Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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Pseudomonas avellanae – NOV PATOGEN LESKE U SRBIJI
No full textFitopatogena bakterija Pseudomonas avellanae prouzrokovač bakterioznog raka i izumiranja
leske (Corylus avellana), inficira sprovodno tkivo grana i stabla dovodeći do sušenja grana i
lišća. Velike štete na zasadima leske su beležene u oblastima severne Grčke i u centralnoj Italiji.
Obzirom na ekonomski značaj, štete koje prouzrokuje i fitosanitarni rizik, ovaj patogen je prema
Evropskoj Regulativi 2019/2072 svrstan na listu regulisanih nekarantinskih štetnih organizama
(RNQP). Obzirom da je leska jedini domaćin bakterije P. avellanae i da nije izolovan iz plodova
sa zaraženih stabala, jedini način procenjen kao rizik od introdukcije i prenosa patogena
predstavlja zaraženi sadni materijal. P. avellanae je prvi put opisan kao patovar P. syringae pv.
avellanae (1993. godine), dok su nakon toga molekularne analize dovele do preklasifikacije u
posebnu vrstu P. avellanae (1996. godine). Dalja istraživanja, u kojima su vršena upoređivanja
sojeva poreklom iz Grčke i Italije ukazala su na postojanje dva različita fitopatogena: P. s. pv.
avellanae, koji je izolovan samo u Italiji, i P. avellanae, koji je izolovan i u Grčkoj i u Italiji.
Najintenzivniji simptomi infekcije leske sa P. avellanae javljaju se tokom letnjih meseci, kada
dolazi do naglog uvenuća listova i sušenja grana, a kada se proširi na stabla često rezultira
izumiranjem cele biljke. Osušeni listovi mogu ostati pričvršćeni za grane dug period, nakon što
bi obično otpali u jesen. U slučaju jake infekcije stabla u jesen, ono može potpuno odumreti
sledećeg leta. Iako bez simptoma, izdanci iz oštećenih stabala imaju veliku verovatnoću da
prenose bakteriju i ne bi trebalo da se koriste za razmnožavanje. Takođe, važno je napomenuti da
čak i kada su obolela stabla uklonjena sa lokaliteta, svako novo zasađeno stablo leske verovatno
će ponovo biti zaraženo sa P. avellanae. Na području Bačke (Vojvodina) u Srbiji je tokom leta
2024. godine, u zasadu leske (sorta Tonda di Giffoni) u fenofazi zrenja plodova i semena (faze
81-89 BBCH skale) beležen simptom brze uvelosti lišća i mrke diskoloracije sprovodnog tkiva
stabla i grana. Primenom konvencionalnih i molekularnih metoda identifikacije utvrđeno je
prisustvo bakterije P. avellanae. Ovaj nalaz predstavlja rastuću pretnju P. avellanae za
proizvodnju leske na području Evrope, te njegovo širenje na različite regione i potencijalni uticaj
na zdravstveno stanje zasada naglašava potrebu za pojačanim nadzorom i strategijom
upravljanja
Одређивање продуката сагоревања брикета биомаса
No full textThe combustion of biomass as a renewable energy source can significantly impact the environment,
depending on the type of biomass, its physico-chemical properties, and combustion conditions. This
study investigates the combustion products (CO, CO₂, SO₂, NO, and NOx) of briquettes made from
various biomass types: tobacco and soybean stalks, wheat straw, sunflower head residues, maize
cobs, and beech wood sawdust. The analysis was conducted in a 65 kW thermal power boiler
according to instruction UP.53.540.01 and the SRPS M.E2.203:1980 standard. All biomass samples
were combusted under identical conditions including furnace temperature, water temperature in the
boiler, and water mass flow rate. Flue gases were analyzed using the MRU GmbH User Manual
Vario Plus gas analyzer (MRU, Germany). The results showed that the lowest O₂ content was
observed during the combustion of sunflower head residues (11.70%), while the highest was
recorded in tobacco stalks (12.88%). The lowest CO₂ content was measured in maize cob briquettes
(7.90%), and the highest in sunflower head residues (9.57%). CO concentrations ranged from
1590.34 mg/m³ (tobacco stalks) to 2952.3 mg/m³ (corn cobs). The highest NO concentration
(273.67 mg/m³) was recorded in tobacco stalks and sunflower head residues, while the lowest was
found in beech wood sawdust (142.34 mg/m³). For NOx, the highest value was also recorded in
tobacco stalks (419.67 mg/m³), and the lowest in beech sawdust (213.34 mg/m³). The data obtained
for combustion products in this study indicate that tobacco stalks, and other tested biomass samples,
fall within the emission limits prescribed by environmental regulations, confirming their
environmental suitability for use as biofuel
Antimicrobial resistance in diverse ecological niches—One Health perspective and food safety
No full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multi-sectoral, systemic, and global issue worldwide. Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a key factor in the selection of resistant bacteria within different ecological niches, from agriculture to food-producing animals to humans. There is a question regarding the extent to which the use of antibiotics in livestock production and the primary food production sector influences the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria and/or resistant genes throughout the food chain and thus contributes to the complexity in the development of AMR in humans. Although the trends in the prevalence of foodborne pathogens have changed over time, the burden of ecological niches with resistance genes, primarily in commensal microorganisms, is of concern. The implementation of the harmonized surveillance of AMU and AMR would provide comprehensive insights into the actual status of resistance and further interventions leading to its reduction. Tracking AMR in different ecological niches by applying advanced genome-based techniques and developing shared AMR data repositories would strengthen the One Health concept
Elucidating population structure, genetic diversity and host specificity of Alternaria alternata from diverse regions and wild and domestic host plants
No full textAlternaria spp. are cosmopolitan, ubiquitous necrotrophic fungal pathogens that infect a broad range of hosts. They cause early blight and leaf spot disease, which induce significant harvest losses. We collected suspected Alternaria-infected leaves from potatoes, tomatoes, and wild hosts in three different climate zones and from different farm types at sites equal in distance in Serbia and Germany. Using molecular markers, we identified the pathogens. The infections were caused predominantly by small-spored species of Alternaria of the section Alternaria, like Alternaria alternata. Morphological observations confirmed the molecular identification. The sequencing of the three molecular markers Alt A1, RPB2 and GAPDH reveals an equal distribution of five haplotypes of section Alternaria for all host plants, farm types, and climate zones. Comparative genetic diversity analyses such as Pi and Tajima´s D also show a similar genetic diversity for isolates from different host plants. Using only these three markers, Alternaria populations seem to be genetically heterogeneous at a continental scale and across hosts and climates, indicating the pathogen's ability to thrive in diverse environments. Nevertheless, phenotyping by detached leaf assays revealed a higher virulence in isolates originating from wild host plants. Whole-genome sequencing of 220 A. Alternata isolates from our sample set further elucidates their populations admixture, the influence of the host and potential for gene transfer or recombination. The widespread occurrence of distinct genotypes, combined with evidence for admixture and recombination, suggests a higher adaptive capacity in this pathogen, which poses challenges for disease managemen
In vitro effectiveness of commercial biofungicides in controlling Botrytis cinerea on strawberrirs and raspberries
No full textGray mold on strawberries and raspberries is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Infection
occurs during the flowering period, and symptoms appear in the form of fruit brown rotting
spots and velvety gray coating. It represents a major problem in all production regions in
Montenegro, causing fruit deterioration during production and after harvest in the storage.
Disease control is mainly carried out by applying synthetic fungicides, but one of the problems
is the increasing occurrence of pathogen resistance. Also, great public concern has been
expressed about the residual effect of synthetic fungicides, which is why more environmentally
friendly solutions are necessary. One of the solutions is the potential application of
biofungicides. During field activities in 2024, samples of strawberry and raspberry diseased
fruits were collected from several locations in Montenegro. The pathogen Botrytis cinerea was
isolated on PDA in the phytopathology laboratory of Biotechnical Faculty in Podgorica. The
obtained isolates were used in directly in vitro tests to examine the efficacy of three
commercial biofungicides, Vintec® (Trichoderma atroviride SC 1), Taegro® (Bacillus
amyloliquefacies strain FZB24) and Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). The tested
biofungicides reduced the growth of isolate Botrytis cinerea from strawberries by 54,55% for
Vintec®, 53,59% for Taegro® and 66,67% for Serenade ASO, respectively, compared to the
control. Similar results of reduction were achieved by the tested biofungicides against Botrytis
cinerea isolate from raspberries; Vintec® (49,69%), Taegro® (53,23%) and Serenade ASO
(65,30%). Statistical analysis of the data confirmed the effectiveness of the tested biofungicides
against Botrytis cinerea isolates from strawberries and raspberries in regard to untreated
control, but that there was no statistically significant difference in their effectiveness between
them. The results obtained indicate the potential possibility of including the biofungicides
Vintec®, Taegro® and Serenade ASO in strawberry and raspberry protection programs against
Botrytis cinerea
Potential of indigenous biological agents for the control of grapevine trunk diseases in montenegrin viticulture
No full textGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a group of diseases caused by a large number of fungal
phytopathogens that infect and colonize the woody tissue of grapevine, causing chronic or
apoplectic decline of plants, and as such posing a serious threat to viticulture. Among the
most virulent pathogens are Neofusicoccum parvum, the causal agent of Botryosphaeria
dieback, and Fomitiporia mediterranea considered as the main causal agent of grapevine rot
within the Esca disease complex. This study aimed to isolate and select potent indigenous
bacteria collected from Montenegrin vineyards to serve in the control of GTDs. Isolations
were performed from soil samples taken in a zone of grapevine root (Montenegro) on NA
after soil was dissolved in water and heating at 80°C for 20 min. A total of 262 isolates were
tested for antagonistic activity in a direct in vitro test on PDA. The appearance of a clear zone
was checked after fungi development. Results showed that 32 Montenegrin isolates inhibited
the growth of N. parvum by 34.0-65.0%, and F. mediterranea by 34.8-71.0%. Neighbourjoining
phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA (primers P0/P6) sequences differentiated
those isolates into six clusters but lacked the resolution to differentiate between several
species. Six groups were as follows: I (21 isolates: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/B. velezensis/B.
siamensis/B. subtilis), II (2: B. subtilis/B. velezensis/B. tequilensis), III (5: B. halotolerans/B.
mojavensis/B. subtilis/B. velezensis/B. tequilensis/B. spizizenii), IV (1: B. licheniformis/B.
paralicheniformis), V (2: B. cereus/B. thuringiensis/B. albus/B. anthracis), VI (1: Paenibacillus
peoriae/P. polymyxa). Sequencing of housekeeping genes would provide more accurate
identification
Nutritional and sensory enhancement of beef through dietary flaxseed in Simmental cattle
No full textResearch on functional feed supplementation in beef cattle has focused on improving meat quality and nutritional value. This study evaluated the impact of dietary flaxseed on the fatty acid profile, lipid quality and stability, and sensory attributes of Simmental beef. Thirty animals were allocated into three dietary groups (n = 10): a control group (C) without flaxseed, and two experimental groups supplemented with 3% (L3) and 5% (L5) flaxseed, respectively. Analysis of the M. semimembranosus muscle showed that both L3 and L5 groups had significantly higher ALA concentrations, lower saturated fatty acid levels, and elevated unsaturated fatty acid content compared to the control (p<0.05). Accordingly, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were significantly reduced, while the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio increased (p<0.05). Significantly higher juiciness and flavor scores were obtained in flaxseed-fed groups (p<0.05) as a result of sensory analysis. TBARS values increased during refrigeration, with L5 showing the highest level on day 35 (p<0.05). After declining until day 270, values gradually rose again, with significant differences at days 30, 90, 150, and 210 (p<0.05). Iodine value was significantly higher in the L3 group versus the control (p<0.05). The meat from supplemented groups was noticeably juicier and more flavorful, contributing to improved sensory acceptance and greater consumer appeal
Euphorbia davidii in Vojvodina (Serbia) – its status seventeen years later
No full textSpecies Euphorbia davidii Subils within E. dentata group (toothed spurge) is native in North
Mexico, USA and Canada, and South America (Argentina). It was introduced in Europe with crop
seeds from North America and spread from 1960s to 1980s. The populations in Serbia (Vojvodina)
were first observed in 2007 in the crop fields, and the expansion was confirmed in 2013. In 2024,
the same locations where this invasive species was first found were surveyed. Phytosociological
relevés were collected where the invasive milkweed species was recorded. On an area of 25 m2,
the number of individuals ranged from 2 to 50. The plants had established and spread from the
cultivated areas in a narrow strip of natural habitat at the edge of arable lands, all the way to the
field road. This research, conducted 17 years after the first discovery and identification of the
toothed spurge in Serbia, confirmed that the invasive milkweed species is spreading from arable
fields to surrounding arable areas as well as natural habitats. These uncultivated strips are
dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. It indicates that these
habitats are hotspots for the spread of E. davidii. Euphorbia davidii has shown resistance to
glyphosate-based herbicides in Argentina for many years, likely as a result of the intensive
cultivation of GMO soybeans. In Serbia, resistance has not yet been confirmed. However, field
experience shows that in sunflower, most common crops growing in this area, this weed is very
difficult to control, and its impact on yield is significant - sunflower heads remain small and
underdeveloped, leading many farmers to abandon the cultivation of this crop altogether. All of
these points to the serious problems this species can cause and highlights the urgent need to
investigate effective methods for its control
Pseudomonas syringae Population Recently Isolated from Winter Wheat in Serbia
No full textThe aim of this study was to identify the causative agent of bacterial blight and basal glume
rot of winter wheat that appeared in Serbia in 2023. To characterize the isolated bacteria
(eight isolates in total), their cultural, biochemical, pathogenic, and genetic characteristics
were examined. Based on the results of the LOPAT test, the isolates were classified into
Pseudomonas Group Ia. The syrB and syrD genes were simultaneously detected in six
wheat isolates—P0123, P0223, P0323, P0423, P0523, and P0823—while two isolates, P1123
and P1323, lacked both genes. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the gapA, gltA, gyrB,
and rpoD genes identified six isolates (P0123, P0223, P0323, P0423, P0523, and P0823)
as Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, whereas the remaining two isolates (P1123 and
P1323) were most closely related to P. poae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three genetically
heterogeneous subgroups of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens among the wheat isolates from Serbia.
Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that wheat isolates are able cause disease on wheat
seedlings using three different inoculation methods: spraying the entire seedling, trimming
the leaves before spraying, and wounding the leaves with multiple needles followed by
spraying. Overall, isolates P0123 and P0423 were identified as the most virulent, inducing
pronounced blight symptoms on wheat seedlings. In contrast, isolates P1123 and P1323
were weakly virulent and are therefore considered to be secondary or accompanying factors
in plants already infected with more aggressive isolates, rather than primary pathogens
responsible for disease development. This study contributes to a deeper understanding
of the ecology, distribution, and pathogenic potential of bacterial communities associated
with wheat blight disease in Serbia