International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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Viaje a través de los "campos" del envejecimiento, del "mundo de los mayores" al "mundo de los mayores"
Get PDFWe conducted some researches in order to explore “fields” or dimensions of elderly people’s Quality of Life (QoL), both as self-perception and hetero-perception. A set of researches were conducted in Italy and Spain, involving seniors and university students. The aim was to explore the seniors’ QoL from both their and the students’ point of view. Results showed elderly people perceived their own life better than the “other” attributed to them; they were quite good at managing Positive and Negative Emotions. Spanish university students represented more positively the elderly people’s QoL than Italian colleagues. A Positive Affect as well as an empathic attitude towards seniors affected a better representation about elderly people’s QoL. Another set of studies was focused on the elderly people’s QoL and New Technologies (NTs) as these may offer opportunities both to maintain an independent lifestyle and to being involved in relevant activities. Most participants had nor any digital skills neither prejudices on the NTs; the perceived QoL was quite positive; Self-Efficacy believes were really high. The QoL was affected only by Self-Efficacy. A workshop was held, involving a small group of both disabled and healthy seniors; it was focused on the NTs, as tools to promote an active citizenship. After Training our seniors improved their Digital Skills and their own Quality of Life. In the end, a study was conducted in order to verify how both empathy (Empatic Concern; Perspective Taking), Theory on Mind (RMET) and contact worked well to improve QoL levels attributed to elders by a group of university students. On an applicative plan, empathy and TOM should represent the backdrop in supervised experiences of contact between students and elders. Further research will be conduct on this path.Llevamos a cabo algunas investigaciones para explorar los "campos" o las dimensiones de la Calidad de Vida (CdV) de las personas mayores, como autopercepción y heteropercepción. Se llevaron a cabo un conjunto de investigaciones en Italia y España, en las que participaron personas mayores y estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo era explorar la CdV de los adultos mayores tanto desde su punto de vista como el de los estudiantes. Los resultados mostraron que las personas mayores perciben su propia vida mejor que el "otro" que se les atribuye; fueron bastante buenos en la gestión de Emociones Positivas y Negativas. Los estudiantes universitarios españoles representan más positivamente la CdV de las personas mayores que los colegas italianos. Un Afecto Positivo así como una actitud empática hacia las personas mayores afectó a una mejor representación sobre la CdV de las personas mayores. Otro conjunto de estudios se centró en la CdV y las Nuevas Tecnologías (NT) de las personas mayores, ya que pueden ofrecer oportunidades tanto para mantener un estilo de vida independiente como para participar en actividades relevantes. La mayoría de los participantes no tenían ni habilidades digitales ni prejuicios sobre los NT; la QoL percibida fue bastante positiva; La autoeficacia cree que era realmente alta. La CdV se vio afectada solo por la autoeficacia. Se llevó a cabo un taller en el que participaron un pequeño grupo de ancianos discapacitados y sanos; se centró en los NT, como herramientas para promover una ciudadanía activa. Después del entrenamiento, nuestros adultos mayores mejoraron sus habilidades digitales y su propia calidad de vida. Al final, se realizó un estudio para verificar cómo la empatía (Empatic Concern, Perspective Taking), Theory on Mind (RMET) y el contacto funcionó bien para mejorar los niveles de CdV atribuidos a los mayores por un grupo de estudiantes universitarios. En un plan de aplicación, la empatía y TOM deben representar el telón de fondo en las experiencias supervisadas de contacto entre estudiantes y ancianos. La investigación adicional será la conducta en este camino
Retos del envejecimiento de las personas con discapacidad intelectual
Get PDFThe Ageing people with disabilities, he has not yet gained scientific and social the interest that requires enormous relevance and significance of the topic. The adult population is growing dramatically, from extending their life expectancy, having increasingly elderly in our society, and therefore, more people with disabilities reach this stage of life. We will have to pay particular attention to its various and numerous fronts: cognitive, health, emotional life, social life, development of hobbies, occupation time, mode of residence or housing, self-awareness, coping with loss, and many other things....However, rarely the intellectual disability is related whit old age. Therefore, in this intervention centering on new approaches to disability: the model of support and quality of life; It addressed, the aging of older people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, with its peculiarities and needs. Both cognitive and the emotional and mental wellbeing aspects are mainly considered. It should be identified, assessment tools, programs and guidelines, all aimed at promoting a process of active aging, which contributes to improving the quality of life of older people with intellectual disabilities, promoting every one of the dimensions that make up this concept.A great social challenge is now the STAGE ageing of people with disabilities. It will be the great challenge of our century on aging.El envejecimiento de las personas con discapacidad, no ha cobrado todavía el interés científico y social que requiere la enorme relevancia y transcendencia del tema. La población adulta va creciendo espectacularmente, a partir de la prolongación de su esperanza de vida, teniendo cada vez más ancianos en nuestra sociedad, y, por ende, más personas con discapacidad llegan a esta etapa de la vida. Habrá que prestar particular atención a sus distintos y numerosos frentes: cognitivos, salud, vida afectiva, vida social, desarrollo de aficiones, ocupación del tiempo, modo de residencia o de vivienda, conciencia de sí, afrontamiento de pérdidas, y tantas otras cosas….Sin embargo, muy pocas veces se relaciona la discapacidad intelectual con la vejez. Por ello, en esta intervención centrándolo en los nuevos enfoques sobre discapacidad: el modelo de apoyos y la calidad de vida; se aborda, el proceso de envejecimiento de las personas mayores con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo, con sus peculiaridades y necesidades. Se consideran fundamentalmente los aspectos tanto cognitivos como del bienestar emocional y psíquico.Habrá que identificar, herramientas de evaluación, programas y pautas de actuación, todo ello, orientado a la promoción de un proceso de envejecimiento activo, que contribuya a la mejora de la Calidad de Vida de las personas mayores con discapacidad intelectual, promoviendo todas y cada una de las dimensiones que integran este concepto.Un gran desafío social es ahora la ETAPA DE LA VEJEZ de las personas con discapacidad. Será el gran reto de nuestro siglo en materia de envejecimiento
Valor predictivo de los moldes de la mente sobre los factores de personalidad
Get PDFThe objective of this study is to find out if it is possible to predict the characteristics of personality, measured with the PI-R NEO personality inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1978, Spanish adaptation, 1999), through the theory of the mental molds (moulds, cognitivo-emocionales HernandezGuanir strategies test, 2010).This evaluates the prototypical ways of interpreting reality in egoimplicacion situation. The sample object of study is composed of 332 agents from local police of the Autonomous Canary Islands, composed of officers chosen by their commanders and also chosen by systematic sampling.Performing multiple linear regressions, the results show that it is possible to obtain predictive models exploratory in each one of the factors of the personality.Gets a profile on each of these factors, confirming the predictive validity of the theory of the mental mold. Hierarchy is established also a predictive, being neuroticism best prediction factor and the factor of opening the smaller force in the forecast.There is also variability in the involvement of different moulds of the mind, with diversity of specific weight of these, emphasizing molds transformation rentabilizadora, emotional displacement, or attribution to temperament as those who contribute most to the prediction of any of the factors.El objetivo de este trabajo es averiguar si es posible predecir las características de personalidad, medidas con el Inventario de Personalidad NEO PI-R (Costa y McCrae, 1978, adaptación española, 1999), a través de la teoría de los Moldes Mentales (test Moldes, Estrategias Cognitivo-Emocionales de Hernández-Guanir, 2010). Este evalúa las formas prototípicas de interpretar la realidad en situación de egoimplicación. La muestra objeto de estudio está conformada por 332 agentes de policías locales de la Comunidad Autónoma Canaria, compuesta por agentes elegidos por sus mandos y también seleccionados por muestreo sistemático. Realizando regresiones lineales múltiples, los resultados muestran que es posible obtener modelos predictivos exploratorios en cada uno de los factores de la personalidad. Se obtiene un perfil en cada uno de dichos factores, confirmando la validez predictiva de la teoría de los Moldes Mentales. Se establece también una jerarquía predictiva, siendo el Neuroticismo el factor de mejor predicción, y el factor de Apertura el de menor fuerza en el pronóstico. Existe también una variabilidad en la implicación de los distintos Moldes de la mente, con diversidad de peso específico de estos, destacando los moldes de Transformación rentabilizadora, Desplazamiento emocional, o la Atribución al temperamento como los que más contribuyen a la predicción de alguno de los factores
Ciclos cognitivos interpessoais: desafios e estratégias de fortalecimento da relação terapêutica
Get PDFAssuming Jeremy Safran theoretical proposal as the frame conceptual approach, the present article is devoted to the problematic of cognitive interpersonal cycles and, in its scope, to their relevance in the context of relationally focused intervention. We proceed to a comprehensive synthesis of the construct in analysis, emphasizing its major referents and highlighting the key attributes that characterize it. These elements exposed, we progress to the examination of the specificities that the process of developing and strengthening of the therapeutic relationship should assume in this context, in specific, underlining, in this matter, its fundamental role as an instrument of the therapeutic process itself. We briefly explore how this relationship can constitute, in itself, as an important mechanism for the disconfirmation of maladaptive schemes and unbundling of crystallized interpersonal cognitive cycles. We present, in addition to the above, some strategies and techniques of strengthening of this therapeutic alliance, of which excels the meta-communication, given its gains in the establishment of an adaptive relationship between patient and therapist. We conclude by presenting a critical analysis of current studies, referencing future research needs.Assumindo como abordagem conceptual de base a proposta teórica de Jeremy Safran, o presente artigo é devotado à problemática dos ciclos cognitivos interpessoais e, no seu âmbito, à relevância que estes possuem no contexto da terapia focada nas relações. Procede-se, por conseguinte, a uma síntese compreensiva do construto em análise, apontando os seus referentes principais e salientando os atributos chave que o caracterizam. Expostos estes elementos procede-se ao exame das especificidades que o processo de formação e fortalecimento da relação terapêutica deve assumir neste âmbito em específico, salientando-se, para o efeito, o seu papel fundamental enquanto instrumento do próprio processo terapêutico. Explora-se, de forma breve, como esta relação se pode constituir como um importante mecanismo de desconfirmação de esquemas mal-adaptativos e, também, de desagregação de ciclos cognitivos interpessoais cristalizados. Apresentam-se, em complemento ao exposto, algumas estratégias e técnicas de potenciação desta aliança terapêutica, das quais se notabiliza a meta-comunicação, dadas as suas mais-valias no estabelecimento de relação adaptativa entre paciente e terapeuta. Conclui-se apresentando uma análise crítica dos estudos atuais, referenciando necessidades de investigação futuras.
Satisfação dos utentes dos cuidados de saúde primários com os cuidados de enfermagem – amostra da região centro de Portugal
Get PDFIntroduction: Patient satisfaction is an essential indicator for assessment of the quality of care and there is evidence of its correlation with health outcomes. Satisfaction with health care is a multidimensional concept which considers aspects such as access, organization and patient-professional interactions. We believe that the nursing care, in particular, are critical in the health/disease process. Objectives: Validate a scale to assess the satisfaction of users with regard to nursing care, adapted from EUROPEP instrument and assess the satisfaction of users of the primary health care of the central region of Portugal. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 827 adult users (female 64.4%) with a mean age of 50,08±18,58 years. Data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, the instrument EUROPEP (Ferreira, 1995) to assess satisfaction with primary health care and to assess satisfaction specifically with the nursing team we have created issues grouped in the help relationship, interpersonal and instrumental dimension. Internal consistency, reproducibility and content analysis were evaluated using the SPSS 23.0; considering the consistency acceptable to an α of Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.70. The coefficient for each item is presented with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: In all dimensions of EUROPEP questionnaire, the highest percentage of satisfaction with the care was between "good" and "very good". The dimensions created to evaluate specifically the nursing care showed a Cronbach\u27s alpha coefficient of α total of 0.972. Conclusions: These results suggest that the dimensions created to evaluate nursing care will be useful for research on the Portuguese population. User satisfaction is crucial to the quality and efficiency of care, requiring the commitment of all service providers on implementation of systematic management practices leading to satisfaction, giving particular attention to the continuous improvement of organizational processes.Introdução: A satisfação dos doentes constitui um indicador indispensável para a avaliação da qualidade dos cuidados e há evidência da sua correlação com os resultados em saúde. A satisfação com os cuidados de saúde é um conceito multidimensional que considera aspetos como acesso, organização e interação doente - profissional. Consideramos que os cuidados de enfermagem, em particular, são fundamentais no processo saúde/doença.Objetivos: Validar uma escala para avaliar a satisfação dos utentes face aos cuidados de enfermagem, adaptado do instrumento EUROPEP e avaliar a satisfação dos utentes dos cuidados de saúde primários da região centro de Portugal.Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, com uma amostra de 827 utentes adultos (maioria do sexo feminino 64,4%) com uma média de idade de 50,08±18,58 anos. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário, constituído por variáveis sociodemográficas, o instrumento EUROPEP (Ferreira, 1995) para avaliar a satisfação com os cuidados de saúde primários e para avaliar a satisfação especificamente com a equipa de enfermagem elaboramos questões adaptadas do instrumento EUROPEP e agrupadas nas dimensões relação de ajuda, dimensão interpessoal e instrumental. A consistência interna, reprodutibilidade e análise de conteúdo foram avaliados com recurso ao SPSS 23.0; considerando a consistência aceitável para um de Cronbach mayor que 0,70. O coeficiente para cada item é apresentado com um intervalo de confiança de 95%.Resultados: Em todas as dimensões do questionário EUROPEP, a maior percentagem de satisfação com os cuidados situou-se entre “boa” e “muito boa”. As dimensões criadas para avaliar especificamente os cuidados de enfermagem apresentaram um coeficiente de α de Cronbach total de 0,972.Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem que as dimensões criadas para avaliar os cuidados de enfermagem serão úteis para a investigação na população Portuguesa. A satisfação do utente é decisiva para a qualidade e eficiência dos cuidados prestados, sendo necessário o compromisso de todos os prestadores na implementação de práticas sistemáticas de gestão que conduzam à satisfação, dando particular atenção à melhoria contínua dos processos organizacionais
Funciones ejecutivas y motivación de niños con trastorno de espectro autista (TEA) y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH)
Get PDFObjectives. To compare the profile of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-combined presentation, on executive functioning (EF) and behaviors associated with learning. Method. Sixteen children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD and 16 children with a clinical diagnosis of high-functioning ASD who had been diagnosed in the Child Neurology Services of Valencian Community participated in this study. The ages ranged from 7 to 11 years. Ninety-four percent were male and 6% female and all were educated in regular classrooms. The two groups were matched on age and intellectual ability. Teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; BRIEF; Gioia et al., 2000) which assesses a wide range of executive functions and the Learning Behaviour Scale (LBS; McDermott et al., 1999) which provides information on motivation, attitude toward learning, attention/persistence and strategy/flexibility Results. Children with ADHD had significantly more difficulties than children with ASD in working memory and planning. Furthermore, although both groups experienced problems beyond expected, children with ADHD were more affected on overall index of EF, metacognition and behavioral regulation. Regarding learning behaviors, although no significant differences were found between ASD and ADHD, the percentage of cases impaired was greater in children with ADHD, except for the strategy/flexibility factor. Conclusions. Implications of the findings are discussed to optimize teaching strategies in children with ASD and ADHD.Objetivos. Comparar el perfil de niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), presentación combinada, en componentes del funcionamiento ejecutivo (FE) y en comportamientos que están asociados al aprendizaje. Método. Participaron en esta investigación 16 niños con un diagnóstico clínico de TDAH y 16 niños con un diagnóstico clínico de TEA con alto nivel de funcionamiento que habían sido diagnosticados en servicios de Neuropediatría de la Comunidad Valenciana. Las edades estaban comprendidas entre 7 y 11 años. El 94% eran varones y se encontraban escolarizados en aulas ordinarias, estando equiparados los dos grupos en edad y capacidad intelectual. Los profesores cumplimentaron el Inventario de funcionamiento ejecutivo (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; BRIEF; Gioia et al., 2000) que valora un espectro amplio de funciones ejecutivas y la escala de conductas de aprendizaje (Learning Behaviours Scale-LBS; McDermott et al., 2001) que aporta información sobre motivación, actitud hacia el aprendizaje, atención/persistencia y flexibilidad/estrategias de aprendizaje. Resultados. Los niños con TDAH presentaron significativamente más dificultades que los niños con TEA en memoria de trabajo y en planificación. Además, aunque ambos grupos experimentaron problemas que superan lo esperado, también los niños con TDAH estuvieron más afectados en los índices generales de FE, el índice metacognitivo y el de regulación comportamental. En la misma línea, en las conductas de aprendizaje, tampoco aparecieron diferencias significativas entre TEA y TDAH, si bien el porcentaje de casos afectados se situó en un nivel claramente superior en niños con TDAH a excepción del factor de flexibilidad/estrategia de aprendizaje. Conclusiones. Se comentan las implicaciones de los hallazgos para optimizar los procedimientos de enseñanza de niños con TEA y con TDAH.
Álcool na escola – Uma reflexão sobre prevenção e consequência
Get PDFThis scientific review paper about consumption, neurobiology and effects of alcohol intend to promote a reflection about intervention programs, especially primary programs, since the target audience is teenagers in a school environment. Therefore the school subsystem has a crucial function, which may correspond to less healthy changes of their habits at a crucial stage of its development. Knowing that the school has a privileged contact with students, whether through the educational environment, either by the time spent in school, is of particular interest that this subsystem can detect risk behaviors and consequent referral and forward it to the competent authorities/support. So it is essential to equip the school of adequate training programs of social skills and emotional management, as it is, in this environment and crucial time of development, that adolescents train and learn to say no to the consumption of addictive substances, particularly alcohol, and train self-esteem, self-concept and resilience, primordial characteristics well-being and indelible protective factors.Este artigo de revisão científica sobre o consumo, neurobiologia e efeitos do álcool visa a reflexão sobre os programas de intervenção, sobretudo programas primários, uma vez que o público-alvo são jovens/adolescentes, num ambiente escolar. Portanto o subsistema escolar tem uma função crucial, podendo corresponder a alterações menos saudáveis dos hábitos dos jovens numa fase crucial do seu desenvolvimento. Sabendo que a escola tem um contacto privilegiado com os alunos, quer pelo meio ambiente educador, quer pelo tempo que passam na escola, é de particular interesse tornar-se regra ser este subsistema a detectar comportamentos de risco e consequente referenciação e encaminhamento às autoridades/apoios competentes. Torna-se pois fundamental munir a escola de programas adaptados de treino de competências sociais e gestão emocional, pois é neste ambiente e momento crucial do desenvolvimento que os adolescentes treinam e aprendem a dizer não ao consumo de substâncias aditivas, particularmente o álcool, e treinam a autoestima, autoconceito e resiliência, características primordiais ao bem-estar e indeléveis factores de protecção
Psychometric properties of Portuguese version of trait meta-mood scale (TMMS24)
Get PDFIt was intended to evaluate de psychometric properties of Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS24), Portuguese version of Queiroz et al. (2005) in 170 athletes, male gender sample. Statistical analysis was performed through the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for Windows. We proceeded to the analysis of the reliability of the 24 items of the instrument in order to see if the items were to measure the construct and obtain a high internal consistency (α = 0.890), almost unchanged with the elimination of any item. The inter-item correlation was not as strong, confirming the analysis of alpha. However, the items in each category tend to have a stronger relation/ correlation with each other, between categories. We conducted factor analysis, and variability between the variables, so as to reduce them to a particular number of dimensions. Initially we observed a six-dimensional division, but we forced the analysis to only three resulting in a division of the items according to the original scale, Thus, we concluded that the TMMS24 has a high internal consistency, good reliability and validity, offering us a suitable and reliable tool which we can conduct investigations in different areas such as the sports universe
Fatores associados ao baixo peso ao nascer
Get PDFFramework: The low birthweight is a risk factor for neonatal morbidity and mortality and a general indicator of health status of a population. It can be associated to low levels of socioeconomic development, prenatal care and maternal charateristics.Objectives: Analyze the influence of sociodemographic, obstetric and prenatal care variables to low birthweight. Participants: 1846 post-partum women, where only 161 had newborns with low birthweight.Methods: This is a wide-ranging, descriptive-correlacional and forward-looking study with a non-probable intentional sample. It was used a questionnaire, applied between March 2010 and May 2012, in 26 Portuguese institutions of public health.Results: The low birthweight was associated: ≥ 41 weeks (p=0,000), without obstetric risk (p=0,001), without obstetric risk/unplanned pregnancy (p=0,036), obstetric risk/maternal age risk (p=0,007), without sociodemographic risk/gestacional age without risk (p=0,000), sociodemographic risk/gestacional age without risk (p=0,007), risk on prenatal care/maternal age risk(p=0,020), prenatal care without risk/gestacional age without risk (p=0,000), maternal age risk/risk number of pregnancies (p=0,021), low education/income ≤1000€ (p=0,036), low education/ unemployment (p=0,044), risk number of children/gestational age without risk (p=0,000), pregnancy diseases /gestational age without risk (p=0,000), previous diseases/gestational age without risk (p=0,000), and with a margin error of 10%, low education (p=0,074) and unplanned pregnancy (p=0,089). The prevalence of LBW was 8.7%.Conclusion: The determination of the factors that contribute to the appearance of low birthweight is essential for the planning, implementation and development of actions related to maternal and children health.Enquadramento: O baixo peso ao nascer é um fator de risco para a morbi-mortalidade neonatal, e um indicador geral do nível de saúde de uma população. Associa-se a baixos níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconómico, características maternas e de assistência materno-infantil.Objetivos: Analisar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas, obstétricas e de assistência pré-natal ao baixo peso ao nascer.Participantes: 1846 puérperas, em que 161 apresentam recém-nascidos de baixo peso ao nascer.Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo correlacional e prospetivo com uma amostra não probabilística intencional. Foi utilizado um questionário aplicado entre Março de 2010 e Maio de 2012, em 26 instituições de saúde públicas portuguesas.Resultados: O baixo peso ao nascer, foi associado a: idade gestacional ≥41semanas (p menor que 0,001), idade materna de risco*número gestações de risco (p=0,021); baixa escolaridade*rendimentos ≤1000€ (p=0,036), baixa escolaridade*desemprego (p=0,044), número filhos de risco*idade gestacional de termo (p menor que 0,001), patologias na gravidez*idade gestacional de termo (p menor que 0,001), patologias prévias*idade gestacional de termo(p menor que 0,001), e com erro de 10% à baixa escolaridade (p=0,074) e não planeamento da gravidez (p=0,089). A prevalência de BPN foi de 8,7%.Conclusão: A determinação dos fatores que favorecem o aparecimento do baixo peso ao nascer é fundamental para o planeamento e desenvolvimento de ações no âmbito da saúde materno-infantil