Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

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    Assessment of Multi-Depth Water Quality Dynamics in an Artificial Lake: A Case Study of the Ribnica Reservoir in Serbia

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    High water quality in reservoirs used for drinking water supply and located within protected areas is of crucial importance for sustainable water-resource management. This study aims to evaluate the multi-depth water quality dynamics of the Ribnica Reservoir in western Serbia, combining two standardized assessment tools: the Serbian Water Quality Index (SWQI) and the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). Data collected at various depths during 2021 and 2022 were analyzed to assess physico-chemical parameters and their impact on water quality, while the absence of microbiological data was noted as a limitation affecting the comprehensiveness of the assessment. The SWQI results indicated a general improvement in water quality over time, with values ranging from medium (82) to excellent (95) in 2021 and increasing from good (89) to excellent (98) in 2022. In contrast, the CWQI revealed specific risks, notably elevated concentrations of aluminum, mercury, and chromium, and reduced dissolved oxygen levels, with overall CWQI values ranging from poor (40) to good (88) depending on depth and parameter variability. The study highlights the necessity for continuous, comprehensive monitoring, including microbiological analyses and seasonal assessments, both within the reservoir and in the Crni Rzav River and its tributaries, to better understand pollutant sources and catchment influences. Strengthening microbiological and heavy metal monitoring, along with implementing proactive management strategies, is essential for preserving the Ribnica Reservoir’s ecological integrity and securing its long-term role in drinking water provision.Special Issue: “River and Lake Catchments: Ecological Challenges, Hydrological Changes, Environmental Problems

    Efficacy of high- versus moderate-intensity spatially distributed sequential stimulation in subjects with spinal cord injury: an isometric study

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    For producing isometric contractions, spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) has been demonstrated to be superior to conventional single electrode stimulation (SES) in terms of fatigue reduction and the power output produced by the muscle. However, the impact of stimulation parameters, particularly stimulation intensity, on the effectiveness of SDSS is not sufficiently understood. The aim of this work is to compare the fatigue-reducing capabilities of SDSS at two significantly different electrical stimulation intensities in individuals with lower-limb motor-complete spinal cord injuries, in order to understand the impact of stimulation intensity on the effectiveness of SDSS. Two experiments were conducted, focusing on isometric contractions of the quadriceps muscle group (Experiment 1) and the vastus lateralis muscle (Experiment 2). The effectiveness of high-intensity SDSS was compared to that of moderate-intensity SDSS, with SES serving as a reference. Seven subjects with spinal cord injuries participated in the study. Fatigue and force metrics, including time to fatigue (TTF) and force-time integral (FTI), were analyzed for both electrical stimulation intensity levels. Statistical analysis indicated that the advantages of SDSS over SES in reducing muscle fatigue and enhancing force generation were significantly diminished at high intensity compared to moderate intensity. These findings provide valuable scientific insights into the practical applications of SDSS and contribute to a deeper understanding of its mechanisms in mitigating muscle fatigue. Further research is recommended to explore the effects of various stimulation parameters to optimize SDSS for different muscle groups and functional tasks

    Retour transnational et transformation locale: Étude de cas d’entrepreuneurs revenants dans la Krajina de Negotin

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    Our research focuses on returnee entrepreneurs in Serbia, particularly members of the 1.5 generation, amidst ongoing campaigns promoting the return of highly educated migrants and potential entrepreneurs. Using a transnational paradigm, we examine their regular homeland visits, household and community investments, and both monetary and social remittances sent to family members remaining in Serbia. Our qualitative research methodology involved fieldwork and semi-structured narrative interviews conducted in Negotin and its surrounding area, known as Negotinska Krajina – a border region characterized by significant migration patterns, economic underdevelopment, sparse population, and demographic decline. In recent years, entrepreneurial returnees have become noticeable agents of social transformation in their local communities. The study is guided by qualitatively oriented research questions examining how these entrepreneurs narrate their migration and return experiences, highlighting how their enterprises reflect economic, social, and cultural resources acquired abroad. It investigates how returnees interpret and navigate opportunities and constraints within the local economic environment, including the presence or absence of institutional support. Moreover, we explore their processes of reintegration and community relationships, underscoring broader visions of development and belonging articulated through their entrepreneurial activities. Our findings challenge simplistic migration-development discourses by emphasizing context-specific, socially embedded transformations that returnees initiate within this rural region.U ovom radu se bavimo povratnicima preduzetnicima u Istočnoj Srbiji, s posebnim fokusom na pripadnike takozvane 1.5 generacije migranata – osobe koje su detinjstvo provele u Srbiji, a potom u adolescentnom dobu migrirale u inostranstvo kod svojih roditelja. Njihov povratak u Srbiju obuhvata složen proces prenosa resursa i aktivnog delovanja u lokalnim sredinama. U istraživanju se oslanjamo na transnacionalnu paradigmu i kvalitativnu analizu podataka na mikro i mezo nivou, zasnovanu na etnografskom terenskom radu i polustrukturiranim intervjuima, sprovedenim u Negotinu i njegovoj okolini – području poznatom kao Negotinska krajina. To je granični region Srbije sa dugom emigrantskom istorijom koji danas karakterišu ekonomska zapuštenost, izražen demografski pad, ostarelo stanovništvo, slaba naseljenost i loša infrastruktura. Upravo zbog višedecenijske marginalizovanosti, Negotinska krajina predstavlja izuzetno pogodan teren za uočavanje i razumevanje mikrotransformacija koje povratnici iniciraju, kako kroz formalne preduzetničke aktivnosti, tako i kroz prenos društvenih praksi, normi i vrednosti. Istraživačka pitanja usmerena su na to kako povratnici narativno oblikuju svoje migracione putanje i iskustva povratka, kako interpretiraju lokalne izazove, kakve strategije reintegracije razvijaju i na koji način koriste ekonomski, socijalni i kulturni kapital stečen u inostranstvu. Poseban akcenat stavljen je na koncept "društvenih doznaka“ – prenos ideja, normi, radne etike, odnosa prema zajednici i znanjima koja su deo svakodnevnih praksi oblikovanih migracionim i transnacionalnim iskustvom. Povratnici u ovom kontekstu ne funkcionišu samo kao akteri koji ekonomski doprinose lokalnoj zajednici, već i kao posrednici između dva društvena sistema – oni su nosioci znanja i navika koje dugoročno doprinose razvoju lokalnog života. Iako već više od decenije postoji nacionalna strategija za podsticanje povratka visokoobrazovanih migranata i potencijalnih preduzetnika, u praksi su institucionalne barijere, birokratija, nepouzdana infrastruktura i demografski pad faktori koji ovakve inicijative, pa i sam povratak, čine težim. Ipak, mnogi povratnici pronalaze načine da te prepreke prevaziđu, oslanjajući se na transnacionalne mreže, znanje, porodične resurse i ličnu motivaciju. Njihova preduzeća zapošljavaju lokalno stanovništvo, oživljavaju stare porodične poslove, a pojedini učestvuju i u obnovi lokalne infrastrukture i društvenog života kroz donacije, udruživanje i lični angažman. Na kraju, ovde osporavamo pojednostavljene, a često dominantne diskurse o direktnoj vezi između povratnih migracija i društvenog razvoja na makro nivou, ukazujući na veći značaj lokalno ukorenjenih, društveno posredovanih i kulturno specifičnih procesa promena. Umesto linearnog ekonomskog razvoja, povratak ovih aktera generiše složene i često neformalne transformacije, poput promena u načinu rada, mobilisanju zajednice u zajedničkom delovanju i svakodnevnim interakcijama. Na ovaj način otvaramo prostor za dublje razumevanje povratničkih migracija kao društvenog procesa, gde su upravo povratnici ključni u pokretanju promena u lokalnim zajednicama iz kojih potiču.Dans le présent travail nous discutons sur les entrepreuneurs revenants en Serbie Orientale, avec une attention particulière consacrée aux représentants de ce qu’on appelle la génération 1.5 de migrants – des personnes qui ont passé leur enfance en Serbie, et qui ensuite, dans l’adolescence, ont émigré à l’étranger chez leurs parents. Leur retour en Serbie comprend un processus complexe de transmission de ressources et d’action énergique dans les milieux locaux. Dans cette recherche nous nous appuyons sur le paradigme transnational et l’analyse quantitative des données aux niveaux micro et méso, basé sur le travail de ter¬rain ethnographique et des entretiens semi-structurés, menés à Negotin et dans ses alentours – la région connue comme la Krajina de Negotin. C’est une ré¬gion frontalière de la Serbie avec une longue histoire d’émigration, aujourd’hui caractérisée par l’abandon économique, une chute démographique drastique, une population vieillie, un peuplement faible et une mauvaise infrastructure. C’est justement en raison d’une marginalisation qui dure depuis plusieurs dé¬cennies que la Krajina de Negotin représente un terrain particulièrement conve¬nable pour relever et comprendre les microtransformations qu’initient les reve¬nants, aussi bien à travers les activités formelles entrepreneuriales, qu’à travers la transmission des pratiques, normes et valeurs sociales. Les questions de recherche sont orientées vers la manière dont les revenants façonnent narrativement leurs trajectoires migratoires et leurs expériences du retour, comment ils interprètent les défis locaux, quelles stratégies de réinté¬gration ils développent et de quelle manière ils utilisent le capital économique, social et culturel acquis à l’étranger. Un accent particulier est mis sur le concept des „apports sociaux“ – la transmission des idées, des normes, de l’éthique du travail, le rapport envers la communauté et les connaissances qui font partie des pratiques quotidiennes façonnées par l’expérience migratoire et transna¬tionale. Les revenants ne fonctionnent pas seulement dans ce contexte comme des agents qui contribuent économiquement à la communauté locale, mais aus¬si comme des médiateurs entre deux systèmes sociaux – ils sont porteurs des connaissances et des habitudes qui à long terme contribuent au développement de la vie locale

    Made in Balkan: contribution à la compréhension du trap/trap-folk balkanique comme genre musical et phénomène culturel

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    Balkan trap/trap-folk is a hybrid, glocal genre that encompasses a wide range of global and local musical practices, characterized by continuous transformations and commercialization. It emerged after 2010, following the rise of global trap and its associated technologies into the mainstream. In the local context, the foundations for the development of trap were laid through its genre predecessors, shifts in music production, and the growing influence of Balkanist discourse in popular music. Through qualitative source analysis and musical discourse analysis, this paper aims to contribute to the scholarly understanding of Balkan trap/trap-folk by a) defining the genre; b) reconstructing its historical trajectory; and c) mapping its dominant topoi and discursive formations, with particular emphasis on pre-existing discourses (which dominate the genre), as well as processes of globalization, hybridization, and gender representation.U radu tretiram pitanje balkanskog trepa/trep-folka (BT/TF) kao žanra koji više od decenije predstavlja bitan deo muzičkog mejnstrima. Ovaj žanr, kombinujući različite muzičke prakse, predstavlja hibridni i glokalni fenomen tj. fuziju globalnog trepa i lokalnih muzičkih tradicija. Teorijsko-metodološki okvir rada zasnovan je na kvalitativnoj analizi izvora (relevantne literature i članaka), analizi muzičkog diskursa, te mapiranju i kontekstualizaciji dominantnih toposa. Pre same analize, u radu su prikazane opšte karakteristike (globalnog) trepa i kontekst njegovog nastanka, a potom i proces glokalizacije i „dolaska“ trepa u Srbiju što je predstavljalo inicijalnu kapislu uspostavljanja žanra i uspona do muzičkog mejnstrima. Oslanjajući se na procese glokalizacije i hibridizacije, ukratko sam mapirao dominantne karakteristike žanra služeći se relevantnom literaturom, (internet) izvorima i ličnim uvidima. Diskurs BT/TF kao analitički deo rada podeljen je u dve ključne celine. Prvu celinu čine kontekstualno-ideološki toposi u kojima se tretiraju diskursi Balkana/balkanizma, turbo-folka i dizelaške supkulture. Drugu grupu toposa čine tematsko-ideološki toposi koji uključuju ljubavne i seksualne veze, društvenu osujećenost, konzumerizam i noćni život, a sveprožimajuće i ključne ose ovih toposa jesu toposi maskuliniteta i feminiteta. Žanr se dodatno tumači kao odraz neoliberalnog poretka i postmoderne muzičke hibridnosti, funkcionišući kao ključno mesto za artikulaciju kulturnog identiteta, pripadnosti i komodifikacije svakodnevnog života. Ovaj rad je deo šireg istraživačkog projekta započetog tokom master studija, sa ciljem daljeg osvetljavanja BT/TF-a kao značajne platforme u okviru savremene popularne muzike i antropologije muzike.Le trap/trap-folk balkanique est un genre hybride/glocal qui couvre un large éventail des pratiques musicales globales et locales et se caractérise par des transformations constantes et la commercialisation. Il est apparu après 2010, lorsque le trap global et la technologie qui lui est associée ont commencé à dominer sur la scène mondiale grand public. Dans le contexte local, les fondements du développement du trap ont été posés grâce à ses prédécesseurs génériques, des changements dans la production musicale et l’influence croissante du discours balkanique dans la musique populaire. À travers l’analyse qualitative des sources et celle du discours musical, ce travail a pour l’objectif de contribuer à la compréhension scientifique du trap/trap-folk balkanique en proposant: a) la définition du genre, b) la reconstruction de sa trajectoire historique et c) la description des topoï dominants et des formations discursives, avec un accent particulier sur les discours déjà existants (dominant le genre), les processus de glocalisation et hybridisation, ainsi que sur la représentation générique

    Роми тамбураши у југословенским филмовима црног таласа: прекретница у видљивости, препознатљивости и деловању

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    Romani musicians in Serbia are masters of tambura ensemble playing – a multiethnic band string practice rooted in Central and Southeastern Europe. Through an analysis of Yugoslav Black Wave films and commercial recordings from 1965 to 1978, this study demonstrates how these musicians gained visibility and recognition both as individuals and as Roma within a specific socialist framework. To achieve this, they developed presentational skills in addition to participatory ones, effectively becoming bi-musical. This transition involved the commodification of their “Gypsyness,” which was ultimately leveraged to their advantage by both the musicians themselves and non-Romani cultural gatekeepers

    Voices of youth from polyphonic generational, repertoire, and musical discourse in Cultural-artistic association “Oplenac”, Topola (Serbia)

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    This paper is based on two-decade lasting experience in engagement in the field of applied ethnomusicology, realized through cooperation of two generations of ethnomusicologists within the frames of the Cultural-Artistic Association (KUD) “Oplenac” and Cultural Center in Topola. The main idea that initiated this cooperation was the one best explained by Svanibor Pettan: musical education that “acknowledges value in the students’ ancestral heritage” with the aim of enabling “the return of the musical patterns to the community which created them but later lost them” (Pettan 1995: 220), that is, revitalizing rural traditional songs of older and newer musical Serbian folk layer from the villages in the vicinity of Topola, through partly institutionalized frames. Ethnomusicologist Jelena Jovanovic was invited as a cooperator in KUD in 2002, to work with already formed excellent young vocal group. After the 2015, along with cultivating several generations of singers and continuous work on repertory of this geo-cultural region, a junior group was also formed by singer and instructor Maja Stanjević Petrović. Nowadays, the cooperation has been widened through engagement of ethnomusicologist Msr Ljubica Popović, who works with the senior group..

    Comfort, consistency, and efficiency of garments with textile electrodes versus hydrogel electrodes for neuromuscular electrical stimulation in a randomized crossover trial

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    The efficacy and comfort of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) largely depend on the type of electrodes used. Traditional self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes, while effective, pose limitations in terms of wearability, skin compatibility, and reusability. This randomized crossover trial investigates the performance of a specific textile electrode integrated into garments for NMES of lower extremities, focusing on their potential rehabilitative applications for patients with neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and spinal cord injury (SCI). In this randomized crossover design, ten healthy subjects participated in the study. Each subject performed isometric knee extension exercises using both textile and hydrogel electrodes in random order. The electrodes were compared in terms of comfort, temporal consistency, stimulation efficiency, and electrical impedance under isometric conditions. Our findings revealed no significant difference between the two types of electrodes across all evaluated parameters. Textile electrodes, used after applying moisturizing lotion to enhance the electrode-skin interface, demonstrated comparable levels of comfort, consistency, and efficiency to hydrogel electrodes. The equivalence of textile and hydrogel electrodes, coupled with the advantages of washability and reusability, positions textile electrodes as a promising alternative for NMES applications, particularly in rehabilitation settings

    Diverse paths, shared heritage: Mapping future extensions of the Sultan's Trail

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    Cultural routes are gaining popularity as a means to preserve cultural heritage and boost tourism. The Sultans Trail, a cultural route stretching over 2,500 km from Vienna to Istanbul, showcases Ottoman heritage and symbolizes reconciliation, international cooperation, and cultural coexistence. This study aims to explore the potential for expanding the Sultans Trail by establishing additional branches from Istanbul through Northern Greece (Kavala, Thessaloniki), North Macedonia (Ohrid), Albania (Berat, Tirana), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Trebinje, Mostar), Croatia (Split, Knin, Senj, Zagreb), Slovenia (Ptuj, Maribor), and back to Austria (Graz, Vienna), creating a circular route. Using a cultural route evaluation system based on five criteria—natural, cultural, social, economic capital and quality of the infrastructure—the study examines various indicators. The findings indicate that opinions on the significance of Ottoman heritage range from exceptional to valuable. The study suggests that branching the Sultans Trail into lesser-known tourist areas could enhance the cultural tourism development of peripheral destinations

    CD Marko Nikodijević Absolutio / Abgesang / da ispravitsja Wergo

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    Diese CD enthält drei große Orchesterwerke des in Serbien geborenen Komponisten Marko Nikodijević, der seit über 20 Jahren in Deutschland lebt und arbeitet. Während seiner gesamten Laufbahn im Westen ist Nikodijević einigen kompositorischen Prinzipien treu geblieben, auf die er sich schon früh festgelegt hat: Dazu gehören seine Faszination für Fraktale, Geometrie und Proportion, das Festhalten an einfachen, aber strengen Formbauprinzipien, seine Vorliebe für den Klang von Glocken, der prägende Einfluss französischer und russischer Orchestrationsschulen sowie sein Verständnis von Tradition und Musikgeschichte als endloses Rhizom von Hyperlinks. Die drei neuen Werke sind zwar nicht im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes programmatisch, bieten aber Einblicke in Nikodijevićs persönliche Geschichte und erlauben ihm erstmals, sein osteuropäisches Erbe zu reflektieren: vom Aufwachsen in einem serbisch-ungarischen Haushalt in der multiethnischen Stadt Subotica (Szabadka) und dem Erlernen des Klavierspiels bei einem dortigen nonkonformistischen Lehrer über das Verlassen der zerrütteten Überreste seiner verlorenen Heimat bis hin zur Auseinandersetzung mit seiner lange unterdrückten Faszination für die orthodoxe Kirchenmusik

    Од традиције до предузетништва: трансформација производње „народне ношње“ у савременој Србији

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    Према етнографским подацимa, производња „народне ношње“ у Србији традиционално је претежно била део кућне радиности, при чему су материјали, кројеви и технике израде варирали кроз време, најчешће под утицајем градске моде. Компаративне анализе из етнографских извора омогућавају праћење промена у изради „ношње“ од краја 19. до половине 20. века, када она постепено излази из свакодневне употребе и бива замењена конфекцијском одећом. Међутим, почетком 21. века сведочимо поновној масовној производњи „ношње“, првенствено за потребе културно-уметничких друштава у Србији и дијаспори. У последњој деценији све интензивније се отвараjу специјализоване радионице које производе „народне ношње“ у комерцијалне сврхе, при чему су традиционалне технике често замењене индустријским методама прилагођеним великој потражњи. У том контексту, „народна ношња“ задобија карактеристике сценског костима, док се аутентичност њених реплика мери према музејским примерцима и предметима прикупљеним на терену. Савремена производња „народне ношње“ у Србији и трансформација њене израде – од кућне радиности до комерцијалне – резултат је растуће потражње, посебно од стране културно-уметничких друштава у Србији и дијаспори. Овај процес је омогућио већу доступност „ношње“ и економску одрживост њених произвођача, али је истовремено довео до промена у техникама израде, односу према аутентичности и улози занатства у културној привреди. У овом излагању анализираћу кључне аспекте поменуте трансформације, укључујући промене у техникама израде, улогу тржишта КУД-ова у Србији и дијаспори, као и утицај комерцијализације на поимање концепта аутентичности „народне ношње“

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