International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Intervir através da educação física na coeducação realidade ou intenção?
Get PDFConscious and organized intervention, in order to achieve promotion of equal opportunities in school has been, in recent decades, a major goal of physical education (PE) in Europe. Through routines and opportunities that provide both boys and girls access to physical activity and sports (PAS) which enables them to improve skills, competencies and attitudes. We believe that the contribution of PE in education is of significant value, as it enables children and young people to build their body image and gender stereotypes, develop affections and emotions, cultivate their relationship with others, build capacity and values, thus helping the training of individual or collective attitudes that respect gender equality and human rights.This study was conducted from the information collected through the application of a questionnaire to a population of 993 children, 57.5% girls and 42.5% boys, aged between 10 and 12 years, belonging to various schools. It aspires to compare the perceptions and preferences of boys and girls in respect of PAS practices that take place in PE, and to present alternative behaviors that are more flexible and inclusive.From our results we conclude that the PAS in school remains very marked by practical training of movement techniques, games and sport competitions. These experiences, mainly identified with male stereotypes, do not always help, for many young people, the formation of a good body image and good behaviors that should be maintained throughout life.We suggest that the activities offered to children and young people in schools should be more diverse and inclusive, imposing an appropriate level of performance and satisfaction to each case in particular.The activities should also be more focused either on outdoor practices or in practices that develop the sensory, expressive and body dimensions of students.Intervir de forma consciente e organizada em prol da promoção da igualdade de oportunidades na escola tem sido, nas últimas décadas, um dos propósitos da Educação Física (EF) na Europa. Através das rotinas e das oportunidades que se proporcionam, rapazes e raparigas têm acesso a uma prática de atividade física e desportiva (AFD) que lhes possibilita aperfeiçoar capacidades, competências e atitudes. O contributo da EF na educação é de um valor significativo, viabilizando às crianças e jovens construir a sua imagem corporal e os estereótipos de género, desenvolver afectos e emoções, cultivar a sua relação com os outros, criar capacidades e valores, ajudando deste modo a uma formação das atitudes individuais ou coletivas, que respeitem a igualdade de género e os direitos humanos. Este estudo foi realizado a partir da informação recolhida, através da aplicação de um questionário, a uma amostra de 993 crianças (57.5% raparigas, 42.5% rapazes) com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e 12 anos, pertencentes a várias escolas do ensino público. Ambicionou comparar as perceções e preferências de rapazes e raparigas relativamente às práticas AFD que decorrem na disciplina de EF, para se poderem apresentar alternativas de práticas mais flexíveis e integradoras. Os nossos resultados permitem-nos concluir que a AFD na escola continua a ser muito marcada por práticas de técnicas de movimento, jogos e competições desportivas, vivências muito identificadas com os estereótipos masculinos e que nem sempre ajudam à formação de um bom esquema corporal e de comportamentos, tendendo a manter ao longo da vida, para muita(o)s jovens. Sugerimos que as atividades oferecidas às crianças e jovens nas escolas sejam mais diversificadas e inclusivas, impondo um nível de desempenho e de satisfação mais adequado a cada caso em particular, devendo estar mais centradas quer em atividades de ar livre, quer em práticas que desenvolvem também as dimensões sensitiva, expressiva e corporal do(a)s aluno(a)s.
Diferencias en las atribuciones académicas en Lengua en base al Afecto Positivo
Get PDFThe goal of this study was to know if Spanish children with high scores in positive affect (PA) had statistically significant differences with the students with low scores in PA in the six dimensions that formed the language area of the academic attributions (Success: ability, effort and external causes; Failure: ability, effort and external causes). The sample was formed by 862 students, between 8 and 11 years old. The language subscale of the Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS) and the positive affect subscale of the short version of the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) were used. The Student T-test showed that participants with high levels of PA significantly had higher means in language attributions to success and failure due to external causes. On the other hand, students with low scores in PA significantly obtained higher means in language attributions to failure due to ability and effort. These results widen the previous existing literature and give the opportunity to make bigger the field of affect and academic attributions.La finalidad de esta investigación residió en conocer si los individuos pertenecientes a población infantil española con altas puntuaciones en Afecto Positivo (AP) poseían diferencias estadísticamente significativas con los individuos con bajas puntuaciones en AP en las seis dimensiones que componen las atribuciones académicas en el área de Lengua (Éxito: capacidad, esfuerzo y causas externas; Fracaso: capacidad, esfuerzo y causas externas). La muestra estaba compuesta por 862 estudiantes, entre 8 y 11 años. Se utilizó la subescala de lengua de la Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS) y la subescala de AP del Positive And Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) versión reducida. La prueba t de Student reflejó que los participantes con altos niveles de AP obtuvieron medias significativamente más altas en la atribución al éxito y al fracaso en Lengua a causas externas. Por otro lado, los sujetos con bajas puntuaciones en AP obtuvieron medias significativamente más altas en la atribución del fracaso en Lengua a la capacidad y al esfuerzo. Los resultados obtenidos complementan la literatura previa existente y dejan la posibilidad a seguir ampliando el campo del conocimiento del afecto y de las atribuciones académicas
Estudio de la vinculación y de la rabia en adolescentes institucionalizados en el área del puerto
No full textThe authors studied the anger level in 33 adolescents institutionalized in establishments that welcome young people at risk, and even the type of attachment that they have. This study aims to better understand young people and how to implement intervention strategies to improve the social behavior of those young people at risk and their integration in the institutions and take special educational measures. We used for this study two instruments already assessed for Portuguese adolescents and these were: the inventory Trace of Anger Expression that provides concise measures of experience and expression of anger (STAXI) and the Inventory Attachment in Adolescence-IPPA (Armsden and Greenberg, 1987; English version: Portuguese version of Lucia Neves, 1995). The results obtained in STAXI were compared with the results obtained by Ana Pais, in his master’s work in 2000, in a population of 552 adolescents, distributed by both sexes, allows us to identify these variables in institutionalized adolescents in STAXI. The means of those variables confirm that the State Rage and Trait Rage are higher in these institutionalized adolescents, On the other side the attachment to parents and friends is statistically different with higher insecure attachment values parents and friends in institutionalized adolescents than in a population not institutionalized.Los autores estudiaron el nivel de rabia en 33 adolescentes institucionalizados en los establecimientos que acogen a los jóvenes en riesgo, e incluso el tipo de apego que tienen. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender mejor a los jóvenes para poner en práctica estrategias de intervención para mejorar el comportamiento social de los jóvenes en riesgo, su integración en las instituciones y la necesidad de medidas especiales de educación. Se utilizaron para esta einvestigación dos instrumentos ya evaluados, para adolescentes portugueses y estos son: el inventario trazo de expresión de la rabia, que proporciona medidas precisas de la experiencia y la expresión de la rabia (STAXI), y el inventário de apego en la adolescencia a los padres y a los amigos- IPPA ( Armsden y Greenberg, 1987; versión en Inglés: versión portuguesa de Lucía Neves, 1995). Los resultados obtenidos en el STAXI se compararon con los resultados obtenidos por Ana Pais en la obra de su maestrado en 2000, con una población de 552 adolescentes, distribuido por ambos sexos. Esto nos permitió identificar estas variables del STAXI, en los jóvenes institucionalizados, valores en promedio más altos y, por otra parte, confirmar que el apego a los padres y a los amigos es estadísticamente diferente con valores más altos de apego inseguro a los padres y a los amigos de los adolescentes institucionalizados, que en la población de adolescentes no institucionalizads.
Mejora de las actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad en el alumnado de educación secundaria obligatoria
Get PDFThe present work is a practical experience carried out in the second level of the first cycle of secondary education institutions in Alicante. I’ve done it during the second assessment period, alter, having observed in the support classroom the presence of certain levels of inappropriate behaviour in the period between october and december (1st term). We want to emphasize in my work the importance of the identification by the teacher and the group of students who are part of the sample of this study of perceived as discriminatory behaviour in the classroom as an essential part of the methodology of this research. This experiment was carried out with a total of 48 students of 2nd ESO, in a group with learning disabilities and a group without learning disabilities but who was a student with Asperger’s Syndrome. Following the commitment of parents, teacher and students, it was decided to implement a attitudes improve technique toward people wiht disabilities which consisted of conducting cooperatively and the realization of a story. This study was divided into 6 sessions in which students has to answer as a group to a number of issues relating to eople with disabilities. Befor we had a scale of attitude and other valuation terms associated with disabilities to evaluate the effects of the program. The result of this research has been very successful because the students were involved from the outset in the experience, they had higher levels of engagement in behavioural change and the behaviors dropped within a short period of time thereby improving the cohesion of all students in the 2nd term (assessment period).El presente trabajo es una experiencia práctica llevada a cabo en el segundo nivel del primer ciclo de ESO en un Instituto de Educación Secundaria de la provincia de Alicante.Lo hemos realizado durante la segunda evaluación, tras observar en el aula la presencia de ciertos niveles de conductas inadecuadas en el período de octubre a diciembre (primera evaluación).Nosotros queremos destacar en nuestro trabajo la importancia de identificar por parte del profesor de aula y del grupo de alumnos que forman parte de la muetra de la investigación la presencia de conductas discriminatorias hacia la atención a la diversidad como parte fundamental de nuestro estudio.Este estudio fue llevado a cabo con un total de 48 alumnos de segundo de ESO, más concretamente, en un grupo de Diversificación Curricular (con todo tipo de dificultades de aprendizaje) y un grupo ordinario en el que existía un alumno con síndrome de Asperger.Con el compromiso de padres, profesores y alumnos decidimos implantar un programa de mejora de las actitudes del alumnado hacia las personas con discapacidad que consistía en la realización de manera cooperativade un de un cuento. Esta intervención estaba dividida en seis sesiones en las que los alumnos debían contestar de manera grupal a una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con las personas con discapacidad. Antes de la intervención pasamos una escala de actitud y otra de valoración de términos asociados con la discapacidad para evaluar los efectos del programa.El resultado de esta investigación ha sido muy satisfactoria porque los alumnos se involucraron y motivaron con esta experiencia, modificaron sus conductas y mejoraron en un corto perido de tiempo, mejorando con ello también la cohesión de ambos grupos de segundo de educación secundaria obligatoria en la segunda evaluación.
Lógicas, racionalidades e contextos dos itinerários de saúde/doença de Universitários
Get PDFCollege students in Health Sciences are typically educated, health-conscious and are a relatively homogeneous and privileged group with respect to culture and socioeconomic status, who undoubtedly represent a great future potential for leadership that may influence with some ease other social groups at different moments of the lifecycle. In our culture and society, we find phenomenologies which we know about, but are, in fact, not easy to study, such as the medicalization of society, the phenomenon of comorbidity, iatrogenicity and quaternary prevention, additionally to all the complexity related to the medicine itself. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the health/disease practices of this cluster of students as well as understand the social representations of doctors, medicines and the medicine itself, developing throughout this study a theoretical subject in various degrees used to conduct this analysis. In particular, we focused in understanding if there are medicalizing practices which promote the autonomy and/or dependence of the individuals, new ways of managing the body and well-being, risk practices, self-medication, specific beliefs in regards to medicine, metaphors about medicines, as well as if there is an alignment with the quaternary prevention. 502 university students in health sciences were surveyed using a questionnaire, one of them developed by the investigator an the other by Robert Horne. The study was exploratory, descriptive study and cross-sectional. The results were subjected to a descriptive and inferential analysis, using in this case the chi-square test, factor analysis and the analysis of the main components with a significance level of (p smaller than =0,05). We found signs of common sense and critical thinking in the choices made and we found no significant differences in gender, which leads us to question: how will the Future Society be?Os estudantes universitários em Ciências da Saúde, são tipicamente bem educados, saudáveis, são um grupo relativamente homogéneo e privilegiado relativamente a cultura e status socioeconómico, constituindo sem dúvida, um potencial de liderança futura que poderá influenciar outros grupos sociais em diversos momentos do ciclo de vida, assumindo o papel de agentes de mudança.Na Sociedade e Cultura do nosso tempo, encontramos inquietações que não são fáceis de estudar, como a medicalização da sociedade, os fenómenos de comorbilidade, iatrogenia, a prevenção quaternária, para além de toda a complexidade relacionada com a medicina, médicos e medicamentos.A partir desta temática e com recurso a vários patamares de conhecimento fomos desenvolvendo a construção de um objecto teórico de forma a seguidamente desenvolvermos a sua análise, que se concretizou no objectivo deste estudo, ou seja, conhecer e caracterizar as práticas de saúde e/ou doença, de jovens universitários, bem como representações sociais acerca dos médicos da medicina e dos medicamentos.Desejámos compreender, se existem práticas medicalizantes, promotoras da autonomia e/ou dependência, novas formas de gestão do corpo e do bem-estar, práticas de risco, recurso à auto-medicação, crenças acerca da medicina, metáforas acerca dos medicamentos, bem como se existe alinhamento com o conceito e filosofia da prevenção quaternária.Foram inquiridos, através de questionário, 502 estudantes universitários da área de Ciências da Saúde. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal. Os resultados foram sujeitos a análise descritiva e inferencial utilizando-se neste caso o teste qui-quadrado, a análise factorial e a análise de componentes principais com nível de significância de (p menor que =0,05)Encontramos sinais de bom senso e espírito crítico nas escolhas efectuadas pelos jovens, não encontramos significativas diferenças de género maior parte das variáveis em analise, o que nos leva a questionar, como será a Sociedade do Futuro
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Información y exposición indirecta para reducir estereotipos hacia el envejecimiento
Get PDFPurpose: The Image that society has about older people has been built on a base of stereotypes, far away from reality. This social image will have a determinant influence on attitudes and behaviors from all those people related with them, including health care professionals. It should be mandatory to eradicate negative stereotypes against aging during university formation, and in this practice get sensitive professionals who will attend people in their final state of life. Method: the treatment “Information plus indirect experience” was set throw the viewing of the short film “Como un Rolling” (Castilla, 2013). This film exposes the concept of active aging, and had the purpose to become the way of changing stereotype toward aging and older people in university students. Using a non-probabilistic sampling 187 students were selected (age: M=21.88, SD=4.15) from Spain (N= 112) and Costa Rica (N=75). The “Diferencial Semántico del Envejecimiento” (Villar, 1997) and the CENVE scale (Blanca, Sánchez, Tríanes, 2005) were applied before and after watching the film. t test for related samples and correlation analysis on the variables studied were run. Furthermore, the concept of active aging was qualitatively analyzed before and after viewing the documentary. Results: Higher values were identified at the level of negative stereotypes before viewing the documentary, significant differences between pre and post measures of scales were found, identifying a decrease of negative stereotypes after exposure and more positive views of aging. No significant differences between countries were found. Conclusions: It is possible to sensitize young people and get changes in stereotypes from a combined program that mixed information and experience.Propósito:La imagen que la sociedad tiene de las personas mayores se ha construido sobre una base de estereotipos, en su mayoría lejanos a la realidad. Esta imagen social tendrá una influencia determinante sobre las actitudes y comportamientos de todos aquellos que de una forma u otra se relacionan con ellos, incluidos aquellos que van a trabajar en tareas de cuidado. Durante la formación universitaria, es necesario disminuir los estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez y el envejecimiento de los futuros profesionales que atenderán a las personas al final de su ciclo vital. Método: La intervención “Información más experiencia indirecta” a partir del visionado de un corto-documental “Como un Rolling” (dir: P. Castilla, 2013) que expone el concepto de envejecimiento activo y muestra diferentes ejemplos, iba dirigida a lograr un cambio en los estereotipos hacia la vejez y el envejecimiento en estudiantes universitarios. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico se seleccionaron 187 estudiantes (Edad: M=21.88, DE=4.15) de España (N= 112) y de Costa Rica (N=75). Se aplicó el Diferencial Semántico del Envejecimiento (Villar, 1997) y el Cuestionario CENVE (Blanca, Sánchez, Tríanes, 2005) antes y después del visionado. Se realizaron pruebas t para muestras relacionadas y análisis de correlaciones sobre las variables estudiadas. Además, se analizó cualitativamente el concepto de envejecimiento activo antes y después del visionado del documental. Resultados: Se identificaron valores altos en el nivel de estereotipos negativos antes del visionado del documental. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las medidas pre y post de las escalas, identificando una disminución de los estereotipos negativos tras la exposición y unas visiones más positivas de la vejez y envejecimiento. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las muestras de los países analizados. Conclusiones: Es posible sensibilizar a la población joven y conseguir cambios en los estereotipos a partir de un programa combinado que aúne información y experiencia
Trust, Cooperation, and Self-Efficacy. A Research with Sicilian Entrepreneurs
Get PDFInvestigating the relationship between self-concept and potential territory was the aim of our research. Particularly, we have provided if the self-concept, self-efficacy and metacognitive ability of Sicilian entrepreneurs correlate with trust in Sicily Region institution. Moreover, if there was a positive correlation between high levels in these constructs and trust in another Sicilian firms. In the end, we provided if entrepreneurs, which have high levels in self-concept, self-efficacy and metacognitive ability, were good at seeing and understanding Sicily. Seeing the Sicily as potential territory to protective and to get reality.