
was confirmed by isolation of bacteria from the diseased tissue. The isolates showed growth
and biochemical characteristics typical for E. amylovora. Pathogenicity of the isolates was
confirmed by prick-inoculation of young pear fruits. After 48 h at high humidity, the tissue
necrosis developed around the inoculation site followed by oozing of bacterial exudate one day
later. The identity of the isolates with E. amylovora was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis
using Ams116F/Ams189R primers and Ams141T hydrolysis probe and by conventional PCR.
Due to lack of efficient bactericides, control of fire blight is one of major challenges in
pome fruit production. Being widespread natural bacterial enemies, simple for cultivation, host-
specific, suitable for integration with other control practices, human and environment friendly,
bacteriophages became a promising alternative for FB control.
Samples for bacteriophage isolation were collected from different localities in Serbia,
primarily from the regions where FB presence was observed, during 2024 and 2025. Isolation
was attempted from leaves of host plants with or without FB symptoms (apple, pear, quince
and medlar), rhizosphere soil, and from irrigation water by standard procedure for phage
isolation from environmental samples. Presence of phages in samples was detected by “spot
test”, pipetting 10 μl of suspensions onto NYA medium surface, previously inoculated with
E. amylovora strains. Following purification, preliminary screening for phage specificity was
performed to 35 E. amylovora strains originating from Serbia.
Bacteriophages specific to E. amylovora were isolated from 8 out of 154 samples. The low
percentage of successful phage isolation may be due to high temperature and UV index, and
long dry periods during the season. Six samples originated from plant material with
characteristic symptoms of FB, while two positive samples originated from rhizosphere soil.
All phages were specific to all E. amylovora strains but some differences in their virulence were
revealed. Our results showed that bacteriophages specific to E. amylovora were isolated more
frequently from diseased plant material than from rhizosphere soil. Since they lysed
E. amylovora strains originating from different hosts and localities, they represent good
candidates for future use in biological control of FB
Isolation and characterization of Agrobacterium vacciniicorymbosi sp. nov. originating from crown galls in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in Serbia
No full textSeven bacterial isolates were obtained from crown gall in blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum)
growing in Serbia in 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of the novel isolates using four housekeeping genes
– atpD, dnaK, glnA, and rpoB, as well as gene 16 S rRNA – revealed their distinct position, separate
from other known Agrobacterium species, but closest to A. vaccinii, A. rosae and A. rubi. Genome
sequencing of one of these blueberry isolates revealed less than 86% average nucleotide identity
(ANI) between the blueberry isolate and type strains of Agrobacterium species, indicating that it does
not belong to any previously described species. Although genome sequencing revealed absence of
the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid, stabbing the crown region with bacterial cultures induced gall-like
structures formed on blueberry plants (cultivar Duke). Phenotypically, these blueberry isolates were
differentiated from closely related Agrobacterium species in their utilization of dulcitol, d-tagatose and
xylitol. On the basis of these results, Serbian blueberry isolates are considered to represent a novel
species of the genus Agrobacterium, for which the name Agrobacterium vacciniicorymbosi sp. nov. is
proposed, with BA1120T (NCPPB 4800 = CFBP 9290) as the type strain. This isolate and BA2520 (NCPPB
4801 = CFBP 9291) have been deposited in public collections of plant pathogenic bacteria
New variety of pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Institute for vegetable crops Smederevska Palanka - Slađina čarolija
No full textPepper (Capsicum annuum L.), as one of the most important vegetable species, requires continuous work on the selection of new varieties and hybrids, all with the aim of meeting the various nutritional needs of people. In recent years, the emphasis has increasingly been placed on high-quality and large fruits, with thick pericarp and high yield for industrial processing. For this reason, the goal of our research was to create a new variety of pepper with the required properties. By crossing selected parental lines, after a multi-year selection process, using the pedigree method, Slađina čarolija was created, with very large and attractive fruits, thick pericarp, pronounced red color. It is a medium-late variety, with determinate growth and a large habit. It forms from 5 to 10 fruits per plant (depending on the cultivation method), which are very large (from 150 g to over 300 g), flattened on both sides, with a thick pericarp (over 6 mm). When technologically ripe, the fruits are dark green, and when fully ripe, they are dark red. In full agricultural technology, yields of over 80 t ha-1 can be achieved in an open field. The variety is recognized by the Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia under No. 320-04-5183/2/2023-11 from June 12, 2025.Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) kao jedna od najvažnijih povrtarskih vrsta zahteva kontinuiran rad na selekciji novih sorata i hibrida, a sve u cilju zadovoljavanja različitih potreba u ishrani ljudi. Poslednjih godina akcenat se sve više stavlja na kvalitetne i krupne plodove, debelog perikarpa i visokog prinosa za industrijsku preradu. Iz tog razloga, cilj našeg istraživanja je bio stvoriti novu sortu paprike sa traženim osobinama. Ukrštanjem odabranih roditeljskih linija, nakon višegodišnjeg procesa selekcije, pedigree metodom stvorena je Slađina čarolija, veoma krupnih i atraktivnih plodova, debelog perikarpa, izražene crvene boje. Srednje kasna je sorta, determinantnog porasta i velikog habitusa. Formira od 5 do 10 plodova po biljci (u zavisnosti od načina gajenja), koji su veoma krupni (od 150 g do preko 300 g), dvostrano spljošteni, debelog perikarpa (preko 6 mm). U tehnološkoj zrelosti plodovi su tamno zelene boje, a punoj zrelosti tamno crvene boje. U punoj agrotehnici mogu se ostvariti prinosi i preko 80 t ha -1 na otvorenom polju. Sorta je priznata Rešenjem Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije pod br. 320-04-5183/2/2023-11 od 12.06.2025
Occurrence of twig dieback of Juglans regia caused by Diaporthe eres in Serbia
No full textJuglans regia L. (English walnut) is an economically significant fruit crop worldwide. In Serbia, little attention has been given to walnut diseases, but twig dieback in the recent years has become an economically important disease in Serbia. To understand what the best approach for the control of the disease is, detection and identification of causal agents are necessary. Thirty-seven fungal isolates with twig dieback symptoms were sampled from 2021 to 2023 in walnut orchards within diverse districts across Serbia. Multi-locus sequence analysis by using five gene loci (ITS, tub, his, tef1-α, and cal) facilitated the identification of the causal agent as Diaporthe eres. The present study delivers the molecular characterization combined with morphological characterization of D. eres isolates related to J. regia in Serbia. Our findings present a new viewpoint into the population structure of D. eres complex associated with twig dieback disease on English walnuts. The data presented here may help to establish new perspectives for disease management and measures of control of this pathogen
Uticaj padavina i tipa zemljišta na efikasnost herbicida u usevu duvana
No full textKorovi predstavljaju jedan od glavnih ograničavajućih faktora za visok prinos I kvalitet u proizvodnji duvana, jer je ova kultura izuzetno osetljiva na delovanje korova, kroz kompeticiju i činjenicu da korovi predstavljaju potencijalne domaćine I rezervoare bolesti i štetočina duvana. Terenska istraživanja obavljena su tokom dve vegetacijske sezone, kako bi se procenio uticaj padavina i tipa zemljišta na efikasnost herbicida u usevu duvana. Ogledi su vršeni na dva lokaliteta – Prilep (jugozapad S. Makedonije, fluvisol) i Titov Veles (centralni deo S. Makedonije, vertisol). Preparati su primenjeni dva dana pre (PRE-T) i pet dana nakon presađivanja duvana (POST-T). Ispitivano je delovanje herbicida na bazi sledećih aktivnih materija: pendimetalin 455 g/L, metobromuron 500 g/L, klomazon 320 g/L, aklonifen 600 g/L, S-metolahlor 960 g/L, dimetenamid 900 g/L. Efikasnost herbicida ocenjivana je 28 dana nakon primene, dok je vizuelna ocena oštećenja biljaka duvana rađena 7 i 21 dan nakon tretiranja. Efikasnost testiranih herbicida varirala je u zavisnosti od vrste korova, tretmana, lokaliteta i godine. Vremenski uslovi I karakteristike zemljišta značajno su uticali na rezultate kontrole korova. Izrazito vlažan maj 2020. godine u regionu Prilepa, sa padavinama od 29 mm u prvoj nedelji nakon primene PRE-T herbicida, doveo je do spiranja herbicida, što je rezultovalo u njihovoj smanjenoj efikasnosti, u poređenju sa POST-T tretmanima. Sa druge strane, na lokalitetu Titov Veles, iako su padavine bile iznad proseka, zbog konzistentnosti I zemljišta bogatog glinom i organskom materijom (vertisol) nije došlo do spiranja, pa je kod PRE-T tretmana zabeležena zadovoljavajuća efikasnost, a kod POST-T tretmana efikasnost preko 90%. U 2021. godini na lokalitetu Prilep padavine tokom POST-T tretmana (22% iznad proseka) dovele su do značajnog spiranja herbicida I smanjene efikasnosti. Sa druge strane, nedovoljna količina padavina nakon primene herbicida na lokalitetu Titov Veles takođe je rezultovala nezadovoljavajućom efikasnošću i PRE-T (<78%) i POST-T (<80%) herbicida, u poređenju sa 2020. godinom. Dodatno je zabeleženo da je mehanizam mašine za sadnju duvana uticao na učinak herbicida primenjenih PRE-T, tako što je tokom sadnje na tretiranu površinu izbacivao sloj zemlje bogat korovskim semenom, dovodeći time do nove pojave korova kod PRE-T, ali ne kod POST-T tretmana. Finalni prinos duvana direktno je zavisio od nivoa kontrole korova i stepena oštećenja useva, pri čemu je prisustvo korova u kontroli smanjilo prinos duvana za 56-64% na lokalitetu Prilep. Sprovedeno istraživanje potvrdilo je da višu efikasnost POST-T tretmana u poređenju sa PRE-T tretmanima