Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Applied Chemistry)
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PENGUJIAN STABILITAS SEDIAAN LUKA BAKAR BERBAHAN BAKU AKTIF KITOSAN/EKSTRAK PEGAGAN(CENTELLA ASIATICA)
Get PDFThe evaluation of wound-healing formula stability with active substance chitosan/Centella asiatica extract has been examined. The stability test was evaluated including physical, chemical and microbiology properties. The stability of physical property was observed by organoleptic parameters such as shape of gel, color, odor, homogeneity and weight of samples, while the stability of chemical property was studied by determination of pH and HPLC chromatogram profile. Meanwhile the stability of microbiology property was determined by contents by microbe and fungi contaminant. The results of evaluation showed that the wound-healing formula had a good stability for all properties after storage at room temperature for 24 weeks and 40 oC/75 % RH for 12 weeks.Keywords: Wound-healing formula, chitosan, Centella asiatica extract, evaluation, stabilit
ADSORPSI ION MN(II) PADA ZEOLIT DARI ABU DASAR BATUBARA TERMODIFIKASI DITIZON
Get PDFAdsorption characteristic of Mn(II) on zeolite synthesized from bottom ash with alkaline hydrothermal conditions loaded with dithizone have been examined. The parameters studied includes effect of pH, contact time, initial concentrations and temperature of Mn(II) by batch experiments. The raw and modified samples were characterized by XRF, XRD, FT-IR and SAA. The results of XRD and FTIR showed that hydrothermal product consists of a mixture of zeolite (zeolite Y, zeolite Na-P and zeolite X) and sodalite crystals. Hydrothermal product showed specific IR absorption zeolite at wavenumber 300-1250 cm-1 and zeolite modified dithizone showed absorption -NH and –SH at wavenumber 1496,76 and 2461,17 cm-1. The results SAA showed that with addition dithizone lowering the specific surface area of zeolite from 160,262 m²/g to 69,609 m²/g. Results of study show that adsorption of Mn(II) reaches its maximum values at pH 6 for zeolite and pH 8 for zeolite modified dithizone, respectively. The adsorption kinetics based on the pseudo-second-order rate equation with adsorption rate constants for zeolite synthesis -0,014 g/mg.min-1and for the zeolite modified dithizone 0,0204 g/mg.min-1. Based on the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) synthetic zeolite of 14,493 mg/g and zeolite modified dhitizone 15,873 mg/g. Termodynamic parameter indicated thatadsorption using two adsorbents takes place spontaneously at a lower temperature.Keywords: Bottom ash, zeolite, hydrothermal, dithizone, adsorptio
EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN CHEMICAL MODIFIER PADA ANALISIS LOGAM DAN SEMI LOGAM DENGAN GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
No full textGraphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS) is not a new method in chemical analysis, especially for metals and metalloids, unfortunately there are a lot of laboratories in Indonesia that still not used it correctly, whereas if used it correctly, the method will be an excellent and can be a reference method. This review focus on the kinds of interferences in the GF-AAS such as spectral, physic and chemical interferences and alsoon the use of a lot of kinds of chemical modifier that very important part in analysis by GF-AAS, however it is often unused because of the difficulty. It is noted that highest absorption level from each analyte is different even though used the same modifier and ashing temperature, therefore the selection of chemical modifier is important to find the appropriate modifier for each analyte and their matrixes.Keyword: GF-AAS, spectral interferences, physic interferences, chemical interferences, chemical modifie
CHEMICAL CATALYTIC AND BIOCATALYTIC PROCESS OF CLOVE OIL DERIVATIVES REVIEW
Get PDFIn 2011, Indonesian clove oil supply reached about 75 % (4,500 of 6,000 tons) of the world market. Utilization of clove oil and clove oil derivatives in aromatic chemical industry primarily as a mixture or additive of fragrances in the daily consumed product, such as perfumes, skin care products, deodorant, soap, shampoo, detergent, besides it is also used as an ingredient in the production of synthetic vanilla. The content of eugenol as the main compound in the essential oil in the clove flower, flower stalk and leaf have a range of 90-95 %, 83-95 % and 82-87 % respectively. The compounds content in clove oil is divided into two categories, phenolics (eugenol) and non-phenolic (beta-caryophyllene) that can be derivatized with various chemocatalytic and biocatalytic processes. Separation of the compounds in clove oil can be conducted by adding NaOH with repeated distillation. This process produces two layers product, the first layer contains eugenol and NaOH, while the second layer contains beta-caryophyllene. Derivatization of eugenol are conducted to produce various products such as vanilla, eugenyl ether, methyl ether eugenyl, eugenyl ethyl ether, eugenyl acetate, eugenyl cinnamate, dimmer eugenol and eugenyl benzoate, whereas derivatization of beta-caryophyllene are conducted to produce products such as caryophyllene oxide, kobusan, glycols, alcohols caryophyllene, β-caryolanylformate and kovanilformate, klovanildiformate, caryophyllene ketol. Biocatalysis or biotransformation can be defined as the use of biological systems (intact cells, cell extracts or isolated enzymes) to catalyze the conversion of a compound into another. Besides the common chemocatalysis system for derivatization of clove oil and clove oil compound such as eugenol into other compounds some biocatalysis systems were also described in this paper.Keywords: Clove oil, eugenol, beta-caryophyllene, derivatization, chemical catalysis, biocatalysi
PENGGUNAAN BAHAN ACUAN BERSERTIFIKAT OYSTER TISSUE 1566b SEBAGAI INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL UNTUK MENENTUKAN KADAR TIMBAL TOTAL DALAM TEPUNG IKAN MARLIN DENGAN ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
Get PDFLead is widely knows as one of the harmful pollutants for humans. Contaminated fishery built by lead may endanger the consumption body. Therefore, contamination monitoring for the fishery products is necessary to be conducted. To ensure the validity of data, Oyster Tissue 1566b certified reference material was used as Internal Quality Control. Marlin fish powder and certified reference materials were analyzed with the same method, personnel, duration or time, equipment and environmental conditions. As the results, it was found that the lead contained in CRM was 0.306 mg.kg-1 with 11.9 % rsd, which is within range of lead content in the certificate. The method was applied for Marlin Fish. Lead content obtained in this study (1.821 mg.kg-1 with 11.06 % rsd) can be reported with high level of confidence.Keywords: Lead, Certified Reference Materials, Marlin fis
VALIDASI METODE ANALISIS POLISIKLIK AROMATIK HIDROKARBON (PAH) DALAM SEDIMEN DI SEKITAR PANTAI MAKASSAR
No full textValidation of analysis method of PAH have been done in marine sediment of Macassar Coast by Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). Validation of method include: limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ) and linearity range. The results of validation method of 7 types PAHs (Naphtalene, Acenaphtene, Penanthrene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo (a) Anthracene and perylene) give a linearity range between 0.5 to 20 ppm with an average linearity approaches a value of 1. LoD for Naphtalene; Acenaphthene; Penanthrene; Fluoranthene; Pyrene; Benzo (a) Anthracene; and Perylene are 3.541; 0.208; 1,736; 1.737; 1,738; 12.124; and 2,128 ppm, respectively. LoQ for Naphtalene; Acenaphthene; Penanthrene; Fluoranthene; Pyrene; Benzo (a) Anthracene; and Perylene are 11,803; 0.695; 5.786; 5.786; 5.788; 5.794; 7.0796 and 7.092 ppm, respectively. Limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), linearity and linear range can be used to determine the concentration of PAH in sediment samples.Keywords: Validation Method, Concentration, PAH, Sediment
STANDARDISASI EKSTRAK PEGAGAN, CENTELLA ASIATICA SEBAGAI OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR HEPATOPROTEKTOR
Get PDFHerbal medicinal products would be affected by the quality of raw materials. In turn, the quality of raw material will also be influenced by various factors such as soil conditions, cultivation, post-harvest processing, and the processing of raw materials into crude drug or extract. Therefore, in order to make good herbal medicines, it is necessary to make standardization of herbal extracts that produced herbal medicines that have the same quality and functions of effectiveness in each process. From preliminary studies that have been done, Centella asiatica is one of the potential plants as a source of hepatoprotective compounds. Test in vivo and in vitro against Centella asiatica extracts have shown very good results. Ethyl acetate extract with 17.5 mg/kg of doses body weight and butanol 228.8 mg/kgof doses body weight has been applied for in vivo test using mice induced by CCl4; theydemonstrated hepatoprotective effects. Ethyl acetate extracts were able to reduce levels of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 56 % and 44 % respectively while butanol extract can reduce the enzymes AST levels by 3%. Standardizationof Centella asiatica extract performed in this study was the characterization of the extract in the form of non-specific and specific parameters corresponding to the reference of PPOMN (Ministry of health Republic of Indonesia, 2000) such as levels of drying shrinkage, ash content, total plate count microbial contamination, levels of water-soluble compounds, levels of compounds that are soluble in ethanol, phytochemical test, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the determination of Pb and Cd weight.The results showed that non-specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica were requirements based on Herbal Pharmacopoeia in 2008 which includes parameters such as determination of shrinkage on drying ≤ 10%, ash content ≤ 16.6% and negative microbial contamination. Specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica have met the requirements of Herbal pharmacopeia in 2008.Keywords: Centellaasiatica, hepatoprotective, standardized herbal medicine, specificparameters, and non-specific parameter
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A TLC DENSITOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GLIMEPIRIDE IN TABLETS
No full textA simple and valid TLC method has been developed for the determination of glimepiride in tablet formulation. After extraction of the analyte with a mixture of methanol and ammonia 0,2M (1:1, v/v), the extracts were spotted on precoated TLC silica gel F254 plates, which were developed with a mixture of toluene:methanol:ethyl acetate (75:20:5, v/v/v). Quantitative evaluation was performed by measuring the absorbance reflectance of the analyte spots at 238 nm. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Good linearity was achieved in the concentration range 100–800 ng/spot. The RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision were found to be less than 2%, whereas the mean of the recovery data was 100-101%. The detection limit and quantification limit were 22 and 74 ng/spot, respectively. The method is specific, linear, precise, and accurate; it can be used for the routine quality control testing of marketed formulations.Keywords: glimepiride, TLC densitometric, validation of pharmaceutical methods, pharmaceutical analysis, antidiabetic drug Sebuah metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) yang sederhana dan valid telah dikembangkan untuk penentuan glimepiride dalam sediaan tablet. Setelah analit dalam sampel diekstraksi dengan campuran metanol dan amonia 0,2 M (1:1,v/v), ekstrak yang terlihat pada lempeng silika gel F254, yang dikembangkan dengan campuran toluen : metanol : etil asetat (75:20:5, v/v/v). Evaluasi kuantitatif dilakukan dengan mengukur reflektansi absorbansi noda analit pada panjang gelombang 238 nm.Metode ini divalidasi meliputi spesifisitas, linearitas, akurasi dan presisi.Linearitas yang baik dicapai pada rentang konsentrasi 100-800 ng / spot. RSD pengulangan dan presisi intermediate menunjukkan nilai kurang dari 2 %, sedangkan rata-rata data recovery adalah 100-101 % .Batas deteksi dan batas kuantifikasi adalah 22 dan 74 ng / noda.Metode ini spesifik, linear, tepat, dan akurat, bisa digunakan untuk pengujian kontrol kualitas rutin tablet glimepirid dipasarkan. Kata Kunci: glimepiride, TLC densitometric, validation of pharmaceutical methods, pharmaceutical analysis, antidiabetic dru
SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOFIBER KOMPOSIT Zn-PVDF KOPOLIMER
No full textSintesis nanofiber komposit Zn-PVDF kopolimer dengan metoda elektrospinning telah berhasil dilakukan. Proses pembuatan nanofiber komposit serta morfologi yang terbentuk dipengaruhi oleh penambahan Zn-asetat dengan perubahan diameter rata-rata serat dari 357,13 nm menjadi 777,24 nm. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahwa struktur kristal nanofiber komposit Zn-PVDF kopolimer didominasi oleh strukturβ-phase, dengan bilangan gelombang 1190,08 cm-1 dan 487,99 cm-1 untuk struktur α-phase dan 1404,18 cm-1; 1280,73 cm-1; 1074,35 cm-1; 881,47 cm-1; dan 840,96 cm-1 untuk struktur β-phase.Kata kunci :nanofiber komposit, Zn-PVDF kopolimer komposit, elektrospinning,kristal struktur, morfologi, diameter fiber The fabrication of Zn-PVDF copolymer nanofiber composite has been investigated in this research study by using electrospinning method. Fabrication and morphology of nanofiber composite is influenced by the addition of Zn-acetate. The average diameter of nanofiber composites increase with an addition of Zn-acetate, from 357,13 to 777,24nm. FTIRanalysisshowedthat thecrystalstructure ofPVDFnanofiberis dominatedby β-phase , thewave number 1190,08 cm-1 and 487,99 cm-1 for α-phase structure and 1404,18cm-1; 1280,73cm-1; 1074,35cm-1; 881,47cm-1and840,96cm-1 for β-phase structure respectively.Key words : nanofiber composite, Zn-PVDF copolymer composite, electrospinning, crystal structure, morphology, fiber diamete