Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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Stemphylium vesicarium - PROUZROKOVAČ SMEĐE PEGAVOSTI KRUŠKE U SRBIJI
No full textStemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons je prouzrokovač smeđe pegavosti kruške (SPK), koja ima veliki ekonomski značaj u pojedinim područjima Evrope gde se kruška intenzivno uzgaja. Zaraženi plodovi kruške usled ovog destruktivnog oboljenja gube svoju komercijalnu vrednost, a jaki napadi patogena mogu izazvati prevremeno opadanje lišća i plodova pre berbe. Tokom avgusta 2024. godine u okolini Mladenovca (Koraćica, 44°45' 23" N; 20°66'54" E) u komercijalnom zasadu kruške, sorte 'Abate Fetel' na listovima I plodovima uočene su ovalne, svetlo-smeđe pege, koje su spajanjem formirale nekrotične lezije. Fragmenti lišća i plodova sa karakterističnim simptomima su površinski dezinfikovani 1% NaOCl u trajanju od 3 minuta, zatim isprani tri puta sterilnom vodom, osušeni i preneti na krompir dekstrozni agar (PDA), a potom inkubirani u mraku 10 dana na 25°C. Dobijeno je 8 izolata (tri poreklom iz lista: 1- 3/24 i pet iz ploda: 4-8/24), koji su na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika identifikovani kao Stemphylium sp. Kolonije dobijenih izolata ispoljile su brz i ravnomeran porast na PDA formirajući maslinastosmeđu do tamnosmeđu miceliju. Reprezentativni izolat 7-24 poreklom sa ploda kruške formirao je dugulјaste do jajaste konidije, septirane sa 1-5 poprečnih i 1-3 uzdužnih septi, dimenzija 13,5-35,5 x 8,5-22 µm. Inokulacija plodova kruške iste sorte je obavljena injektiranjem 5 ml suspenzije konidija (1×10 5 konidija/ml). Karakteristični simptomi su se pojavili nakon 5 dana inkubacije na sobnoj temperaturi. Reizolacijom su dobijene kolonije sa istim morfološkim karakteristikama, čime je potvrđena patogenost izolata. Dalja identifikacija odabranog izolata izvršena je molekularnom metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze (polymerase chain reaction, PCR), korišćenjem para univerzalnih prajmera ITS1/ITS4. Ekstrakcija ukupne DNA obavljena je iz micelije, primenom DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Dobijeni PCR product očekivane veličine oko 550 bp je sekvenciran i deponovan (pristupni broj PV701230) u NCBI GenBank bazi podataka. BLAST analiza sekvence odabranog izolata pokazala je 100% nukleotidne identičnosti sa sekvencama izolata S. vesicarium poreklom sa različitih domaćina iz različitih delova sveta, deponovanih u GenBank bazi podataka.
S. vesicarium je ranije opisan u Srbiji kao prouzrokovač smeđe pegavosti jabuke, a ova sprovedena istraživanja predstavljaju prvi potvrđeni nalaz i na krušci
Садржај макро- и микроелемената у пепелу након сагоревања брикета од различитих типова биомасе
No full textIn this study, briquettes made from different biomass sources (tobacco stalks, soybean stalks, wheat
straw, sunflower head residues, maize cobs, and beech wood sawdust) were combusted, and the
resulting ash was analyzed for macroelements (K, Mg, Ca, P) and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn).
The analysis was conducted using ICP-OES method (iCAP 6300 ICP-OES CID Spectrometer,
Thermo Scientific, USA). The results for K, Mg, and Ca are expressed as percentages, while all
other elements are reported in mg/kg. The lowest values of K and Ca were found in soybean stalks
(1.41% and 1.46%, respectively), while the highest content of K and Mg was recorded in wheat
straw (19.18%). Calcium was most abundant in beech wood sawdust (9.95%) and tobacco stalks
(9.39%). The lowest levels of Mg (0.51%) and P (0.17%) were found in maize cob residues, while
the highest P content (1.92%) was found in beech wood sawdust. Among the micronutrients, the
lowest content of Mn was found in tobacco stalks (207 mg/kg), while the highest content was
recorded in maize cob residues (1447 mg/kg). Fe content was lowest in beech wood sawdust (2.78
mg/kg) and highest in soybean straw (18.35 mg/kg). The lowest values of Cu (44.58 mg/kg) and Zn
(74.40 mg/kg) were found in sunflower head residues, while the highest concentrations were found
in beech wood sawdust (148.7 mg/kg for Cu and 335.8 mg/kg for Zn). Mn content in tobacco stalks
(207 mg/kg) was the lowest compared to all other samples, while Fe content (3.40 mg/kg) was
among the lowest in beech wood sawdust. Cu content (122.4 mg/kg) in tobacco stalks was close to
the maximum value observed in beech wood sawdust, while Zn content (144.4 mg/kg) was
approximately half of the highest value recorded
Penicillium species associated with postharvest blue mold rots of garlic in Serbia
No full textGarlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important plant because of its medicinal and gastronomical benefits. The host can be affected by different plant pathogens, among which Penicillium species are one of the most important rot agents of stored garlic and other stored food products. This research resolves the etiology of blue mold rots associated with garlic in Serbia. Penicillium-like isolates were collected (2016 to 2022) from diseased stored garlic bulbs in Serbia and identified using a polyphasic approach. Detailed characterization of the obtained cultures was performed using three solid media, three incubation temperatures, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of four molecular loci (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], beta-tubulin [BenA], calmodulin [CaM], and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II second largest subunit [RPB2]), and the pathogenicity assay. Five Penicillium species, that is, P. allii, P. glabrum, P. italicum, P. polonicum, and P. psychrotrophicum, were identified and confirmed as postharvest pathogens of garlic. Herein, we report for the first time the pathogenicity of P. psychrotrophicum and P. italicum on garlic. Findings from this study provide insights into the previously unknown diversity of Penicillium fungi responsible for garlic bulb decay in Serbia and will help in the assessment of the phytosanitary status of this crop, as well as the creation and application of effective disease management strategies
Unraveling the etiology of blueberry dieback and shoot blight in Serbia
No full textThe emergence of blueberry dieback and shoot blight, characterized by symptoms such as dieback, shoot blight,
stem and leaf discoloration, and necrosis, has become a significant concern worldwide, critically affecting the longevity and
productivity of blueberries and causing substantial economic losses, with no efficient measures for control. This study focuses
on the identification and genetic variability of the causal agents of this disease in Serbia, a key blueberry-producing region in
Southeast Europe. Through extensive field surveys conducted over seven years, sixty-nine monosporic isolates have been
collected. These isolates were subject to detailed morphological and molecular characterization, utilizing ITS, TEF1, and TUB2
gene regions. Through the application of two phylogenetic analyses, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, two
species of Diaporthe (D. eres and D. foeniculina), two species of Neopestalotiopsis (N. vaccinii, and N. rosae), and Neofusicoccum
parvum were identified as the primary pathogens responsible for the observed symptoms. Pathogenicity assays confirmed the
ability of these species to induce disease symptoms, with N. parvum showing the highest virulence. Our findings highlight the
complex etiology of blueberry dieback and shoot blight in Serbia, with significant implications for disease management and control
strategies. The study underscores the necessity of accurate pathogen identification for developing targeted control measures,
optimizing agricultural productivity, and mitigating economic losses in the blueberry industry
The effect of biopesticides on tomato yield and quality
No full textBiopesticides are increasingly being used for plant protection as natural and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The aim of the research was to examine the impact of the Bacillus spp. and calendula extract on tomato yield (fresh weight of fruits) and fruit quality (content of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, lycopene and carotenoids). The experiment was carried out during the 2024 growing season in the field conditions using tomato cultivar for processing (SP-109). The experiment was laid out in a random block system, with four replications. Five treatments were applied three times during the vegetable season (T1 - Bacillus spp. isolate 1, T2 - Bacillus spp. isolate 2, T3 - Calendula extract, T4 - Fungicide, T5 - Control). Results showed that T1 treatment significantly increased yield per plant (593 g) compared to treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 (466.5 g, 509.4 g, 420.3 g and 525.2 g). Also, the T1 treatment had a significant impact on fruit quality, since vitamin C content in the fruits was increased (from 33.5% to 213.6%) compared to others treatments. The content of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced in all treatments compared to control treatment, while the lycopene and carotenoids were similar in all treatments. Results of this investigation indicate that the application of biological agents, specifically selected Bacillus spp. isolate 1 (T1), can have effects comparable to fungicides (even better), as evidenced by the achieved tomato yield and fruit quality, while calendula extract had no effect on tomato yield and quality
Chlorophylls and Polyphenols: Non-Enzymatic Regulation of the Production and Removal of Reactive Oxygen Species, as a Way of Regulating Abiotic Stress in Plants
No full textChlorophylls, which are associated with carotenoids and photosynthetic protein complexes,
acquire optical properties that enable the absorption of sunlight, necessary for the synthesis
of energy and redox equivalents, necessary for photosynthetic absorption of CO2 and the
production of oxygen as an intermediate product. These processes are important for plants,
but also for the biosphere. In stressful situations, when photosynthesis is limited, the
production of reactive oxygen and other species increases, and the activation of various
protective systems is necessary to remove the aforementioned reactive species or reduce
the excessive reduction in photosynthetic electron transport, as the cause of the production
of the reactive species. A review of studies where the content and physiological state
of chlorophyll are monitored, using destructive and non-destructive methods, such as
various optical methods for monitoring its content and physiological activity, is given.
Polyphenolic compounds belong to non-enzymatic systems for quenching the reactive
species. In addition to their presence in monomeric and oligomeric forms of polyphenols,
polymerization of this type of compound can occur. In addition to having a protective
effect on the plants that synthesize them, polyphenolic compounds also have a beneficial
effect on the health of animals and humans who consume them from plants
Empowering traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation through a citizen science approach
No full textModern agricultural practices significantly reduce agro-biodiversity by controlling seed production and promoting new varieties with a narrow genetic base. This research employs citizen science as an innovative research approach that promotes close collaboration between scientific investigation and practical implementation. The aim of this collaborative initiative is to enhance understanding of local ecosystems while advocating for the conservation of their diversity. The network of scientists, volunteers, and farmers aims to strengthen and preserve traditional knowledge—an essential way for addressing biodiversity decline and the challenges of climate change. The research was conducted across the territory of Vojvodina using a random sampling design, targeting citizens in rural areas and employing the Q&A survey method to gather feedback and insights from respondents. Findings from volunteers' participation in research on the conservation of indigenous varieties reveal that only a small proportion of citizens are familiar with the terms ―biodiversity‖ and ―agro-biodiversity‖. Additionally, only 6.1% maintain private collections of native varieties‘ seeds, although 84% express concern about climate change. In contrast, awareness and commitment regarding sustainable agriculture are notably higher, with 51.5% of those surveyed demonstrating understanding and involvement. These results suggest that factors contributing to biodiversity loss are not solely linked to modern agricultural practices but also include the erosion of traditional knowledge and skills within the population. Targeted educational initiatives aimed at younger generations could promote a deeper understanding of environmental issues and emphasize the importance of agro-biodiversity for ecosystem conservation. Moreover, preserving traditional knowledge and practices can lead to the development of sustainable scientific methodologies
Floristic analysis of riparian areas in the Timok catchment area (Eastern Serbia)
No full textRiparian areas have long been exposed to extensive human pressures,
contributing to their degradation and changes in plant community composition.
Consequently, our aim was to analyze the floristic characteristics of riparian
vegetation of these anthropogenically-affected areas in the Timok catchment area.
Fourteen riparian field sites distributed along 3 rivers (Beli Timok, Crni Timok and
Grliška reka) were studied. Vegetation data was collected on 100 m long
longitudinal transects, with a total of 70 relevés (five per field site) made. Across the
analyzed field sites, a total of 106 plant taxa were recorded. The most common plant
species across the analyzed field sites were Bidens tripartita and Salix alba, found at
12 field sites (85.7%). Similarly, they were also recorded in the highest number of
relevés: 56 and 47, respectively. Regarding the biological spectrum,
hemicryptophytes were the dominant life form (32.06%), followed by therophytes
(25.47%) and phanerophytes (24.52%). Floristic elements were grouped into eight
areal types, dominated by species of Eurasian origin (35.85%). The presence of 23
alien species (21.7%) is especially alarming. Five invasive alien species with the
highest number of records were: Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum (38),
Amorpha fruticosa (38), Erigeron canadensis (36), Echinocystis lobata (30) and
Robinia pseudoacacia (21)
Diversity of Auchenorrhyncha species and potential vectors of FDp in vineyards and natural habitats in Srem region of Serbia
No full textFlavescence dorée (FD) is a European quarantine disease of grapevine caused by FD
phytoplasma (FDp), affecting the most important viticultural regions of Europe with
severe effects on vineyard productivity and landscape management. The principal insect
vector of FDp in European vineyards is the ampelophagous leafhopper Scaphoideus
titanus (Ball, 1932), a species of Nearctic origin, which transmits the phytoplasma from
infected to healthy plants during feeding on grapevines. However, recent discoveries of
several natural plant reservoirs (alder, clematis, ailanthus and hazelnut) and native or
alien leafhopper species: Oncopsis alni (Schrank, 1801), Allygus modestus/mixtus (Scott,
1876), Dictyophara europaea, (Linnaeus, 1767), Orientus ishidae (Matsumura, 1902),
Phlogotettix cyclops (Mulsant & Rey, 1855), suggest that the epidemiological pathways of
FDp transmission are expanding and adapting through interactions between wild
habitats and vineyard agroecosystems. As part of a broader study on FDp epidemiology
in Serbia, potential planthopper/leafhopper vectors were systematically monitored and
collected using yellow sticky traps, which were replaced every two weeks between June
1st and October 15th, in both vineyard agroecosystems and adjacent natural habitats. This
paper presents data from the Srijem region, which includes the Fruška Gora winegrowing
region, one of the most important viticultural regions in Serbia, where the impact of FDp
is particularly severe. During the survey, more than 7000 planthopper/leafhopper
specimens were collected, and over 100 species were identified. The majority of identified
species belong to the family Cicadellidae, which includes the most significant potential
vectors of the FD phytoplasma.Flavescence dorée (FD) karantenska je bolest vinove loze uzrokovana FD fitoplazmom, koja zahvaća najvažnije vinogradarske regije i dovodi do ozbiljnih posljedica za uzgoj vinove loze u Europi. Glavni vektor FD fitoplazme u europskim vinogradima je vrsta Scaphoideus titanus (Ball, 1932) (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), podrijetlom iz Sjeverne Amerike, koja tijekom hranjenja na vinovoj lozi prenosi fitoplazmu sa zaraženih na zdrave biljke. Međutim, intenzivna istraživanja prirodnih biljnih rezervoara (joha, obična pavitina, pajasen, lijeska) i prisutnosti autohtonih i alohtonih vrsta cikada: Oncopsis alni (Schrank, 1801) Allygus modestus/mixtus (Scott, 1876), Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus, 1767), Orientus ishidae (Matsumura, 1902), Phlogotettix cyclops (Mulsant & Rey, 1855) ukazuju na to da je epidemiologija FDp znatno složenija te da ovisi o prilagodbama i interakcijama između prirodne vegetacije, potencijalnih kukaca vektora i vinogradskih agroekosustava. U okviru istraživanja epidemiologije FDp u Srbiji, praćena je prisutnost potencijalnih vektora u vinogradima i u prirodnim staništima u neposrednoj blizini vinograda. Žute ljepljive klopke mijenjane su svakih 14 dana u razdoblju od početka lipnja do sredine listopada 2025. godine. U ovom radu prikazani su podaci sa Srijemskog područja, gdje se nalazi jedno od najznačajnijih vinogorja u Srbiji - Fruškogorsko vinogorje. Tijekom dosadašnjih istraživanja, prikupljeno je više od 7000 jedinki i determinirano je više od 100 vrsta cikada. Najveći broj vrsta pripada porodici Cicadellidae, u kojoj se nalaze najznačajniji potencijalni vektori FD fitoplazme
Efficacy of Pre- and Post-Transplant Herbicides in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Influenced by Precipitation and Soil Type
No full textField trials were carried out over two tobacco cropping seasons (2020 and 2021) to assess
the effectiveness of soil (PRE-T) and post-transplant (POST-T (OT)) herbicides in a tobacco
crop, depending on rainfall and the type of soil. The effectiveness of PRE-T and POST-T
(OT) herbicides alternated according to the presence of weeds, treatments, the region, and
years. Unpredictable meteorological conditions throughout the two study years likely
influenced the control of weeds. An unusually moist May in 2020 with a precipitation of
29 mm in the first WA PRE-T before the emergence of weeds generated the leaching of the
PRE-T herbicide from the surface of the soil, which was likely the most probable reason for
the reduced effectiveness of PRE-T-applied herbicides (less than 77%) in comparison to the
POST-T (OT) application treatment in 2020 in the Prilep region. Conversely, the restricted
rainfall after PRE-T and POST-T (OT) application may have caused the unsatisfactory
efficacy of both PRE-T and POST-T (OT) herbicide treatments in the Titov Veles region
in 2021 (less than 78 and 80%, respectively) in comparison with 2020. Excessive rain
immediately after PRE-T and POST-T (OT) application resulted in the injury of tobacco
plants in the Prilep region in 2020 and 2021, which was between 8 and 25%, and 7 and
22%, respectively, after seven DAHAs across both treatments. The injuries caused by
pendimethalin and metolachlor were more serious. The yields of tobacco after both PRE-T
and POST-T treatment in each region typically reflect the overall effectiveness of weed
control and the extent of tobacco crop injury