Onkologija
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Vpliv radona na pojavljanje pljučnega raka v Sloveniji
Get PDFBackgound: Radon in the living environment is classified by the World Health Organization as one of 19 environmental carcinogens, and is, along with tobacco smoke, one of the most important risk factors for the development of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 10% of all lung cancer cases. In our research, we examined for the first time the impact of radon on the occurrence of lung cancer in Slovenia.
Methods: For the 40-year period from 1978 to 2017, three data sources were linked at the level of settlements: lung cancer patients (Cancer Registry of the Republic of Slovenia), residents (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia) and radon map of Slovenia. In spatial smoothing models with Bayesian hierarchical models, radon in the living environment was included as an explanatory variable, and population attributable fraction was calculated. The relative risk was estimated using the standardized incidence rate.
Results: In Slovenia, about 60 people get lung cancer every year due to exposure to radon in the living environment (analysis at the level of settlements), which represents 5% of all people who get this disease. Analysis of the relative risk by gender shows that in Slovenia, mainly men have an increased risk of lung cancer due to exposure to radon in the living environment. Women who live in areas with higher radon exposure do not have an increased relative risk of developing lung cancer.
Conclusion: Along with smoking, exposure to radon in the living environment is one of the most important risk factors for lung cancer in the Slovenian population. In areas where radon concentration is high in the living environment (mainly southern and south-eastern Slovenia), it is crucial from a public health point of view to implement preventive measures, and first and foremost to raise awareness and educate the population about the danger and the possibilities for preventing it..Izhodišče: Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija je opredelila radon v bivalnem okolju kot enega izmed 19 okoljskih karcinogenov. Radon je poleg tobačnega dima eden izmed najpomembnejših dejavnikov tveganja za razvoj pljučnega raka ter predstavlja približno 10-odstotni delež vseh primerov pljučnega raka. V naši raziskavi smo prvič preučili, kako radon vpliva na pojavljanje pljučnega raka v Sloveniji.
Metode: Za 40-letno obdobje od leta 1978 do leta 2017 so bili na ravni naselij povezani trije viri podatkov: zboleli za pljučnim rakom (Register raka Republike Slovenije), prebivalci (Statistični urad Republike Slovenije) in Radonski zemljevid Slovenije. V modele prostorskega glajenja z Bayesovimi hierarhičnimi modeli je kot pojasnjevalna spremenljivka vključen radon v bivalnem okolju in izračunan pripisljivi delež raka. Relativno tveganje je ocenjeno s standardiziranim količnikom incidence.
Rezultati: V Sloveniji za pljučnim rakom zaradi izpostavljenosti radonu v bivalnem okolju (analiza na ravni naselij) zboli približno 60 oseb letno, kar predstavlja 5 % vseh s to boleznijo. Analiza relativnega tveganja po spolu kaže, da imajo v Sloveniji zaradi izpostavljenosti radonu v bivalnem okolju povečano tveganje pljučnega raka predvsem moški. Ženske, ki bivajo na območjih, bolj obremenjenih z radonom, nimajo povečanega relativnega tveganja za nastanek pljučnega raka.
Zaključek: Izpostavljenost radonu v bivalnem okolju je poleg kajenja med najpomembnejšimi nevarnostnimi dejavniki pljučnega raka v slovenski populaciji. Na območjih, kjer je radona veliko (predvsem južna in jugovzhodna Slovenija), je z javnozdravstvenega vidika ključno izvajanje preventivnih ukrepov, v prvi vrsti pa ozaveščanje in poučevanje prebivalstva o nevarnosti ter možnostih za preprečitev bolezn
Smernice za zdravljenje bolnikov z rakom požiralnika in ezofagogastričnega stika
Get PDFno abstractZadnje Smernice za zdravljenje bolnikov z rakom požiralnika in ezofagogastričnega stika (EGS) so bile izdane leta 2016. Nameravali smo jih posodobiti. Kljub ne prav dolgi dobi od takrat je medicina naredila tak napredek, da bi bila posodobitev premalo. Napisati smo morali nove smernice, dodati nekatera nova poglavja, brez katerih so sodobne smernice pomanjkljive. Le s celostnim in sodobnim pristopom lahko bolnikom ponudimo zdravljenje, ki jim omogoča čim boljši rezultat sicer prognostično neugodne bolezni
Stališča onkologov o bolniški odsotnosti bolnic z rakom dojk, ki so v delovnem razmerju
Get PDFBackground: Optimizing rehabilitation and return to work for patients with cancer is critical for both enhancing the well-being of this vulnerable population and decreasing social and financial costs on society as a whole. People who have survived cancer attempt to return to work and re-establish the former structure of their daily lives. In this article, we will look at oncologists' perspectives on sick leave for patients following breast cancer diagnosis.Methods: We conducted a small anonymous online survey on attitudes towards sick leave among Slovenian oncologists involved in the treatment of patients with breast cancer.Results: Twenty-four (46.2%) of 52 invited oncologists answered to the online survey, including 8 (33.3%) medical oncologists, 9 (37.5 %) radiation oncologists, and 7 (29.2%) surgeons. Oncologists' position, as measured on a 10-point Likert scale, is that communicating with patients and addressing their issues at return-to-work is a critical component of oncological care (average score 8.4/10). Simultaneously, they think that the ratio of time allocated to patients with breast cancer to time available for sick leave discussions during or after treatment is insufficient (average score 3.6/10). They experience "pressures" from patients regarding oppinion making for sick leave or disability retirement on a relatively frequent basis (average score 6.5/10). Additionally, the questionnaire included recommendations for the duration of sick leave, taking into account the nature and complexity of the therapy, as well as individual factors. It was proposed that a group of specialists will consitute a multidisciplinary board to evaluate patients on sick leave.Conculsion: When treating patients with cancer and determining their return to work, an individualized interdisciplinary approach is critical. The purpose of this study is to elicit oncologists' perspectives on the treatment of patients with breast cancer who are in an employment relationship, which will serve as a foundation for future research.Izhodišča: Optimizacija rehabilitacije onkoloških bolnikov in njihova vrnitev na delo je pomembna tako za izboljšanje počutja te ranljive skupine kot tudi za zmanjšanje družbenih in finančnih vplivov na celotno družbo. Osebe, ki so prebolele raka, se skušajo po zdravljenju vrniti na delo in poskušajo ponovno vzpostaviti nekdanjo strukturo vsakdanjega življenja. Z raziskavo smo želeli raziskati stališča onkologov do bolniške odsotnosti bolnic z rakom dojk.Metode: Izvedli smo manjšo anonimno spletno anketo o stališčih do bolniške odsotnosti med slovenskimi onkologi, ki se sodelujejo pri zdravljenu bolnic z rakom dojk. Rezultati: Na spletno anketo je od 52 povabljenih onkologov odgovorilo 24 (46,2%), od tega 8 (33,3 %) specialistov internistične onkologije, 9 (37,5 %) specialistov onkologije z radioterapijo in 7 (29,2 %) specialistov kirurgov. Stališče onkologov, ocenjeno z 10-stopenjsko Likertovo lestvico, je, da je pogovor z bolnico in obravnava vprašanj o vrnitvi na delovno mesto zelo pomemben del celostne obravnave (povprečna ocena 8,4/10). Hkrati pa ocenjujejo, da je razmerje med časom, ki ga imajo vsakodnevno na voljo za obravnavo bolnic z rakom dojk in časom, ki ga lahko posvetijo vprašanjem o bolniški odsotnosti med ali po zaključenem zdravljenju, slabo (povprečna ocena 3,6/10). Sorazmerno pogosto se srečujejo s t.i. »pritiski« bolnic v zvezi s podajanjem mnenj v zvezi z bolniško odsotnostjo ali invalidsko upokojitvijo (povprečna ocena 6,5/10). V okviru vprašalnika so bili zbrani tudi predlogi za dolžino bolniškega staleža upoštevajoč vrsto in zahtevnost zdravljenja ter individualne dejavnike. Predlagana je bila skupina strokovnjakov, ki bi sestavljala multidisciplinaren tim za obravnavo bolnic z bolniškim staležem.Zaključki: Pri obravnavi onkoloških bolnikov in presoji vrnitve na delo je nujen individualno prilagojen multidisciplinarni pristop. V pričujoči raziskavi so zbrana stališča onkologov o obravnavi bolnic z rakom dojk, ki so v delovnem razmerju, ki so lahko podlaga za nadaljnje raziskovanje
Genska terapija v onkologiji, prvi razvojni koraki v Sloveniji
Get PDFGene therapy is also attracting interest in oncology. Probably the most interesting approach is immunostimulation. Plasmid DNA can be constructed, which is coding for a specific immunostimulatory molecule, which is then delivered into the cells, either in tumour or normal tissue. The transfected tissue then becomes the producer of the molecules encoded in the plasmid. The product is then released from the cells, either locally or systemically into the bloodstream. Since plasmids have hampered transport through the plasma membrane, delivery systems are needed that are either viral or nonviral. In our studies we predominantly use the non-viral transfection system, based on electroporation of the cells.Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a cytokine with well-known anti-tumour and anti-angiogenic function. Therefore, in the SmartGene.si project we wanted to construct a plasmid DNA which is coding for IL-12 (plasmid phIL12), and perform all the necessary testing and prepare the documentation for its clinical testing in the treatment of skin tumours. The SmartGene.si consortium comprises partners from academia and industry. In the project it was necessary to prepare the plasmid according to the European Medicinal Agency (EMA) recommendations. For the application for the study approval submitted to the Agency for Medical Products and Medical Devices of the Republic of Slovenia (JAZMP), it was necessary to perform pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and efficiency testing of phIL12. Thereafter, we had to develop the process and the facility, and prepare the drug.During the last three years, we have achieved all the goals and obtained the approval of the JAZMP for clinical testing of the product phIL12 in humans. We also obtained the approval of the National Ethics Committee. Currently, we are testing phIL-12 in a Phase I clinical protocol on head and neck skin tumours, with the aim to test the safety and feasibility of intratumoral gene electrotransfer of the plasmid phIL12. Another goal of the study is to determine a suitable dose of plasmid that could be used in future studies as adjuvant treatment to ablative therapies such as radiotherapy or electrochemotherapy.Genska terapija postaja čedalje bolj zanimiva tudi v onkologiji. Med aplikacijami je morda najzanimivejša imunostimulacija. Pripravimo lahko plazmidno DNA, ki nosi zapis za različne imunostimulatorne molekule, ki jih vnesemo v celice tumorjev ali normalnih tkiv. Ta tkiva postanejo proizvajalci teh molekul, ki lahko delujejo lokalno ali pa se izločajo tudi sistemsko v krvni obtok. Ker plazmidna DNA ne prehaja celične membrane, so potrebni dostavni sistemi, virusni ali nevirusni. V naših študijah uporabljamo predvsem nevirusni dostavni sistem – elektroporacijo.Interlevkin 12 (IL-12) je eden od zanimivih citokinov, za katerega je znano protitumorsko delovanje s spodbujanjem imunskega odziva in antiangiogenim delovanjem. Namen projekta SmartGene.si je bil pripraviti plazmid z zapisom za interlevkin 12 (plazmid phIL12) in pripraviti vse potrebno za njegovo klinično testiranje za zdravljenje kožnih tumorjev. V konzorciju smo združili moči s partnerji z akademskega in industrijskega področja. Treba je bilo pripraviti plazmid za uporabo v humani onkologiji po zahtevah Evropske agencije za zdravila (EMA). Za prijavo klinične študije na Javno agencijo za zdravila in medicinske pripomočke (JAZMP) smo morali izvesti tudi vse neklinične raziskave o varnosti in učinkovitosti zdravila. Nato je bilo treba razviti postopek priprave zdravila, zagotoviti primerne prostore za pripravo in izvedbo postopka priprave zdravila.V treh letih smo dosegli vse te zastavljene cilje in dobili dovoljenje za izvajanje klinične študije na kožnih tumorjih, ki ga je izdala JAZMP na osnovi pozitivnega mnenja Komisije Republike Slovenije za medicinsko etiko. Zdaj poteka klinična študija faze I preizkušanja plazmida phIL12 na kožnih tumorjih glave in vratu z namenom preveriti varnost in sprejemljivost genskega elektroprenosa plazmida v tumorje. Cilj študije je prav tako določiti primeren odmerek zdravila, ki bi ga v nadaljnji klinični študiji uporabili kot adjuvantno zdravljenje k ablativnim terapijam, kot sta radioterapija ali elektrokemoterapija
Klinični register otroških rakov in poznih posledic zdravljenja raka v otroštvu
Get PDFAround 70 children and adolescents under the age of 20 are diagnosed with cancer in Slovenia every year. Incidence is rising over time, but survival is improving significantly, resulting in a decrease in mortality and an increase in the number of survivors who need lifelong follow-up because of the risk of late effects. The Slovenian Cancer Registry's standard dataset contains data that is too scarce for some in-depth studies on childhood and adolescent cancers and late effects in survivors. At the Cancer Registry, we have therefore started activities in 2020 to establish a clinical registry of childhood cancer and late effects of childhood cancer treatment, which acts as a population-based registry with a highly expanded dataset. Its primary purpose is to systematically record the late effects of cancer treatment. It consists of two modules. The first is managed by the Cancer Registry and, using an active registration approach through access to the electronic patient records of the Ljubljana Paediatric Clinic and other institutions, it allows for a detailed inventory of the disease (in line with international rules), primary treatment (operations, cumulative doses of individual therapeutics, cumulative radiation doses, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other treatments, side effects of treatment) and recurrences, where the treatment is registered to the same level of detail as the primary treatment. The first module already contains data for the incidence year 2019, with accelerated registration of subsequent years to follow. The second module will be operated by the Late effects unit of the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, where all collected data will be accessible during the patient's visit, and where visits, tests performed, questionnaires completed and late effects identified can be prospectively recorded. The second module is undergoing testing for user-friendliness, and we are developing automation of the treatment summary (survivorship passport) and follow-up recommendations.V Sloveniji letno za rakom zboli okoli 70 otrok in mladostnikov, mlajših od 20 let. S časom incidenca narašča, preživetje pa se toliko izboljšuje, da posledično pada umrljivost in se povečuje število preživelih, ki zaradi tveganja za pojav poznih posledic potrebujejo doživljenjsko spremljanje. Standardni nabor podatkov Registra raka Republike Slovenije vsebuje preskope podatke za nekatere poglobljene raziskave o raku v otroštvu in mladostništvu ter poznih posledicah pri preživelih. V Registru raka smo zato leta 2020 začeli aktivnosti za vzpostavitev Kliničnega registra otroških rakov in poznih posledic zdravljenja raka v otroštvu, ki deluje kot populacijski register z razširjenim naborom podatkov. Njegov osnovni namen je sistematično beleženje poznih posledic zdravljenja raka, zasnovali pa smo ga v dveh modulih. Prvi, ki je namenjen Registru raka, z uporabo pristopa aktivne registracije prek dostopa do elektronskih zapisov o bolnikih Pediatrične klinike Ljubljana ter drugih ustanov omogoča natančen popis bolezni (skladno z mednarodnimi pravili), primarnega zdravljenja (operacije, kumulativne doze posameznih zdravil, kumulativne obsevalne doze, presaditev krvotvornih matičnih celic in druga zdravljenja), morebitnih stranskih učinkov zdravljenja in morebitne ponovitve bolezni, za katero je zdravljenje popisano enako podrobno kot primarno zdravljenje. Prvi modul že vsebuje podatke za incidenčno leto 2019, sledila bo pospešena registracija nadaljnjih let. Drugi modul je namenjen Enoti za ugotavljanje poznih posledic raka Onkološkega inštituta Ljubljana, kjer bodo zdravniki med obiskom bolnika imeli dostop do vseh zbranih podatkov in možnost prospektivnega beleženja obiskov, opravljenih preiskav, izpolnjenih vprašalnikov in ugotovljenih poznih posledic. Drugi modul je v postopku testiranja uporabniške prijaznosti, razvijamo pa tudi avtomatiziran opis zdravljenja (tako imenovani potni list za preživele) in priporočil za sledenje. 
Priporočila za obravnavo bolnic z rakom jajčnikov, jajcevodov in s primarnim peritonealnim seroznim rakom v Sloveniji
Get PDFno abstract.Rak jajčnikov je najpogostejši vzrok smrti pri ženskah, ki zbolijo za ginekološkimi raki. Za večino obolelih z napredovalim rakom je bolezen usodna. Razlog za to je slaba prepoznavnost bolezni v zgodnjih stadijih, ko je zdravljenje učinkovito.
V Sloveniji na žalost še vedno nimamo programa za zgodnje odkrivanje raka jajčnikov in bolezen je pri večini bolnic (pribl. ¾ vseh obolelih) odkrita v napredovalih stadijih, ko je prognoza slaba.
Poznavanje zgodnjih znakov bolezni je tako pri zdravnikih kot pri ženskah pomanjkljivo, posledično sta diagnostična pot in tudi triažiranje obolelih v ustrezno usposobljeno zdravstveno ustanovo pogosto napačna
Neoperativni pristop (watch & wait) po zaključenem totalnem neoadjuvantnem zdravljenju raka danke: prikaz primera
Get PDFModern standardized treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) consists of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CTRT), operative resection with total mesorectal excision (TME), followed by postoperative chemotherapy (CT) in selected patients. With escalated intensity of preoperative treatment, there was a sig-nificant increase in pathological (pCR) and clinical complete responses (cCR). In carefully selected patients with cCR, close monitoring – watch & wait approach (W&W) instead of surgical treatment is possible. Survival of only monitored patients is not worse in comparison with operated patients, but with the addition of avoiding surgical treatment-related mortality and postoperative complications. In Slovenia, the W&W approach is included in the latest national recommendations for the treatment of colon and rectal cancer. Despite the many benefits of the W&W approach, a risk of recurrence and distant metastasizing still remains. Careful selection of patients is crucial for a favourable treatment outcome. The main problem is cCR assessment subjectivity. This paper describes the case of a patient with LARC who was treated with preoperative CTRT after cCR. The patient was treated with a W&W approach. Two years after beginning treatment, the disease had progressed, and the patient later died.Sodobno standardizirano zdravljenje lokalno napredovalega raka danke (LNRD) je sestavljeno iz predoperativne kemora-dioterapije (KTRT), resekcije s totalno mezorektalno ekscizijo (TME) in pri izbranih bolnikih iz pooperativne kemoterapije (KT). S stopnjevanjem intenzivnosti predoperativnega zdravlje-nja je prišlo do občutnega porasta patoloških (pCR) in kliničnih popolnih odgovorov (cCR). Pri skrbno izbranih bolnikih s cCR je namesto operativnega zdravljenja možno tudi skrbno spremljanje (angl. Watch & Wait – pristop W&W). Preživetje bolnikov, ki so samo sledeni, ni nič slabše od preživetja operiranih, ob tem pa se izognemo s kirurškim zdravljenjem povezano smrtnostjo in pooperativnim zapletom. V Sloveniji je pristop W&W vključen v zadnja nacionalna priporočila za zdravljenje raka debelega črevesa in danke. Kljub številnim prednostim pristopa W&W še vedno ostaja tveganje za ponovitev in napredovanje bolezni s sistemskim razsojem. Za ugoden izid zdravljenja je ključna skrbna selekcija bolnikov. Težava je predvsem subjektivnost ocene cCR. V prispevku je opisan primer bolnika z LNRD, ki je bil zdravljen s predoperativno KTRT, po čemer je prišlo do cCR. Nato je bil obravnavan s pristopom W&W. Po dveh letih od začetka zdravlje-nja je prišlo do razsoja bolezni, zaradi česar je bolnik pozneje umrl
Celostna rehabilitacija onkoloških bolnikov
Get PDFIn 2017, we started activities for the establishment of comprehensive rehabilitation of cancer patients, as part of the Slovene National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP). Comprehensive rehabilitation includes medical, psychological, social and professional rehabilitation and is tailored to the individual patient. It enables early recognition of the somatic and psychological consequences of malignant disease and its treatment, and their elimination as soon as possible. The benefit is a better quality of life for patients from the time of diagnosis and a faster return to work. Research about comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with breast cancer OREH has been carried out at the Institute of Oncology (IO) Ljubljana since 2019 and is aimed at developing and testing a new comprehensive rehabilitation system for cancer patients in Slovenia. The central person in comprehensive rehabilitation is the coordinator of comprehensive rehabilitation (graduate nurse) for cancer patients, who uses questionnaires to check what problems the patient is facing, and supports the patient during the difficult aspects of treatment. Through the multidisciplinary team meeting OREH, depending on the severity of the problems and in accordance with the guidelines and the clinical path for comprehensive rehabilitation, the patient is referred to various services within the network of providers. Preliminary analyses of the results show the benefit of comprehensive rehabilitation in certain areas. As part of comprehensive rehabilitation, we are also establishing a clinical registry of late effects of childhood cancer treatment, and in the month of October, we will start conducting a pilot study of comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed between 2022–2024 at IO Ljubljana. Our aim is to extend comprehensive rehabilitation to a wider range of cancer patients, which is also stated in the binding document DPOR 2022–2026. In the future, we will expand and improve cooperation with participating institutions, provide funding for comprehensive rehabilitation activities, and strive to change the legislation on early vocational rehabilitation. Obstacles to the faster implementation of comprehensive rehabilitation are primarily the lack of appropriate experts and facilities.V okviru Državnega programa obvladovanja raka (DPOR) smo z aktivnostmi za vzpostavitev celostne rehabilitacije onkoloških bolnikov pričeli leta 2017. Celostna rehabilitacija zajema medicinsko, psihološko, socialno in poklicno rehabilitacijo ter je prilagojena posameznemu bolniku. Omogoča zgodnje prepoznavanje somatskih in psihičnih posledic malignega obolenja in njegovega zdravljenja ter njihovo čim prejšnje odpravljanje. Njena dobrobit je boljša kakovost življenja bolnikov od postavitve diagnoze dalje ter hitrejša vrnitev na delovno mesto. Raziskava celostne rehabilitacije bolnic z rakom dojk OREH se na Onkološkem inštitutu (OI) Ljubljana izvaja od leta 2019 in je namenjena razvoju ter testiranju novega sistema celostne rehabilitacije za onkološke bolnike v Sloveniji. Osrednja oseba v celostni rehabilitaciji je koordinatorka celostne rehabilitacije (diplomirana medicinska sestra) za onkološke bolnike, ki z vprašalniki preverja, s katerimi težavami se bolnica sooča, in je bolnici v oporo med težkimi preizkušnjami na poti zdravljenja. Prek multidisciplinarnega konzilija OREH je bolnica v odvisnosti od izraženosti težav in v skladu s smernicami ter klinično potjo celostne rehabilitacije napotena na različne storitve celostne rehabilitacije v okviru mreže izvajalcev. Preliminarne analize rezultatov kažejo dobrobit celostne rehabilitacije na določenih področjih. V okviru celostne rehabilitacije vzpostavljamo tudi klinični register poznih posledic zdravljenja raka v otroštvu, v mesecu oktobru pa bomo začeli na OI Ljubljana izvajati Pilotno raziskavo celostne rehabilitacije bolnikov z rakom debelega črevesja in danke 2022– 2024. Naš namen je namreč razširiti celostno rehabilitacijo na širši krog onkoloških bolnikov, kar je zapisano tudi v zavezujočem dokumentu DPOR 2022–2026. V prihodnosti bomo razširili in izboljšali sodelovanje s sodelujočimi institucijami, zagotovili financiranje dejavnosti celostne rehabilitacije in si prizadevali spremeniti zakonodajo zgodnje poklicne rehabilitacije. Oviro za hitrejšo implementacijo celostne rehabilitacije predstavlja predvsem pomanjkanje ustreznih strokovnjakov in prostorov
Oligometastatski rak
Get PDFOligometastatic disease (OMD) is a stage between locally advanced disease and polymetastatic disease, a group of diseases that are used interchangeably based on treatment history, ongoing treatment status, and imaging findings. The diagnosis of OMD is based on imaging because, as of yet, we are not aware of any specific biomarkers that would enable us to recognize patients with a low disease burden. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in optimizing the treatment of OMD, owing mostly to the promising outcomes of combining local and systemic treatment. For the first time, the prospect of achieving long-term cures or possibly curing these individuals was established using this form of treatment. The standard name of OMD subgroups allows for the comparison of diverse circumstances in everyday clinical work, as well as the classification for clinical study comparability.Oligometastatska bolezen (OMB) predstavlja vmesno stanje med lokalno napredovalo boleznijo in obsežnejšo metastatsko boleznijo. Zaenkrat ne poznamo specifičnih biomarkerjev, ki bi nam pomagali opredeliti bolnike z majhnim bremenom bolezni, zato diagnoza OMB temelji na slikovni diagnostiki. V zadnjih letih narašča zanimanje za optimizacijo zdravljenja OMB predvsem zaradi obetavnih rezultatov dodatka lokalnega k obstoječemu sistemskemu zdravljenju. S takšnim načinom zdravljenja se je prvič pokazala možnost doseganja dolgotrajnih zazdravitev ali redko celo ozdravitev teh bolnikov. Razlikovanje posameznih vrst OMB in njihovo enotno poimenovanje je pomembno zlasti v kliničnih raziskavah, saj nam omogoča medsebojno primerjavo rezultatov različnih raziskav
