International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Terapias alternativas: retando al alzheimer
Get PDFIntroduction; Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent cause of dementia. It is a neurodegenerative disease that causes difficulty in remembering recent events.It has no apparent cure, only the existence of drugs and therapies such as cognitive stimulation, music therapy, occupational therapy or activities with animals that improve or reduce the disease. Material and methods; A bibliographic review of these therapies has been carried out by comparing various articles found in several databases to demonstrate their effectiveness compared to traditional methods. Results; After the analysis of the studies found, it has been seen that cognitive stimulation along with music therapy are the most studied; finding several studies in which these patients improve orientation and memory. But not only them, but, all other therapies found, cause a slowdown of the disease by increasing cognitive status, memory, functional capacity or even mood, since these patients are depressed. Conclusion; All these therapies linked to drug treatment provide patients with a better quality of life, reducing not only dementia but also the symptoms that Alzheimer’s carries.Introducción; la enfermedad del Alzheimer es la causa de demencia más frecuente. Se trata de una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que provoca dificultad a la hora de recordar sucesos recientes. No tiene cura aparente, solo la existencia de fármacos y terapias como la estimulación cognitiva, la musicoterapia, la terapia ocupacional o las actividades con animales que mejoran o reducen la enfermedad. Material y métodos; se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de estas terapias cotejando diversos artículos encontrados en varias bases de datos para demostrar la eficacia de éstas en comparación con los métodos tradicionales. Resultados; tras el análisis de los estudios hallados, se ha visto que la estimulación cognitiva junto con la musicoterapia, son las más estudiadas; encontrando varios estudios en los cuales dichos pacientes mejoran la orientación y la memoria. Pero que no solo ellas, sino que, todas las demás terapias halladas, provocan una ralentización de la enfermedad incrementando el estado cognitivo, la memoria, la capacidad funcional o incluso el estado de ánimo, ya que estos pacientes se encuentran decaídos. Conclusión; todas estas terapias unidas al tratamiento farmacológico proporcionan a los enfermos una mejor calidad de vida reduciendo no sólo la demencia sino los síntomas que el Alzheimer conlleva
El uso de sitios de redes sociales: la interacción entre los niveles de desgaste escolar y la calidad de la amistad en la adolescencia
No full textMain purposes of our study were to explore: a) the relationships between massive use of Social Networks sites (SNs) in adolescence, school burnout levels and friendship quality; b) gender differences in massive and problematic use of SNs. 110 Italian high school students (M=69,9%) aged 15-17 years participated in the study. Students were asked to complete self-report questionnaires: an ad-hoc scale for investigating SNs use, The Generalized Pathological Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS-2; Caplan, 2010), The Parent and Peer attachment inventory for Friendship Quality (Armsden and Greenberg, 1987), The School Burnout Inventory (SBI; Samlela-Aro et al., 2009). Results showed positive relationships between massive SNs use and friendship quality (r = .30, p smaller than .01); compulsive SNs (GPIUS-2) use and school burnout total score (r = .25, p smaller than .01); massive SNs use and female gender (r = .17, p smaller than .05), and finally a positive relationship between SNs use for mood regulation and school burnout total score (r = .20, p smaller than .05). Moreover, significant difference emerged between females and males in SNs massive use, with higher levels reported by females (M= 23.55, DS= 3.614) in comparison to males (M=21.89, DS=4.261); t(138)= -2.13, p = .035.Overall, this study highlights different dimensions that could influence SNs massive and problematic use in adolescence, specifically school burnout and friendship quality. Structuring interventions in order to promote socio-relational skills among peers and to prevent school-related burnout could prevent problematic use of SNs in adolescence.Los objetivos principales de nuestro estudio fueron explorar: a) las relaciones entre el uso masivo de los sitios de Redes Sociales (RS) en la adolescencia, los niveles de desgaste escolar y la calidad de la amistad; b) diferencias de género en el uso masivo y problemático de RS. 110 estudiantes de secundaria italianos (M = 69.9%) de 15-17 años participaron en el estudio. Se pidió a los estudiantes que completaran cuestionarios de autoinforme: una escala ad-hoc para investigar el uso de RS, la Escala de uso patológico generalizado de Internet-2 (GPIUS-2; Caplan, 2010), el inventario de archivos adjuntos de padres y compañeros para la calidad de la amistad (Armsden y Greenberg, 1987), The School Burnout Inventory (SBI; Samlela-Aro et al., 2009). Los resultados mostraron relaciones positivas entre el uso masivo de SN y la calidad de la amistad (r = .30, p menor que .01); uso compulsivo de RS (GPIUS-2) y puntaje total de agotamiento escolar (r = .25, p menor que .01); uso masivo de RS y género femenino (r = .17, p menor que .05), y finalmente una relación positiva entre el uso de RS para la regulación del estado de ánimo y el puntaje total de agotamiento escolar (r = .20, p menor que .05). Además, surgió una diferencia significativa entre mujeres y hombres en el uso masivo de SN, con niveles más altos informados por las mujeres (M = 23.55, DS = 3,614) en comparación con los hombres (M = 21.89, DS = 4,261); t (138) = -2.13, p = .035. En general, este estudio destaca diferentes dimensiones que podrían influir en el uso masivo y problemático de los RS en la adolescencia, específicamente el agotamiento escolar y la calidad de la amistad. La estructuración de intervenciones para promover las habilidades socio-relacionales entre los compañeros y prevenir el agotamiento relacionado con la escuela podría prevenir el uso problemático de RS en la adolescencia
El uso del cine en el conocimiento de la discapacidad: propuesta didáctica en el grado de maestro
Get PDFIn this new curricular framework, university teaching staff take on new methodological challenges that make us reflect on how to train competent and critical people with attitudes of respect, solidarity and with open and flexible points of view. With the emergence of information and communication technologies, there have been important changes in the methodological field that have affected the way of teaching with the media, one of these media is cinema. The inclusion of cinema in university teaching methodologies can mean a pedagogical innovation that breaks with the traditional passive and transmission model and gives protagonism to the students so that they can create their own knowledge. From this perspective, the aim of this study has been to use cinema as methodological resources to work on subjects of the Infant and Primary Education Teacher’s Degree on disability. 156 second year students (61 from the Infant Grade and 95 from the Primary Grade) took part in the training. A didactic proposal has been implemented through a selection of films according to each disability and a work guide prior to the viewing of the film and after it. A self-evaluation rubric was designed for the activity carried out. The planned didactic proposal has shown not only the acquisition of contents referring to the disabilities worked without also favourable beliefs towards it, as well as very positive levels of satisfaction with the methodology used with the inclusion of cinema in the teaching and learning process.En este nuevo marco curricular el profesorado universitario asume nuevos retos metodológicos que nos hagan reflexionar sobre como formar personas competentes y críticas con actitudes de respeto, solidaridad y con puntos de mira abiertos y flexibles. Con la irrupción de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación se ha producido cambios importantes en el ámbito metodológico que han afectado a la forma de enseñar con los medios, uno de estos medios es el cine. La inclusión del cine en las metodologías docentes universitarias puede significar una innovación pedagógica que rompa con el tradicional modelo pasivo y de transmisión y dé protagonismo al alumnado para que cree su propio conocimiento. Desde esta perspectiva, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido utilizar el cine como recursos metodológicos para trabajar en asignaturas del Grado de Maestro de Educación Infantil y Primaria contenidos sobre discapacidad. En la acción formativa realizada han participado 156 estudiantes de segundo curso (61 del Grado de Infantil y 95 del Grado de Primaria). Se ha implementado una propuesta didáctica mediante una selección de películas en función de cada discapacidad y una guía de trabajo previa al visionado de la película y posterior de la misma. Se diseñó una rúbrica de autoevaluación de la actividad realizada. La propuesta didáctica planificada ha puesto de manifiesto no solo la adquisición de contenidos referidos a las discapacidades trabajadas sin también creencias favorecedoras hacia la misma, así como también niveles de satisfacción muy positivos con la metodología utilizada con la inclusión del cine en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje
The inception of a group psychotherapeutic intervention in infertile women – difficulties and obstacles through the constitution of a group setting in a maternity hospital
Get PDFSeveral cases of infertility without the presence of a known medical cause and with a spontaneous remission have been studied from the psychological point of view. A look at infertility, in a psychodynamic way, suggests that it is the result of a defensive activation, aimed at promoting emotional protection, seen in pregnant women in high-risk obstetrics, in infertile couples waiting for infertility appointments and in pregnant women waiting for amniocentesis examination outcome. Thus, a spontaneous remission may be seen as a translation that the psychological impasse would have been overcome. This article intends to present a research project that has been held at the Maternity Hospital Dr. Alfredo da Costa (MAC), in Lisbon, and which participants are women followed in the MAC infertility consultation, unable to conceive or lead to good fruition a pregnancy after at least one year of regular sexual intercourse without resorting to contraceptive methods. In this article we intend to reflect the hindrances, difficulties and obstacles felt through the inception of a group psychotherapeutic setting in a Maternity Hospital. After all the bureaucratic issues have been solved out, the psychological resistance of the participants emerged, revealing to be a pattern
Os primeiros meses na dança relacional mãe-bebé(s): desafios decorrentes da situação gemelar
Get PDFIt is due to the mother and baby’s perceptive and relational skills, and their relational dance, that the bonding behavior gradually develops; and it is the quality of this relational dance that will depend, a posteriori, on the individual solo and the articulation of two interconnected but independent developments. However, in the case of twin mothers, they have to establish individual relationships with two or more children of the same age, taking into account their identical needs as well as their different personalities, needs and patterns of interaction.The research presented here seeks to investigate the existence of a relationship, within the first six months of life, between the type of mother-twin bond binding and the mother’s differentiation.In terms of procedures, three semi-directive interviews were conducted with forty clinical twin mothers, one after delivery and the other both three and six months. For data analysis, a quantitative methodology was chosen, using a correlational analysis of the variables.The analysis concluded that there was no clear relationship between the two variables. Nevertheless, the quality of the mother-infant relationship seems to be affected by variables such as the maternal experience of childbirth in relation to yourself and babies; clinical complications during childbirth; the first maternal image of the real babies and the babies’ stay in the incubator; the ability of the mother to integrate the real baby into the imaginary baby; the maternal perception of the (dis) advantages of the twin situation and their competence to deal adequately with both children and each in particular.Thus, it is understood the importance of twin mothers being supported, particularly in the postpartum period, as they face a multitude of challenges that can affect the processes of attachment and separation-individuation.É decorrente das competências percetivas e relacionais da mãe e do bebé, e da sua dança relacional, que o comportamento de vinculação se vai gradualmente desenvolvendo; e é da qualidade desta dança relacional que dependerá, a posteriori, o solo individual e a articulação de dois desenvolvimentos interligados, mas independentes.Ora, no caso das mães gemelares, estas têm de estabelecer relações individuais com duas ou mais crianças, com a mesma idade, tendo em conta as suas necessidades idênticas, assim como as suas distintas personalidades, necessidades e padrões de interação.A pesquisa que se apresenta procurou investigar a existência de uma relação, nos seis primeiros meses de vida, entre o tipo de ligação vinculativa mãe-bebés gémeos e a diferenciação que a mãe faz dos mesmos.Em termos de procedimentos, foram realizadas três entrevistas semi diretivas a quarenta mães gemelares, de tipo clínico, uma após o parto e as outras aos três e aos seis meses. Para a análise dos dados, optou-se por uma metodologia quantitativa, utilizando uma análise correlacional das variáveis.A análise realizada concluiu sobre a não existência de uma relação clara entre as duas variáveis. Não obstante, a qualidade da relação mãe-bebés parece ser afetada por variáveis como: a vivência materna do parto relativamente a si e aos bebés; as complicações clínicas durante o parto; a primeira imagem materna dos bebés reaise a estadia dos bebés na incubadora; a capacidade de a mãe integrar o bebé real no bebé imaginário; a perceção materna das (des)vantagens da situação gemelar e da sua competência para lidar adequadamente com ambas as crianças e com cada uma, em particular. Compreende-se, assim, a importância de as mães gemelares serem apoiadas, particularmente no período pós-parto, já que têm de enfrentar uma multiplicidade de desafios que podem afetar os processos de vinculação e de separação-individuação
Reorganização do autocomhecimento e adaptação psicológica na adolescência
No full textThe reorganization of self-knowledge has been considered one of the most important issues of psychological development in adolescence. Considering self-knowledge as personal theory (or theories) with adaptive functions, these reorganizations can be seen as adaptive movements before a diversity of primary transformations of adolescence. Dispersed in the literature, there are references to adolescents facing physical transformations and a diversity of new social contexts, which require from them the construction of new theories, new personal scrips for their action in the world. Also mentioned in the literature is the emergence of new cognitive skills and the possibility of more sophisticated and flexible cognitive construing. In this work we present a non-systematic review of some of the most important physical, cognitive and social transformations of adolescence and their relationship to changes in self-knowledge. The following issues are addressed: (a) the emergence of genital sexuality and changes in body shape and size, and their importance in building a sexual self-concept and in promoting changes in body image; (b) social expectations for adolescents that contribute to the creation of a sense of personal identity, the circulation through an increasing number of social contexts that favor the construction of a diversity of relational selves (or selves in different social roles), and the influence that social networks have on the construing of a “package self ”; (c) the emergence of abstract cognitive abilities, which enable the differentiation of multiple selves or the growth of self-discrepancies (e.g., Actual - Ideal self), but also give rise to conflicts within the self, before a more coherent self-knowledge can be achieved. The interconnection between these transformations (physical, social and cognitive) in the construction of self-knowledge is also highlight.A reorganização do autoconhecimento tem sido considerada um dos temas mais importantes do desenvolvimento psicológico na adolescência. Considerando o autoconhecimento como teoria (ou teorias) pessoal com funções adaptativas, estas reorganizações podem ser vistas como movimentos adaptativos face às numerosas transformações primárias da adolescência. De um modo geral, dispersas na literatura, encontram-se referências a transformações físicas e a uma diversidade de novos contextos sociais com os quais o adolescente se depara e que requerem dele a construção de novas teorias, novos guiões pessoais para a sua atuação no mundo. É também referida na literatura a emergência de novas habilidades cognitivas e a possibilidade de construções cognitivas mais sofisticadas e flexíveis. Neste trabalho procede-se a uma revisão não sistemática de algumas das mais importantes transformações físicas, cognitivas e sociais da adolescência, e sua relação com mudanças no autoconhecimento. São abordados: (a) a emergência da sexualidade genital e as alterações da forma e do tamanho do corpo, e sua importância na construção de um autoconceito sexual e em alterações na imagem corporal; (b) as expetativas sociais relativamente aos adolescentes que contribuem para a criação de um sentido de identidade pessoal, bem como a circulação por um número crescente de contextos sociais favorece a construções de uma diversidade de eus relacionais (ou de eus em diferentes papeis sociais), e a influência que as redes sociais têm na construção de um “eu embrulho”; (c) a emergência de habilidades cognitivas abstratas, que possibilitam a diferenciação de múltiplos eus ou o crescimento das autodiscrepâncias (e.g., eu real – eu ideal), mas dão também lugar a conflitos no seio do self, antes de se poder alcançar um autoconhecimento mais coerente. É também sublinhada a interligação entre estas transformações (corporais, sociais e cognitivas) na construção do autoconhecimento
Investigação-ação sobre o VIH/SIDA em estudantes de enfermagem
Get PDFBackground: Knowledge, beliefs and stereotypes about HIV are a challenge for nursing students, and these constitute an important group for a training intervention. Objective of the study: To verify if the training intervention on HIV / AIDS influences the level of knowledge and stereotypes. Methodology: Action research, with a sample of 30 first-year students, training intervention on HIV/AIDS with follow-up after 3 months. A sociodemographic characterization questionnaire and the Stereotypes About AIDS Questionnaire (SAAQ) scale were used to collect data. Results: In the global it turns out that the students have knowledge about the virus. The study shows that after the training intervention there were improvements in knowledge in nine of the 15 dimensions analyzed, with only the dimension “sexuality” being statistically significant (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Nursing students present reasonable levels of knowledge; however, in view of the results, we suggest more training during the undergraduate course.Enquadramento: Os conhecimentos, crenças e estereótipos acerca do VIH são um desafio para os estudantes de enfermagem, constituindo-se estes como um importante grupo para uma intervenção formativa. Objectivo do estudo: Verificar se a intervenção formativa acerca do VIH/SIDA influencia o nível de conhecimentos e estereótipos. Metodologia: Investigação-ação, com uma amostra de 30 estudantes do primeiro ano, intervenção formativa sobre o VIH/SIDA com follow-up após 3 meses. Para colheita de dados foi utilizado um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a escala de avaliação de estereótipos sobre VIH/SIDA (SAAQ - “The Stereotypes About AIDS Questionnaire”). Resultados: No global verifica-se que os estudantes detêm conhecimentos sobre o vírus. No estudo verifica-se que após a intervenção formativa houve melhorias do conhecimento em nove das 15 dimensões analisadas, sendo que apenas a dimensão “sexualidade” é estatisticamente significativa (p=0,015). Conclusões: Os estudantes de enfermagem apresentam níveis de conhecimento razoáveis, no entanto, face aos resultados, sugerimos mais formação ao longo da licenciatura
La maximización de los factores de protección para el bienestar a través del programa pebepsi-a
No full textThe Agenda for 2030 is a plan of action centered on people, the planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships (5P) in sustainable development. The OECD also argues that emotional education should be measured. Under the theme of Education for Development, programs in the integrated approach to children’s rights also aim to promote child participation in community life through the development of competencies and values. Central objective ofthestudy: Promoting protectivefactors(academicsuccess,self-esteem and motivation). Type ofexploratorystudy (n=25 adolescents 15-16 aged) Instrument PEBEPSI-A. Locus in Lisbon. The data obtained in the sessions allow us to observe the increase in the evaluation scores of students from the 1st to the 2nd school period through indicators of participation and effectiveness in solving individual written exercises (academic success) as well as the level of motivation for learning and valuing oneself and its abilities. Studies carried out also point to the need to evaluate young people’s self-esteem and motivation towards academic success. We concluded through this study that the bet on the maximization of protective factors should be part of the interventions in this age group by the value that the positive psychological well-being assumes for the education and healthy life of the subjects.La Agenda para 2030 es un plan de acción centrado en la gente, el planeta, la prosperidad, la paz y las asociaciones (5P) en el desarrollo sostenible. La OCDE también sostiene que la educación emocional debe medirse. Bajo el tema de la Educación para el Desarrollo, los programas en el enfoque integrado de los derechos del niño también tienen como objetivo promover la participación de los niños en la vida de la comunidad mediante el desarrollo de competencias y valores. El objetivo central de El estudio: Promover los factores de protección (éxito académico, autoestima y motivación). Tipo de estudio exploratorio (n=25 adolescentes de 15-16 años) Instrumento PEBEPSI-A. Locus en Lisboa. Los datos obtenidos en las sesiones permiten para observar el aumento de las puntuaciones de evaluación de los estudiantes del 1er al 2º período escolar a través de indicators de la participación y la eficacia en la resolución de los ejercicios escritos individuales (éxito académico), así como el nivel de motivación para aprender y valorar a uno mismo y sus habilidades. Los estudios realizados también señalan la necesidad de evaluar la autoestima y la motivación de los jóvenes hacia el éxito académico. Concluimos a través de este estudio que la apuesta por la maximización de los factores de protección debe formar parte de las intervenciones en este grupo de edad por parte del valor que el bienestar psicológico positivo asume para la educación y la vida sana de los sujetos.
Motivación, emociones y pensamiento positivo en el campo de la salud y la adherencia terapéutica
Get PDFHealth is one of the most important elements for the development of a quality long life existing its importance in allowing the living being to maintain good standars of action and perform the activities of their routine life, both basics and essential in and independent and effective way. Health can be achieved through and endles of action wich can also lead to deterioration or loss. There are many causes why often we do not reach the goal of maintaining, delaying or recovering their health, obtained from the profesional, the system and the patient. In this article we have carried out a bibliographic review focusing on the lack of responsability of the patient regarding their obligation with the prescribed treatment which affects the lack of adherence to it, many times due to the important modifications that their illness and the treatment produce in their life habits. Focusing only on the patient we seek to know the importance of certain factors that can help the patient and their treatment which justifies our interest to see how motivation, positive thinking and the patient s emotion control will bring on them. However, we must not forget that in this difficult task for the patient, the help, support and medication of health professionals will be of inestimable value.La salud es uno de los elementos más relevantes para el desarrollo de una vida larga y de calidad, residiendo su importancia en permitir al ser vivo mantener buenos estándares de funcionamiento y desempeñar las actividades de su vida rutinaria, tanto básicas como instrumentales, de forma independiente y eficaz. La salud se puede conseguir mediante un sinfín de acciones, que igualmente pueden llevar a deteriorarla, o perderla. Existen muchas causas por las que muchas veces, no llegamos al objetivo de mantener o retrasar o recuperar su salud, derivadas del profesional, del sistema y del propio paciente. En este artículo hemos realizado una revisión bibliográfica centrándonos en la escasa responsabilidad de los pacientes, respecto a sus obligaciones con el tratamiento prescrito, que repercute en la falta de adherencia al mismo, muchas veces debido a las importantes modificaciones que su enfermedad y el tratamiento producen en sus hábitos de vida. Centrándonos únicamente en el paciente, buscamos conocer la importancia de determinados factores que puedan ayudar al paciente y a su colaboración activa y motivada en su tratamiento y que justifica nuestro interés por ver como la motivación, el pensamiento positivo y el control de las emociones del paciente, va a favorecer o no resultados beneficiosos en su salud. Sin embargo no debemos olvidar que en esta difícil tarea para el paciente, será de inestimable valor la ayuda, el apoyo y la medicación de los profesionales sanitarios
La intervención educativa ante una nueva diversidad, altas capacidades con ingeniería genética
Get PDFMexico is one of the leading countries in research and scientific innovation in assistedhuman reproduction. Increasing the number of Assisted Reproduction Clinics. In 1986, there were only 2 private clinics in the whole territory, and there are currently around 70 clinics in the health sector as a right to human reproduction. By assisted reproduction is meant the whole method of medical-surgical, whose purpose is to achieve the fertilization of a human being in a different way to natural conditions. This has reduced the costs of assisted reproduction, being 30% and 50% cheaper in Mexico with respect to European countries or the United States and even free in the health sector such as the ISSSTE clinics, the SSA or the Clinic of Nutrition, among others. This has led to more and more births assisted by this means. Faced with the growing right to assisted reproduction as a recent population event, in Mexico, these children arrive in the classrooms with the firm idea of parents that their children are exceptional children or with high abilities with respect to the school group to which they belong, arising the following questions: How is the educational population present in the classrooms transforming before the increase in genetic engineering? What are the psychological and cognitive characteristics present in the students considering the capacities established in the classrooms? It is a mixed approach study from documenting cases attended in the Special Education Services of the Ministry of Public Education, from the results of their psychopedagogical evaluation their educational, psychological and cognitive characteristics are identified, the results and the conclusions obtained are shown.México es uno de los países líderes en investigación e innovación científica en reproducciónhumana asistida aumentando el número de Clínicas de Reproducción Asistida. En 1986, sólo existían 2 clínicas particulares en todo el territorio, y actualmente existen alrededor de 70 incorporándose también clínicas del sector salud como un derecho a la reproducción humana. Por reproducción asistida se entiende al conjunto de método de médico-quirúrgicos, cuyo objeto es lograr la fecundación de un ser humano de manera diferente a las condiciones naturales. Con ello se han abaratado los costes de la reproducción asistida, siendo un 30% y un 50% más baratos en México con respecto a países europeos o Estados Unidos e incluso gratuitos en el sector salud como las clínicas del ISSSTE, del SSA o la Clínica de Nutrición, entre otras. Esto ha provocado que sean cada vez más nacimientos asistidos por ingeniería genética. Ante el derecho a la reproducción asistida como un reciente hecho poblacional, en México, estos niños y niñas llegan a las aulas con la firme idea de los padres de que sus hijos son niños excepcionales o con altas capacidades con respecto al grupo escolar al que pertenecen, surgiendo las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cómo se está transformando la población educativa presente en las aulas, ante el aumento de la ingeniería genética?; ¿Cuáles son las características psicológicas y cognitivas presentes en los alumnos considerando las capacidades establecidos en las aulas? Es un estudio de enfoque mixto a partir de documentar casos atendidos en los Servicios de Educación Especial de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, de los resultados de su evaluación psicopedagógica se identifican sus características educativas, psicológicas y cognitivas, se muestran los resultados y las conclusiones obtenidas