International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Alfabetización en salud mental: una revisión sistemática de los instrumentos de medición
Get PDFBackground: Mental health literacy has become increasingly important as an empowerment tool in the field of mental health. Any intervention should always be preceded by a clear diagnosis of the situation. Objectives: To identify mental health literacy measurement instruments among adults living in a given community. Methods: An integrativereview of theliterature wasconducted using the PICOD method bysearching thefollowing scientific databases: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. The JBI critical appraisal checklist for methodological quality was used and the PRISMA guidelines were taken into account to critically assess the quality of the studies included in this work. Three articles met the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the study. Results: Three instruments for assessing mental health literacy were identified: the MHLS, the MHKQ and the MAKS. The assessment of the methodological and psychometric quality of each of these instruments demonstrated that one of the studies showed a very good level of reliability, another study showed an acceptable level of reliability, whereas the last one showed a poor level of reliability. Conclusion: These results show that the MHLS is the best validated assessment tool for health care professionals. Given the limited number of primary studies identified, the construction of an instrument to assess the level of positive mental health literacy in the community is crucial. Antecedentes: La alfabetización en salud mental ha adquirido una importancia creciente como herramienta de empoderamiento en el ámbito de la salud mental. Cualquier intervención debe ir siempre precedida de un diagnóstico claro de la situación. Objetivos: Identificar los instrumentos de medición de la alfabetización en salud mental entre los adultos que viven en una comunidad determinada. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura utilizando el método PICOD mediante la búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos científicas: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Cochrane Library y EMBASE. Se utilizó la lista de comprobación de la calidad metodológica del JBI y se tuvieron en cuenta las directrices PRISMA para evaluar críticamente la calidad de los estudios incluidos en este trabajo. Tres artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y, por tanto, se incluyeron en el estudio. Resultados: Se identificaron tres instrumentos para evaluar la alfabetización en salud mental: el MHLS, el MHKQ y el MAKS. La evaluación de la calidad metodológica y psicométrica de cada uno de estos instrumentos demostró que uno de los estudios mostró un nivel de fiabilidad muy bueno, otro estudio mostró un nivel de fiabilidad aceptable, mientras que el último mostró un nivel de fiabilidad pobre. Conclusión: Estos resultados muestran que el MHLS es el mejor instrumento de evaluación validado para los profesionales de la salud. Dado el limitado número de estudios primarios identificados, es crucial la construcción de un instrumento para evaluar el nivel de alfabetización en salud mental positiva en la comunidad
La percepción de amenaza física en la pareja y el bienestar en la juventud
Get PDFThe present work studies the perception of threat to security and/or physical integrity in romantic partners during youth, related to personal and couple well-being. Participants were 316 young people between 18 and 36 years old (M = 23.61; SD = 3.678). 72.47% were female. Regarding sexual orientation, 64.87% were heterosexual and 35.12% of other sexual orientations. Perceived physical threat in current romantic relationship and past relationships (ad hoc questions), well-being (SWRS), relationship satisfaction (RAS) and subjective well-being (SWLS and SPANE) were assessed. Data collection was carried out online, the data were analyzed using SPSS v.26, performing descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVAs and Pearson correlations. Among the results obtained, we highlight that 30.2% of young people reported that they have felt their physical integrity threatened on at least once in previous relationships. Among bisexuals, this number rises to 44.6%, being significantly higher than among heterosexuals (F = 5.34; p = .001). Of those with a current partner, only 2.2% report perceiving threat on some occasion in this romantic relationship. Perceived threat in previous relationships is related to greater communication (r = .18; p = .017) and less conflict (r = -.17; p = .025) in the current romantic relationship, as well as greater negative affect (r = .19; p = .004). The need to study intimate partner violence in all types of romantic relationships during youth is discussed, developing tools to obtain accurate and sensitive indicators on the prevalence of different types of violence.El presente trabajo estudia la percepción de amenaza hacia la seguridad y/o integridad física en las relaciones de pareja durante la juventud en relación con variables del bienestar personal y de pareja en la actualidad. Participaron 316 jóvenes entre 18 y 36 años (M=23.61; DT=3.678), 72.47% se identificaron con el género femenino. Respecto a la orientación sexual, 64.87% fueron heterosexuales y 35.12% de otras orientaciones sexuales. Se evaluó la percepción de amenaza física en la pareja actual y relaciones pasadas (preguntas ad hoc), el bienestar con la pareja actual (SWRS), la satisfacción con la relación (RAS) y el bienestar subjetivo (SWLS y SPANE). La recogida de datos se realizó online, los datos fueron analizados mediante SPSS v.26, realizando estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas t, ANOVAs y correlaciones de Pearson. Entre los resultados obtenidos, destacamos que el 30.2% de las personas jóvenes manifiesta haber sentido amenazada su integridad física por lo menos en una ocasión en relaciones anteriores. En las personas bisexuales, este dato asciende al 44.6%, siendo significativamente superior a las personas heterosexuales (F = 5.34; p = .001). De las personas con pareja actualmente, solo el 2.2% informa percibir amenaza en alguna ocasión en dicha relación. La percepción de amenaza en relaciones anteriores se relaciona con mayor comunicación (r = .18; p = .017) y menores conflictos (r = -.17; p = .025) en la relación de pareja actual, así como con mayor afecto negativo (r = 0.19; p = .004). Se discute la necesidad de estudiar la violencia en la pareja en todo tipo de relaciones de pareja durante la juventud, desarrollando herramientas para obtener indicadores precisos y sensibles sobre la prevalencia de diferentes tipos de violencias
Evaluación del envejecimiento en personas con discapacidad intelectual mediante una prueba de screening conductual
Get PDFThe increase in life expectancy in people with intellectual disabilities (IDPs) is having a great impact on their care needs and associated resources. IDPs need to maintain their quality of life in old age and for this, assessment and diagnosis services must be able to detect early the appearance of pathological aging and thus establish specialized and individualized support. It is essential to have screening tests, which allow direct care professionals to detect these indicators early and thus refer them to specialized services. The objective of this work was to describe the characteristics of a 31-item behavioural screening test, with a response format of four categories, designed to record behaviours associated with aging. The Scale was administered by direct care professionals to 64 IDPs aged between 35 and 65 years. The ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki were complied. The scale allows describing the behaviours associated with basic psychological processes, activities of daily living (ADL) and emotional state, which appear more frequently in PDI. It can be considered a useful tool for direct care professionals. It would be necessary to deepen in the analyses of reliability and predictive validity that confirm its usefulness in the early detection of disorders associated with pathological aging and pathologies related to mental health. In future research, we intend to delve into these aspects, as we consider that having reliable and valid assessment tools facilitate early detection,and allow the implementation of prevention programs that improve care for mental health pathologies in PDIs who are ageing.El incremento de la esperanza de vida en personas con discapacidad intelectual (PDI) está teniendo un gran impacto en sus necesidades de atención y en los recursos asociados. Las PDI necesitan mantener su calidad de vida en la vejez y para ello es necesario poder detectar precozmente la aparición de un envejecimiento patológico y así establecer apoyos de manera especializada e individualizada. Contar con pruebas de cribado que permitan a los profesionales de atención directa detectar de forma temprana estos indicadores y así derivarlos a los servicios especializados, es fundamental. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las características de una prueba de screening conductual de 31 ítems, con un formato de respuesta de cuatro categorías, diseñada para el registro de conductas asociadas al envejecimiento. La Escala fue administrada por profesionales de atención directa a 64 PDI de edades comprendidas entre los 35 y 65 años. Se cumplió con las normas éticas de la Declaración de Helsinki. La escala permite describir las conductas asociadas a los procesos psicológicos básicos, las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y el estado emocional, que aparecen más frecuentemente en PDI. Se puede considerar una herramienta útil para los profesionales de atención directa. No obstante es necesario profundizar en los análisis de fiabilidad yvalidez predictiva queconfirmen su utilidad en la detección precoz de trastornos asociados al envejecimiento patológico y patologías relacionadas con la salud mental. En futuras investigaciones pretendemos profundizar en estos aspectos, pues consideramos que disponer de herramientas de evaluación fiables y válidas, facilitan la detección temprana, y permiten implementar programas de prevención que mejoran la atención a lasalud mental en PDI en proceso de envejecimiento. 
Bem-estar psicológico da população portuguesa
Get PDFPsychological well-being can be understood as the emotional balance between the internal of each individual and the external experiences, that is, it means being well with oneself and simultaneously with others, accepting the demands and difficulties of life, knowing how to deal, cope or manage emotions, maximizing the fullness of life with respect. Research has been showing the enormous importance between psychological well-being and good mental health. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of psychological well-being in the Portuguese population,as wellasto identify determining factors. It is a quantitative study, characterized as observational, transversal and analytical. For the sample selection, the Snowball or Snowball Sampling methodology was used. Thus, this is called non-probabilistic and accidental. By analogy, it is like a snowball that rolls down the hill and as it rolls it increases in size. All ethical principles applied to this type of research were respected, considering the Declaration of Helsinki and the Oviedo Convention. Data collection was carried out in 2020. To this end, we applied an online questionnaire consisting of two parts, the first of which consists of questions of a sociodemographic character (gender, age, marital status, educational qualifications, place of birth, district, municipality and means of residence, type of housing), the second is made up of the Psychological Well-Being Manifestation Scale (EMMBEP). The sample consists of 135 participants, of which 92 are female and 43 are male, aged between 18 and 63 years, where the most frequent age group is between 18 and 39 years (73%) and mostly single (60.74%). In professional terms, the most representative group corresponds to active workers (56.20%), of these 33.87% are working at home and 16.94% are working online. They mostlylivein urban areas(70.37%)and in houses(50.37%). In terms of health, 79.26% reported not having diseases and not taking tranquilizers / antidepressants (87.41%). Regarding psychological well-being, although without statistical significance, higher mean values seem to be observed in males (70.93), in individuals aged 60 and over (69.66), in divorced people (73.66), in students (70), workers working in the workplace (69.04), individuals living in urban areas (68.57) and apartments (68.61%), participants who say they are not sick (69.21) and who take tranquilizers / antidepressants (72.5). Lay-off workers (46) and pensioners (41) have, on average, scores below 60. In conclusion, we observed values above 60 for most people in the sample, with generally good levels of psychological well-being. Except for workers in Lay-off and pensioners. No statistical relationship was identified with the factors analyzed. These data must be considered regarding health decision-making,since groups with low psychological well-being are identified, where the intervention may be of central importance, contributing to raise the level of well-being and therefore the health status of the populations. The sample size may be considered a limit to the present investigationO bem-estar psicológico pode ser entendido como o equilíbrio emocional entre o interno de cada individuo e as vivências externas, ou seja, é estar bem com ele próprio e simultaneamente com os outros, aceitar as exigências e dificuldades da vida, saber lidar, enfrentar ou gerir as emoções, maximizando a plenitude da vida com respeito. A investigação tem vindo a demostrar a enorme importância existente entre o bem-estar psicológico e uma boa saúde mental. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o nível de bem-estar psicológico na população portuguesa, bem como identificar fatores determinantes. É um estudo de natureza quantitativa, caraterizando-se como observacional, transversal e analítico. Para a seleção da amostra será utilizada a metodologia de Bola de Neve ou Snowball Sampling. Assim, esta denomina-se não probabilística e acidental. Por analogia, é como uma bola de neve que rola monte abaixo e à medida que rola vai aumentando o seu tamanho. Foram respeitados todos os preceitos éticos aplicado a este tipo de investigação, tendo em conta a Declaração de Helsínquia e Convenção de Oviedo. A colheita de dados foi efetuada em 2020. Para tal aplicamos um questionário online constituído por duas partes, a primeira é constituída por questões de caraterização sociodemográfico (género, idade, estado civil, habilitações literárias, naturalidade, distrito, concelho e meio de residência, tipo de habitação), a segunda é constituída pela Escala de Medida de Manifestação de Bem-estar Psicológico (EMMBEP). A amostra é constituída por 135 participantes dos quais 92 são do sexo feminino e 43 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 63 anos, onde o grupo etário mais frequente é entre os 18 e os 39 anos(73%)e maioritariamente solteiros (60,74%). Em termos profissionais o grupo mais representativo corresponde aos trabalhadores ativos (56,20%), destes 33,87% estão a trabalhar em casa e 16,94% estão a trabalhar on-line. Residem maioritariamente em zona urbana (70,37%) e em moradias (50,37%). Em termos de saúde 79,26% referem não ser portadores de doenças e não fazer calmantes/antidepressivos (87,41%). Relativamente ao bem-estar psicológico, embora sem significância estatística, parecem verificar-sevalores médios superiores no sexo masculino (70,93), nos indivíduos com 60 e mais anos (69,66), nos divorciados (73,66), nos estudantes (70), nos trabalhadores a exercer a atividade no local de trabalho (69,04), nos indivíduos a residir em zona urbana (68,57) e em apartamentos (68,61%), nos participantes que afirmam não ser doentes (69,21). E naqueles que tomam calmantes/antidepressivos (72,5). Os trabalhadores em Lay-off (46) e os reformados (41) apresentam em média, scores abaixo de 60. Em conclusão, observamos valores superiores a 60 para grande maioria da amostra, apresentando em geral bons níveis de bem estar psicológico. Com exceção dos trabalhadores em Lay-off e dos reformados. Não foram identificadas relações estatísticascom os fatores analisados. Estes dados devem ser tido sem conta no que respeita à tomada de decisão em saúde, uma vez que são identificados grupos com baixo bem-estar psicológico, onde a intervenção poderá ter importância fulcral, contribuindo para elevar o nível de bem-estar e por conseguinte o estado de saúde das populações. O tamanho da amostra poderá ser considerado limite à presente investigaçã
Privacidade e autonomia de um adulto con deficiência intelectual
No full textThis study aimed to know the aspects related to Privacy and Autonomy in the life of an Adult with intellectual disability and analyze if they interfere in home living, community living, and lifelong learning. Thus, the case study research method was used on a 38-year-old adult with intellectual disability (ID) and his 63-year-old mother. The study was carried out using Google Meet and three sources of data: the Support Intensity Scale (SIS) with applications I (2019) and II (2020), a semi-structured interview applied with the adult with ID, and Participant Observation Protocol. Our findings showed that the occurrence of opportunities for the adult to express his feelings, future plans, and desires, when the mother was absent from the meetings, stands out. Regarding the levels of support in the activities of Privacy and Autonomy via the three SIS domains (home living, community living, and lifelong learning), a decrease in the need for support was evidenced in the application II data. Therefore, the importance of working on the issues of Autonomy, Privacy, Self-determination, and Self-advocacy is evident in the growth of Adults with ID. No presente estudo, buscou-se conhecer os aspectos relacionados a Privacidade e Autonomia na vida de um adulto com deficiência intelectual, bem como analisar se interferem na execução das atividades de vida doméstica, de vida comunitária e aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Dessa forma, utilizou-se como abordagem a pesquisa estudo de caso. Participaram da pesquisa um adulto (38 anos) com deficiência intelectual (DI) e sua mãe (63 anos). Tendo em vista a situação de pandemia do COVID-19, no ano de 2020/2021, a pesquisa foi realizada por meio da plataforma Google Meet, tendo três fontes de dados: a Escala de Intensidade de Apoios (SIS), aplicação I (2019) e II (2020), entrevista semi-estruturada aplicada com o adulto com DI e Protocolo de Observação Participante. Com isso, através da análise dos resultados do estudo, destaca-se a ocorrência de oportunidades do adulto expor seus sentimentos, planos futuros e desejos, quando a mãe não estava presente nos encontros. Em relação aos níveis de apoio em atividades que demandam Privacidade e Autonomia em relação a três domínios da SIS: vida doméstica, vida comunitária e aprendizagem ao longo da vida, foi evidenciado nos dados da aplicação II da SIS, uma diminuição dos índices de necessidade de apoio nos três domínios. Portanto, evidencia-se a importância de trabalhar as questões de Autonomia, Privacidade, Autodeterminação e Auto advocacia, no desenvolvimento de pessoas com DI na vida adulta
A prevenção quaternária e a medicação off label na pandemia covid
Get PDFThe lack of effective therapy for covid-19 infection, paved the way for an exacerbated trial / error empiricism to find treatment solutions at any price, to stop this disease that was and continues to be deadly, practically all over the Planet. The proposal to apply the principle of beneficence as a basis for the use of off-label medicines, in the treatment of COVID-19, part of the need to offer the physician the theoretical parameters capable of supporting an ethically acceptable decision, on the other hand, the indiscriminate use of medicines off label offers huge individual risks and dreams of big profits, with little investments, for Big Pharma, configuring these current practices, the need for intervention of quaternary prevention, since the medicalization of society continues to be part of the current sanitary imperialism, allowing the absence of care with iatrogenesis, as well as, with overdiagnosis, overmedicalization, overtreatment, overscreenings, overinformation, present in the medical praxis where watchful waiting and the delay allowed, are new ways of attending and caring for individuals and their families.A inexistência de terapêutica eficaz para a infeção covid-19, abriu caminho a um empirismo exacerbado de tentativa/erro para encontrar soluções de tratamento a qualquer preço, para deter esta doença que foi e continua a ser mortal , práticamente em todo o Planeta. A proposta de aplicação do princípio da beneficência como fundamentação ao uso de medicamentos off label, no tratamento da COVID-19, parte da necessidade de oferecer ao médico os parâmetros teóricos capazes de fundamentar uma decisão eticamente aceitável, por outro lado o uso indiscriminado de medicamentos off label oferece riscos individuais enormes e sonhos de grandes lucros, com poucos investimentos, para a Big Pharma, configurando estas práticas atuais, necessidade de intervenção da prevenção quaternária, pois a medicalização da sociedade continua a fazer parte do imperialismo sanitário vigente, permitindo a ausência de cuidados com a iatrogenia, bem como, com overdiagnosis, overmedicalization, overtreatment, overscreenings, overinformation, presentes na práxis médica onde a watchful waiting e a demora permitida, constituem velhas formas de atender e cuidar indivíduos e suas famílias
Cambios en el estilo de vida y en las emociones durante el confinamiento por covid-19
Get PDFIn March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused many countries around the world to adopt measures based on home containment. The aim was to stop the spread, as well as the hospital crisis and deaths resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. People had to readjust their living habits to adapt to the new situation. The main objective of this research was to assess the population perception of lifestyle changes experienced during their home confinement around four parameters: (a) their diet, (b) frequency and intensity of physical exercise, (c) emotional state and (d) use of digital health digital media (eHealth). On March 31 and April 1, 2020, the link to a survey designed specifically for this purpose on Google Forms was sent via WhatsApp. A sample of 320 subjects was recruited, aged between 15 and 78 years (= 32.97; s =11.51), residents of different American and European countries, mainly from the Dominican Republic (73.8%) and Spain (17.2%). The results evidenced, with respect to diet, that 27.2% felt that their diet had worsened (37.8% that it was the same, while 35.0% that it had even improved); with respect to exercise, 52.5% stated that it had decreased in frequency/intensity (23.1% that it was the same, while 24.4% that it had increased); at the emotional level, 34.4% stated that it had worsened (51.6% that it was the same, while 14.0% that it was more positive). A statistically significant association was observed between changesin the use of eHealth toolsin eating (c2[4, n = 320] =11,75, p =.019) and exercise c2 [4, n= 320] = 85,35, p =.000). No statistically significant association was observed between emotional changes and the use of eHealth tools.En marzo de 2020, la pandemia de la COVID-19 hizo que, a lo largo del mundo, muchos países adoptaran medidas basadas en confinamientos domiciliarios. El objetivo era detener la propagación, así como la crisis hospitalaria y las muertes derivadas de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Las personas tuvieron que reajustar sus hábitos de vida para adaptarse a la nueva situación. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar la percepción poblacional sobre los cambios en el estilo de vida experimentados durante su confinamiento domiciliario en torno a cuatro parámetros: (a) su alimentación, (b) la frecuencia/intensidad de ejercicio físico, (c) el estado emocional y (d) el uso de medios digitales de salud digital (eSalud). Con este objetivo, el 31 de marzo y el 1 de abril, se envió el enlace de una encuesta diseñada en Formularios de Google a través de WhatsApp. Se reclutó una muestra de 320 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 78 años (=32.97; s=11.51), residentes de distintos países americanos y europeos, principalmente de República Dominicana (73.8%) y España (17.2%). Los resultados evidenciaron, respecto a la alimentación, que el 27,2% sentía que su alimentación había empeorado (37.8% que era igual, mientras que 35,0% que incluso había mejorado); en cuanto al ejercicio, 52.5% manifestaba que había disminuido su frecuencia / intensidad (23.1% que era igual, mientras que 24.4% que había aumentado); a nivel emocional, 34.4% señaló que había empeorado (51.6% que era igual, mientras que 14.0% que era más positivo). Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los cambios en el uso de herramientas de eSalud en la alimentación (c2[4, n = 320]= 11.75, p =. 019) y el ejercicio físico (c2 [4, n= 320] = 85.35, p =.000). No se observó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los cambios emocionales y en el uso de herramientas de eSalud
A síndrome de fragilidade em idosos: revisão de literatura sobre instrumentos de avaliação e escalas de classificação
Get PDFBackground: The profile of a frail patient corresponds to an elderly person, with multimorbidity, an unstable and often disabled health status. Frailty is a progressive clinical entity that can be prevented and treated, and is a health concern and priority. For its diagnosis, it is essential to have available a valid, reliable, easily applicable instrument that can predict the risk of adverse outcomes. Objective: This study aims to identify instruments specifically developed to assess and stratify frailty among the elderly based on information collected by healthcare professionals and to identify the one that is easiest to use, according to criteria established by the Consensus Standards for the selection of measurement instruments in healthcare. (COSMIN) Methodology: A literature review was conducted between January 1, 2013 and January 1, 2018. The research was conducted by two investigators, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). Medline, PubMed, Embase, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases with no language restriction were used, and descriptors were defined and organized. PICO (Population Implementation Comparator Outcomes) was used. We defined a priori the criteria to be followed regarding the type of studies, diagnostic measures, selection, sample size and the presence of biases. The main characteristics of each instrument were studied, evaluating its potential clinical use. Results: From the 881 selected articles, 16 studies with 26 frailty assessment tools were identified. The tools were classified as uniand multidimensional. The uni-dimensional tools are oriented towards the physical domain and functionality and biological/physiological status, while the multidimensional assessments, are based on the analysis of the interactions of physical, psychological and social domains of human functioning. Nine instruments were studied and compared, of which only 3 are clinical and of these, 2 stratify frailty. Conclusion: There is still no internationally agreed upon standard measure to assess frailty; some measures are more suitable for screening in hospitals and others in the community. The domains we observed in the instruments studied, are mainly uni- (physical/ clinical) and multidimensional (cognitive, psychological, social and environmental). Given the complexity of diagnosing frailty and the elderly, the combined use of physical and multidisciplinary screening tools is recommended.Antecedentes: O perfil de um doente frágil corresponde a uma pessoa idosa, com multimorbilidade, um estado de saúde instável e frequentemente incapacitado. A fragilidade é uma entidade clínica progressiva que pode ser prevenida e tratada, e apresenta-se como uma preocupação e uma prioridade em saúde. Para o seu diagnóstico é essencial ter disponível um instrumento válido, confiável, de fácil aplicação e que possa prever o risco de resultados adversos. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo central identificar instrumentos especificamente desenvolvidas para avaliar e estratificar a fragilidade entre idosos a partir de informações colhidas pelos profissionais de saúde e identificar aquela que seja mais fácil de usar, segundo critérios estabelecidos pelas Normas de Consensos para a seleção de instrumentos de medida em saúde. (COSMIN) Metodologia: A revisão bibliográfica efetuada no período compreendido entre dia 1 de janeiro de 2013 e 1 de janeiro de 2018. A investigação foi conduzido por dois investigadores, de acordo com os Itens de Relatórios Preferenciais para Revisões Sistemáticas (PRISMA). Foram utilizadas a base de dados da Medline, PubMed, da Embase, da LILACS e da Cochrane Library sem restrição de idioma, definidos e organizados os descritores. Foi usado o PICO (Population Implementation Comparador Outcomes). Foram definidos á priori os critérios a serem seguidos, em relação ao tipo de estudos, medidas de diagnostico, á seleção, tamanho da amostra e á presença de vieses. As principais características de cada instrumento foram estudadas, avaliando sua potencial utilização clínica. Resultados: Dos 881 artigos selecionados, foram identificados 16 estudos com 26 ferramentas de avaliação de fragilidade. As ferramentas foram classificadas como uni e multidimensional. Os instrumentos unidimensionais são orientados para o domínio físico e da funcionalidade e estado biológico / fisiológico, enquanto as avaliações multidimensionais, baseiam-se na análise das interações dos domínios físico, psicológico e social do funcionamento humano. Foram estudados e comparadas 9 instrumentos, dos quais apenas 3 são clínicos e destes, 2 estratificam a fragilidade. Conclusão: Ainda não existe internacionalmente uma medida padrão e consensual para avaliar a fragilidade; algumas medidas são mais adequadas para rastreio nos hospitais e outras na comunidade. Os domínios que observamos nos instrumentos estudados, são de principalmente uni (físicos/ clínicos) e multidimensional (cognitivo, psicológico, social e ambiental). Dada a complexidade do diagnóstico da fragilidade e do idoso, recomenda-se o uso conjunto de ferramentas físicas e de triagem multidisciplinar.
Pandemia covid-19: mejora de la calidad de vida de los cuidadores informales mediante la aceptación y orientación en valores
Get PDFPandemic COVID-19 has affected to the whole world population, being the elder people one of the collectives vulnerable to this situation. In Spain, a 54,59% of population is older than 65 years old and a 30,19% of those are dependent people. Beneath these relevant values it is worth to consider that for each person in this situation, there is, at least, an informal carer in addition to the formal carer that a dependent person has. In a year when dependent elder people had to spend most of the time confined and separated from their common activities, families, and social ties, i.e., everything that for a person is significant in life, the informal carer had to assume not only the care that they commonly did, but also an emotional management and therapeutic due to the lack of previous resources. Due to COVID-19 the informal carer has been overloaded at the emotional level because of the situation lived regarding taking care of a relative. The aim of this work is to elaborate an intervention programme for satisfying the uncovered needs at the psychosocial level of an informal carer of elder persons or in dependent situation persons during this pandemic year. Offering a tool for validating the relevance of their work and the care of dependent persons in addition of providing strategies and skills of emotional management. Working the empowering, acceptance and value guidance. With this tool, that is offered to informal carers, is aimed to improve the life quality of a carer and consequently of the elder people or in dependence situation.La pandemia por Covid-19 ha afectado a toda la población a nivel, mundial, siendo las personas mayores uno de los colectivos vulnerables en esta situación. En España el 54,59% de la población es mayor de 65 años y de este porcentaje el 30,19% son personas dependientes. Detrás de estas relevantes cifras es importante tener en cuenta que por cada persona en esta situación hay al menos un cuidador informal además de los cuidados formales que recibe. En un año donde las personas mayores dependientes han tenido que pasar la mayor parte del tiempo confinadas y apartadas de sus actividades, familias y lazos sociales, es decir, todo aquello que para la persona es significativo en su vida, el cuidador informal ha tenido que asumir no solo los cuidados que anteriormente realizaba, sino una gestión emocional y terapéutica por la falta de los anteriores recursos. Debido a Covid-19 el cuidador informal se ha visto desbordado a nivel emocional por la situación vivida respecto a los cuidados de su familiar. El propósito de este trabajo es la elaboración de un programa de intervención para respuesta a las necesidades no cubiertas a nivel psicosocial de los cuidadores informales de personas mayores o en situación de dependencia durante este año de pandemia. Ofreciendo una herramienta para validar la importancia de su trabajo y el cuidado de las personas dependientes, además de dotar de estrategias y habilidades de gestión emocional. Trabajando el empoderamiento, la aceptación y orientación en valores. Con esta herramienta que se ofrece a los cuidadores informales se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida del cuidador y por ende de la persona mayor o en situación de dependencia
Inclusión educativa según el alumnado y profesorado: integración de inmigrantes y género
Get PDFEvery year, the amount of global migrant population that tries to enter the educational system increases dramatically, encountering multiple difficulties in their integration. Likewise, gender integration is another of the pending debts. Different studies have analyzed the degree of integration of the migrant population in the educational field, as well as the acceptance by the receiving educational community. The refusal to work on subjects related to gender and diversity has also been studied, which reveals that the demands of organizations such as UNESCO or WHO, regarding the need to advance in an educational model that starts from the principle of equality, have not been heard. However, no studies have been developed that analyze both aspects in the educational field, contrasting the perspective of two of its main actors: the student body and the teaching staff. 491 Argentine adults participated in the study (58% women and 42% men), of the results 312 were university students and 179 teachers, aged between 18 and 75 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which investigated attitudes towards the inclusion of immigrants and the gender perspective in education, as well as sociodemographic variables. The results showed that the students presented more favorable attitudes both towards the inclusion of immigrants in the educational field, as well as towards gender diversity in education, compared to the teachers who were part of the study. Likewise, women carry out activities significantly more favorable towards the inclusion of immigrants in the educational field, such as a greater favorable perspective with respect to gender, compared to men. The scope and limits of the study are discussed, as well as the role of teachers and students in educational inclusion.Cada año aumenta de forma ostensible la cantidad de población migrante a nivel global que intenta acceder al sistema educativo, encontrándose con múltiples dificultades para su integración, incluyendo la integración en materia de género. Diferentes estudios han analizado el grado de integración de la población migrante en el ámbito educativo, así como la aceptación por parte de la comunidad educativa receptora. También se ha estudiado el rechazo a trabajar asignaturas vinculadas al género y la diversidad, lo que deja al descubierto que las demandas de organizaciones como la UNESCO o la OMS, sobre la necesidad de avanzar en un modelo educativo que parta del principio de igualdad, no han sido escuchadas. No obstante, no han sido desarrollados estudios que analicen ambos aspectos en el ámbito educativo, contrastando la perspectiva de dos de sus principales actores: el alumnado y el profesorado. Participaron en el estudio 491 personas adultas argentinas (58% mujeres y 42% hombres), de los cuáles 312 eran estudiantes universitarios y 179 profesores, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 75 años. Se usó un cuestionario auto aplicable, que indagaba las actitudes hacia la inclusión de inmigrantes y de la perspectiva de género en el ámbito educativo, además de variables socio-demográficas. Los resultados evidenciaron que el alumnado presentó actitudes más favorables tanto hacia la inclusión de inmigrantes en el ámbito educativo, así como hacia la diversidad de género en educación, en comparación con los profesores que formaron parte del estudio. Así también, las mujeres mostraron actitudes significativamente más favorables hacia la inclusión de los inmigrantes en el ámbito educativo, como también una mayor perspectiva favorable con respecto al género, en comparación con los hombres. Se discuten los alcances y límites del estudio, así como el rol del profesorado y alumnado en la inclusión educativa.