International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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La educación alimentaria de los niños
Get PDFOver the years, there has been a progressive increase in the number of overweight and obese people of all ages and social realities in Europe and around the world, making obesity one of the most common public health problems pressing. Obesity is a problem that does not forgive even the smallest children. The latest published data shows that children in southern European countries are those with the greatest weight problems (between18% and 21%); in Italy one in five children is obese. These data led to an investigation in Ribera, a country in Sicily (Italy), aimed at promoting the improvement of children’s nutrition by raising awareness about the bad eating habits related to eating breakfast and snacks at school. Specifically, the research, based on the idea that teachers and parents should jointly help children develop and promote knowledge and awareness of healthyeating habits, wanted to demonstrate that children’s use of a newspaper weekly snacks at school contributes to the improvement of eating habits.A lo largo de los años, se ha producido un aumento progresivo del número de personas con sobrepeso y obesas de todas las edades y realidades sociales en Europa y en todo el mundo, lo que hace de la obesidad uno de los problemas de salud pública más acuciantes. La obesidad es un problema que no perdona ni siquiera a los niños más pequeños. Los últimos datos publicados muestran que los niños de los países del sur de Europa son los que tienen mayores problemas de peso (entre el 18% y el 21%); en Italia uno de cada cinco niños es obeso. Esos datos dieron lugar a una investigación en Ribera, un país de Sicilia (Italia), destinada a promover la mejora de la nutrición infantil mediantelasensibilización sobre los malos hábitosalimentariosrelacionadoscon el consumo de desayunos y refrigerios en la escuela. Concretamente, la investigación, partiendo de la idea de que los maestros y los padres deben ayudar conjuntamente a los niños a desarrollar el conocimiento y la conciencia de los hábitos alimentarios sanos y a promoverlos, quería demostrar que el uso por parte de los niños de un diario semanal de aperitivos en la escuela contribuye a la mejora de los hábitos alimentarios
Los efectos del divorcio en el progenitor custodio y no custodio, según los jóvenes
Get PDFSocial agents develop beliefs to generate expectations about the social reality in which they live, and to guide their own behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze the explicit belief held by a group of young people (from 19 to 26 years old) about the effects of divorce on the parents after the separation, and if this is influenced by the variables submitted to study. For this, an open interview was given to a sample of 160 subjects, distributed according to their personal experience of family breakdown (experienced vs. inexperienced) and their sex (male vs. female). In general, the results show a more negative than positive view of the effects of the family break in the non-custodial parent. On the contrary, a somewhat more positive than negative view of the effects on the custodial parent. In addition, the Personal Experience of family breakdown is the variable that show the greatest influence on the explicit belief about divorce and its effects.Los agentes sociales elaboran creencias para generar expectativas sobre la realidad social en la que viven, y guiar su propia conducta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la creencia explícita que tiene un grupo de jóvenes (de 19 a 26 años) sobre los efectos del divorcio en los progenitores, tras la ruptura, y si dicha creencia se ve influida por las variables que se exploran. Para ello se pasó una entrevista abierta a una muestra de 160 sujetos, distribuidos según su Experiencia personal de ruptura familiar (con experiencia vs. sin experiencia) y su Sexo (masculino vs. femenino). En general, los resultados muestran una visión más negativa que positiva sobre los efectos de la ruptura familiar en el progenitor no custodio, y lo contrario respecto a los efectos sobre el progenitor custodio. Además, la Experiencia personal de ruptura familiar es la variable que muestra mayor influencia sobre la creencia explícita acerca del divorcio y sus efectos
Creciendo con las emociones: inteligencia emocional de la niñez a la adolescencia
Get PDFMore and more educational centers are including, in their curricula, spaces for Emotional Education. Likewise, there has been a notable increase in the interest of families to know and implement this aspect in the educational development of their children. For this reason, we consider that it is both interesting and relevant to know the development of the temporal evolution of Emotional Intelligence during childhood and adolescence through the Emotional Education. For that, a study has been carried out in which the basic elements of Emotional Intelligence are observed with the aim of both analyzing and comparing their temporal evolution in a setting of Formal Education. To that purpose, following a quantitative methodology, an ad hoc questionnaire was designed, which was applied to a sample (n = 179) of schoolchildren between 9 and 16 years old, pertaining to grades from the 4th to the 6th of Primary Education and also from the 1st to the 4th grades of Secondary School.Cada vez son más los centros educativos que incluyen, en sus planes de estudio y currículos, espacios para la Educación Emocional. En el mismo sentido, se ha producido un notable incremento del interés de las familias por conocer e implementar este aspecto en el desarrollo educativo de sus hijos. Por ese motivo, consideramos que es interesante y relevante conocer el desarrollo de la evolución temporal de la Inteligencia Emocional a lo largo de la infancia y adolescencia a través de la Educación Emocional. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio en el que se observan los elementos básicos de la Inteligencia Emocional con el objetivo de analizar y comparar su evolución temporal en un ámbito de Educación Formal. A tal efecto, siguiendo una metodología cuantitativa, se diseñó un cuestionario ad hoc, que fue aplicado a una muestra de menores con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y los 16 años, estudiantes de 4º a 6º de Educación Primaria y de 1º a 4º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (n= 179)
O fator fake news na atualidade, na mira da psicologia
Get PDFWith this article we pretend to define and understand the central aspects of Fake News. This event has gain attention in personal conversations and in the social media. It is important to understand how this phenome happens and how the receptor is persuaded to believe in the massage,so wecan understand the damage it can cause in the society, for example the elections that have been directly affected for this phenome and establish how to prevent it. Based in studies of other authors we understood the motivations and elements necessary to make and disseminate the information. Since fake news look like real ones its easier for people to believe in them without questioning. Considering the difficult and complexity of the combat of fake news, at the end of this article we analyse a few methods that are been used and highlight the favourable points and possible advances.Vivemos na era da informação digital e rápida. Hoje em dia constatamos infelizmente que mesmo em situação de crise, como a que estamos a viver face ao Covid19, as fake news aparecem e alastram-se comprometendo muitas vezes situações delicadas. Assim tem como objetivo este estudo exploratório definir e perceber as principais questões envolvidas na existência das fake news. Esta terminologia tem ganhado fama entre várias conversas e é um tema presente nas redes sociais. Entender como este fenómeno ocorre e em que medida ele pode persuadir o recetor da mensagem é importante para analisar os danos causado na sociedade, como por exemplo as eleições que foram afetadas diretamente por esses tipos de notícias, e estabelecer um método preventivo. Na análise de diferentes estudos já realizados constatou-se que existem motivações e elementos essenciais para a produção e disseminação deste tipo de informação. As fake news parecem noticias verdadeiras e isso aumenta a possibilidade de que as pessoas acedam essas informações e acreditem na sua veracidade sem que esta seja verificada.Como combater a disseminação destas informações não é simples, a psicologia com toda a sua humildade e bem querer, numa promoção continua de positividade e lucidez procurará sempre analisar algumas medidas já utilizadas, destacando vantagens e possíveis melhorias
Actitudes hacia el aprendizaje cooperativo y enfoque histórico
Get PDFEducation of personality through teaching-learning processes (in Spanish, PEA) based on the cultural- historical psychology, stimulate the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and promote human development through particular forms of organization of individuals and knowledge. The development of feelings, attitudes, values, thoughts, imagination, attention among others, is its essential concern. That is why this study aims to demonstrate that teaching with a cultural-historical psychology develops a predisposition and attitudes towards teamwork. This study aims to demonstrate that teaching with a cultural- historical psychology, develops attitudes favourable to teamwork. The research is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and includes a control group. Students from schools with whom teachers worked in training in pre-professional practice were selected for intervention.835 students participated in the research, from which 430 make up the experimental group consisting of students of Basic Superior in an average age of 13.4 (± 0.95) years and Senior High School of 16.4 (± 1.6) years.The control group includes 405 students of Basic education and Senior High school, whose ages are similar to the experimental group. In the PEA of the experimental group, a class design was used which, in organizational forms, emphasizes cooperative work techniques. The Predisposition and Attitudes towards Teamwork Questionnaire (in Spanish, CACTE) was applied. After the intervention, the experimental group had a significant increase (p smaller than 0.001) with respect to the control group and its effect size was medium (r = 0.27), a situation that makes it possible to affirm that the application of teamwork with cooperative learning techniques, contributes to the development of sociability, raises self-esteem, and guarantees significant learning for the person, reduces individualism and competence.La educación de la personalidad mediante procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje (PEA) sustentados en el enfoque histórico cultural, estimulan la zona de desarrollo próximo (ZDP) y promueven el desarrollo humano mediante particulares formas de organización de los individuos y del conocimiento. El desarrollo de sentimientos, actitudes, valores, pensamientos, imaginación, atención, entre otros, es su preocupación esencial. Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar que la enseñanza con el enfoque histórico cultural desarrolla actitudes favorables al trabajo en equipo. La investigación es de corte cuasi-experimental con un diseño pretest-postest con grupo control.Se seleccionaron para la intervención a estudiantes de los colegios con quienes trabajaron los docentes en formación en la práctica pre-profesional. Intervinieron en la investigación 835 estudiantes, 430 conforman el grupo experimental integrado por estudiantes de Básica Superior en una media de edad de 13,4 (±0,95) años y de Bachillerato de 16,4 (±1,6)años. El grupo control integran 405 estudiantes de Básica y Bachillerato, cuyas edades son similares al grupo experimental. En el PEA del grupo experimental se utilizó un diseño de clase que, en las formas organizativas pone énfasis en técnicas de trabajo cooperativo. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Predisposición y Actitudes ante el trabajo en equipo (CACTE). Tras la intervención, el grupo experimental tuvo un incremento significativo (p menor que 0,001) respecto al grupo control, su tamaño del efecto fue mediano (r=0,27), situación que permite afirmar que trabajar en equipo con técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo desarrolla sociabilidad, eleva la autoestima y garantiza aprendizajes significativos para la persona, aminora el individualismo y la competencia
A música na lupa da psicologia face à pandemia: Covid19!
Get PDFThe world went out of tune with the sound of a virus called Covid19, and if music was already important in our lives, it became more and more important in this mandatory quarantine for millions of habitants of planet Earth. Music emerges as a strategy for good mental health to alleviate the confrontation with the reduction of freedom that they abruptly found themselves having to accept. Thus, this exploratory study arises not only to analyze a song in its construction, planning, choice of tonic (the note that “sends”), but in what frequency vibrates, for example, the frequency 329Hz. This frequency is associated with improvements in breathing, in grounding (basis / knowledge of the facts) and improves the state of flow (flow state: mental state of operation in which the person is totally immersed in what he is doing, characterized by a total feeling involvement and success in the activity process). In this way we will try to investigate how music works, as well as placing music in the lens of Psychology at the service of the community in the face of this pandemic!O mundo desafinou ao som de um vírus chamado Covid19, e se já era importante a música na nossa vida, mais significativa se tornou, de extrema importância nesta quarentena obrigatória para milhões de habitantes do planeta terra. A música surge como estratégia para uma boa saúde mental para aliviar o confronto com a redução de liberdade que se viram abruptamente a ter que aceitar. Assim surge este estudo exploratório não só para analisarmos uma música na sua construção, planeamento, escolhas de tónicas (a nota que “manda”), como em que frequência vibra, exemplo, a frequência 329Hz. Esta frequência está associada a melhorias na respiração, no grounding (base/conhecimentos dos factos) e melhora o estado de fluxo (flow state: estado mental de operação na qual a pessoa está totalmente imersa no que está a fazer, caracterizado por um sentimento total de envolvimento e sucesso no processo de atividade). Assim procuraremos perscrutar como funciona a música, bem como colocar a música na lupa da Psicologia ao serviço da comunidade face a esta pandemia
Publicidade persuasiva. Revisão bibliográfica
Get PDFThe present work emphasizes an exploration focused on the persuasion of communication, as well as the means to which they can be extended. In a search for a bibliographic review with the greatest possible timeliness, a focus was found on the rhetorical part that comes from the famous Aristotle (384-322 BC). The Greek philosopher wanted during the classical Greek period to understand a model of communication that is still used today. Even though communication today is more media, through the media and in turn in advertising, the analysis of speeches, argumentation techniques and figures of style is promoted, in order to transmit relevant information and adopt appropriate behaviors. Currently there is an evolution as modern rhetoric predominates, with greater sophistication. It should be noted that persuasion still has limitations due to the subjects’ beliefs. The literature tells us that the psychosociological causes of advertising occur due to conformism and social imitation, also due to the culture in which we operate and often even unconsciously.O presente trabalho dá enfase a uma exploração centrada na persuasão da comunicação, tal como os meios a que se podem estender. Numa busca de revisão bibliográfica com a maior atualidade possível, foi verificado um enfoque na parteretórica queadvém do célebre Aristóteles(384-322 a.c.). Quis o filósofo grego durante o período clássico grego que compreendessem um modelo de comunicação que ainda hoje é utilizado. Ainda que hoje a comunicação seja mais mediática, através dos media e por sua vez na publicidade, promove se a analise dos discursos, técnicas de argumentação e figuras de estilo, de modo, a ser transmitida a informação relevante e a adotar comportamentos adequados. Atualmente há uma evolução na medida em que a retórica moderna predomina, existindo uma maior sofisticação. É de salientar que a persuasão ainda tem limitações devido às crenças dossujeitos. Diz-nos a literatura de que as causas psicossociológicas da publicidade ocorrem por meio do conformismo e imitação social, devido também à cultura em que nos inserimos e muitas vezes ainda de um modo inconsciente
Análisis del consumo de sustancias e indicadores de salud física y psicológica en hombres y mujeres jóvenes
Get PDFHealth is a biopsychosocial experience related to certain aspects such as lifestyles and well-being. However, this perspective has not always been studied with regard to both gender and physical and mental health indicators. Objective: to analyze the relationship between specific health habits (tobacco, alcohol and substance consumption) and the subjective perception of physical and mental well-being taking into account gender differences. Method: 600 university students (50% men; 50% women) completed an online questionnaireregarding Lifestylesand Health (Giménez-García and Ballester-Arnal, 2017). Results: 13.5% reported poor physical health (14% men and 13% women) and 17.7% poor mental health (18.3% men and 17% women).Regarding theconsumption of toxicsubstances, 14.7% of thesamplesmokes, 47% of thesample has been quite many times drunk and 34.2% of the sample has consumed other substances. More men than women have been drunk many times (X2=10.13; p=.017) and more men than women have ever used other substances (X2=8.08; p= .004). In general, there is no association between the consumption and abuse of tobacco, alcohol and other substances with the perception of mental or physical health by young people. In spite of there should be a certain relationship between lifestyles such as substance use and mental and physical health, many of these results have not been significant. Given that subjective perception of mental and physical health has been evaluated and objective indicators have not, this may be a resault of the low risk perception of young people, which leads them to carry out unhealthy behaviors without being aware of the consequences at the short term. In prevention programs it is essential to consider this lack of risk perception at young people.La salud es una experiencia biopsicosocial que se relaciona con ciertos aspectos como los estilos de vida y el bienestar. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva no siempre se ha estudiado atendiendo tanto al género como a indicadores de salud física y mental. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre hábitos de salud específicos (tabaco, alcohol y consumo de sustancias) y la percepción subjetiva de bienestar físico y mental, teniendo en cuenta las diferencias de género. Método: 600 universitarios (50% hombres; 50% mujeres) completaron un cuestionario online sobre Estilos de Vida y Salud (Giménez-García y Ballester-Arnal, 2017). Resultados: el 13,5% reporta una mala salud física (14% hombres y 13% mujeres) y el 17,7% una mala salud mental (18,3% hombres y 17% mujeres).En cuanto al consumo de sustancias tóxicas, el 14,7% de la muestra fuma, el 47% se ha emborrachado bastantes-muchas veces y el 34,2% ha consumido otras sustancias. Más hombres que mujeres se han emborrachado muchas veces (X2= 10,13; p= .017) y han consumido otras sustancias alguna vez (X2=8,08; p= ,004). En general, no existe una asociación entre el consumo y abuso de tabaco, alcohol y otras sustancias con la percepción de salud mental ni física por parte de los jóvenes. Así, aunque en teoría debería existir cierta relación entre estilos de vida como el consumo de sustancias y la salud mental y física, gran parte de estos resultados no han sido significativos. Dado que se ha evaluado percepción subjetiva de salud mental y física y no indicadores objetivos, esto puede deberse a la baja percepción de riesgo de los jóvenes, lo que les lleva a la realización de conductas no saludables sin por ello ser conscientes de las consecuencias no fácilmente reconocibles a corto plazo. En los programas de prevención es fundamental considerar esta falta de percepción de riesgo entre los jóvenes
Educar hacia un corazón inteligente: inteligencia emocional en la niñez
Get PDFNowadays, some still think that Emotional Intelligence is a rarity or snobbery invented from the sphere of education. Although the reality is quite different, because emotions are part of our daily lives, we experience them constantly and since childhood we are taught to recognize that they are part of one and that we have to learn to recognize and live with them. For this reason, weconsider that it iscertainlyimportant to emphasizethe Emotional Education, taking theclassrooms as the starting point. In conclusion, the Main and General Objective of the present work is to observe the temporal evolution of the Emotional Intelligence of children in a formal setting through the Emotional Education. For that, six components will be observed: Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Empathy, Social Skills, Self-confidence and Tolerance to Frustration, in a sample (n = 140) of schoolchildren of Primary Education, that is, between 6 and 12 years old, using for it a qualitative methodology of self-elaboration and designed ad hoc.En la actualidad, algunos siguen pensando que la Inteligencia Emocional es una rareza o un esnobismo inventado desde el ámbito de la educación. Aunque la realidad es bien distinta, dado que las emociones forman parte de nuestra cotidianeidad, las experimentamos constantemente y desde pequeños se enseña a reconocer que son parte de uno mismo y que tenemos que aprender a reconocerlas y vivir con ellas. Por ese motivo, consideramos que es ciertamente importante incidir en la Educación Emocional, tomando las aulas como punto de partida. En definitiva, el Objetivo Principal, y General, del presente trabajado es observar la evolución temporal de la Inteligencia Emocional de niños en un ámbito formal a través de la Educación Emocional. Para ello, se observarán seis componentes: Autoconciencia, Autocontrol, Empatía, Habilidades Sociales, Autoconfianza y Tolerancia a la Frustración en una muestra de niños, estudiantes de Educación Primaria, es decir, de entre 6 y 12 años (n=140), utilizando para ello una metodología cualitativa de elaboración propia y diseñada ad hoc
Relación entre neurociencia y procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje
Get PDFThis review tries to conceptualize and understand the term neuroscience and more specifically, delimit the term neuroscience linked to education, as well as cognitive neuroscience, analyzing various articles in which authors can be found in favor of the application of neuroscience in the classroom and other authors who oppose this idea, arguing the posible problems that may arise in its implementation in the classroom. For this, the databases have been used: Dialnet, Proquest, ISO, Taylor and FrancisOnline and Google School. As well as the webs of the MEC and the Trinitarios School. 54 articles and books have been analyzed, of which 15 are related to programs and/or projects. The role of the teacher in the appliance of methodologies in the classroom linked to neuroscience is emphasized, as well as factors that influence the learning process of the student, such as: brain plasticity and memory. Finally, 9 programs and/or projects will be analyzed, especially in the Spanish area, although other implemented outside this area are added (n=10). This is also an analysis of the importance of implementing more methodologies and strategies in the Spanish Educational area, since few results have been found in this regard. This generates a proposal to extrapolate to the Spanish classrooms other programs and/or projects implemented in other contexts, as well as generate our own programs and/or projects, to achieve a significant learning by our students in the different educational levels.Estarevisión trata deconceptualizaryentenderel término neurocienciay másconcretamente, delimitarel término neurociencia vinculado a la educación, así como la neurociencia cognitiva, analizando diversos artículos en los que se pueden encontrar autores a favor de la aplicación de la neurociencia en el aula y otros autores que se contraponen a dicha idea alegando los posibles problemas que pueden surgir en su implementación en el aula.Para ello se han utilizado las bases de datos: Dialnet, Proquest, ISOC, Taylor y Francis Online y Google escolar. Así como las páginas del Mec y del Colegio Trinitarios. Se han analizado 54 artículos y libros de los cuales 15 son relativos a programas y/o proyectos. Se enfatiza el papel del docente en la implementación de metodologías en el aula vinculadas a la neurociencia, así como factores que influyen en el proceso de aprendizaje del alumno, como son: la plasticidad cerebral y la memoria. Por último, se analizarán 9 programas y/o proyectos sobre todo en el ámbito español, aunque se añaden otros implementados fuera de dicho ámbito (n=10). Así se realiza, también, un análisis sobre la importancia de implementar más metodologías y estrategias en el ámbito educativo español, ya quese han encontrado escasosresultadosal respecto. Con ello se genera una propuesta de extrapolar a las aulas españolas otros programas y/o proyectos implementados en otros contextos, así como generar nuestros propios programas y/o proyectos, para alcanzar un aprendizaje significativo por parte de nuestro alumnado en los distintos niveles educativos