International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology (Revista INFAD de Psicología)
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El papel de la autoestima en la prevención del VIH de jóvenes españoles
Get PDFAims to examine the effects of the self-esteem on HIV prevention, 467 young people from the Valencian Community (Mage = 20.62; SD = 2.14) completed the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Aids Prevention Questionnaire by Ballester et al. (2007). Results showed statistically significant positive correlation between self-esteem and self-efficacy in condom use (p = .000), perceived competence (p = .041) or number of sexual partners (p = .001). On the other hand, statistically significant negative correlation were found between solidarity towards people living with HIV (p = .013), perceived barriers to condom use (p = .030), behavioral intention condom use with sporadic partners (p =.043) and condom use with steady partner (p = .021). It is important to address self-esteem to design effective psychological interventions for HIV prevention.La autoestima influye en el desarrollo de la sexualidad y de las relaciones interpersonales de los jóvenes. Con el objetivo de examinar los efectos de la autoestima en la prevención del VIH, se evaluaron a 467 jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana (Medad = 20,62; DT = 2,14). Se utilizó la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida de Ballester et al. (2007). Los resultados muestran relaciones positivas estadísticamente significativas de la autoestima con autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo (p=.000), competencia percibida (p=.041) o número de parejas sexuales (p=.001). Por el contrario, se encuentran relaciones negativas estadísticamente significativas con solidaridad hacia las personas que viven con VIH (p=.013), barreras percibidas para utilizar el preservativo (p=.030), intención de usar el preservativo con parejas esporádicas (p=.043) y uso del preservativo con pareja estable (p=.021). Resulta necesario atender a la autoestima para diseñar intervenciones psicológicas eficaces para la prevención del VIH
Diversidade Cultural de Psicanálise de Casal e Família - “Viúvas e órfãos de vivos”
Get PDFThe achievements, the discoveries mark the History of Portugal, which is contemplated in the appropriation family. The war, the emigration, inscribe in the population a "strange desire", which turns to the outside. Men go away ... there are women and children .... The legacy is instituted family, promoting the generational impasse and the family ghost. Await the coming messianic, being trapped and prevented from accessing the affective ambivalence and the paradoxical message. Pathological links coexist with a fragile family narcissism. One lives the pseudo-security with the present-absent ghost, there is no development of the cohesive and coherent "family self" so characteristic of the "Glass Families". The vulnerabilities emotional aspects of these households inscribe in their memories traumas, guilts, and non-mentalized suffering culminating in (of) narcissistic and identity failures that, we ask: they will not be at the service of the transgenerational fantasmatic objects, to the pro-healing of meaningful and meaningful transforming dynamics?As conquistas, os descobrimentos marcam a História de Portugal, que se contempla na apropriação intracultural familiar. A guerra, a emigração, inscrevem na população um “estranho desejo”, que se volta para o exterior. Os homens vão-se…ficam as mulheres e os filhos.... Institui-se o legado familiar, promovendo o impasse geracional e constitui-se o fantasma familiar. Aguardam a vinda messiânica, ficando presos e impedidos de aceder à ambivalência afetiva e à mensagem paradoxal.Constroem-se vínculos patológicos, coexistentes com um narcisismo familiar frágil. Vive-se a pseudo- segurança da união com o fantasma do presente-ausente, verifica-se a ausência de desenvolvimento do “self familiar” coeso e coerente, tão característico das “Famílias de Vidro”. As vulnerabilidades emocionais destes agregados familiares inscrevem nas suas memórias traumas, culpas, lutos suspensos e, sofrimentos não mentalizados que culminam em (de)formações narcísicas e falhas identitárias que, interrogamos: não estarão ao serviço dos objetos fantasmáticos transgeracionais, à pró-cura de dinâmicas transformadoras com sentido e significantes
Inclusión de alumnado con trastorno del espectro del autismo en la universidad: análisis y respuestas desde una dimensión internacional
Get PDFThe increase in the prevalence of autism has generated a scenario in which a large number of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are entering higher education, which poses new educational and social challenges. The aim of the European initiative Autism and Uniis to determine the perception that students with ASD, their families and teachers have of the possibilities of success, the challenges and the necessary support. As well as to know, in general, the importance of being prepared for adult life, vocational guidance and decision-making to ensure their success. The research was based on seven groups for which specific questionnaires were developed through expert judgment, with a sample of 280 people of whom 140 were people with ASD. The main qualitative and descriptive results indicate that the eligibility for support in the university system consists of combining the needs of the person, the university processes and the university and training dynamics of each country. Support for students with ASD should cover other areas of everyday life in addition to those that are purely academic in order to optimise the adaptation and performance of students during their university years.El aumento en la prevalencia del autismo ha generado un escenario en el que un elevado número de personas con Trastorno del Espectro del Autismo (TEA), están accediendo a estudios superiores, lo que plantea nuevos retos formativos y sociales. A partir de la iniciativa europea Autism and Uni, se pretende conocer la percepción que estudiantes con TEA, sus familias, y los profesores tienen de las posibilidades de éxito, los desafíos, los apoyos necesarios y, en general, la importancia que la preparación a la vida adulta, la orientación vocacional y la toma de decisiones tienen para garantizar su éxito. La investigación se ha desarrollado a partir de siete grupos de interés para los cuáles se elaboraron cuestionarios específicos mediante juicio de expertos, quedando una muestra de 280 personas de los que 140 pertenecían a personas con TEA. Los principales resultados de tipo cualitativo y descriptivos señalan que, la elegibilidad para el apoyo en la universidad consiste en combinar necesidades de la persona, de los procesos universitarios y de las dinámicas universitarias y formativas de cada país. Los apoyos para los estudiantes con TEA, debe cubrir además del contexto académico, otras áreas de la vida cotidiana con el fin de optimizar la adaptación y el rendimiento de los estudiantes durante sus años universitarios
Relaciones entre apoyo parental, autoeficacia y actividad física en adolescentes
Get PDFThis study examined the relationships between parental support for physical activity, the frequency of weekly practice, and expectations of self-efficacy to overcome obstacles that impede such participation. We also analyzed whether the frequency of practice and perceived self-efficacy were different according to the participant’s gender. A total of 430 students, from three secondary education centers in the province of Jaen and aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 13.96; SD = 1.39), took part in this study. The results showed that the boys and girls who attributed to their parents a high level of instrumental support, modeling, and behavioral limitation allocated a greater number of days a week to the performance of physical-sport activity during a minimum interval of 60 minutes. In addition, these were more self-efficacious to engage in such practice compared to those who perceived lower support rates in their parents. Finally, both the frequency of practice of activity and the self-efficacy attributed to being involved in activities of a physical-sport nature was greater in the case of male participants.Este estudio examinó las relaciones existentes entre el apoyo parental hacia la actividad física, la frecuencia de práctica semanal y las expectativas de autoeficacia para superar los obstáculos que dificultan dicha participación. Asimismo, se analizó si la frecuencia de práctica y autoeficacia percibida difería en función del sexo del participante. Un total de 430 estudiantes procedentes de tres centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la provincia de Jaén, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años de edad (M = 13.96; SD = 1.39) tomaron parte en este estudio. Los resultados mostraron que los chicos y chicas que atribuían a sus progenitores un elevado nivel de apoyo instrumental, modelado y limitación de la conducta destinaban un mayor número de días a la semana a la realización de actividad físico-deportiva durante un intervalo mínimo de 60 minutos y se mostraban más autoeficaces para implicarse en dicha práctica en comparación con aquellos otros que percibían en sus progenitores menores índices de apoyo. Asimismo, tanto la frecuencia de práctica de actividad como la autoeficacia atribuida para implicarse en actividades de naturaleza físico-deportiva fue mayor en el caso de los participantes varones
Intervención en la esfera cognitiva, afectiva, y funcional en demencia, desde terapia ocupacional aplicada en sala Snoezelen
Get PDFIntroduction: Ageing is a natural process which is accompanied by a gradual decline of both functional, cognitive and affective capacities which can make it hard for somebody to lead a normal daily life in a normal way since the performance is influenced and cognitive, sensorial, motor and emotional skills can be altered. Non-pharmacological interventions are very important when it comes to cover the various problems that the elderly present. Snoezelen therapy or multisensorial stimulation is highly relevant for patients with dementia and cognitive damage with the aim of creating interaction between the person, the task and the environment by means of the activation of the various senses, experimenting different types os feelings. Aim: To prove the effect that an occupational therapy intervention has on a Snoezelen environment as a means to boost cognitive, sensorial, motor and emotional skills on patients with minor, moderate and severe cognitive damage and its repercussion on their quality of life. Methodology: It deals with a quasi-experimental study with a pre and post assessment, data are collected by means of MMSE, Barthel and Cornell tools. Results: After carrying out the corresponding statistic analysis, no significative results at a cognitive, affective and functional level were found, except at the affective level where severe damage was found. Discussion: Although this article does not show the effectiveness of the intervention in a Snoezelen environment in a significant way, various studies prove its effectiveness, particulary at a cognitive and behavioural level. Conclusion: The results seem to denote that an intervention in a Snoezelen environment during a short time span does not show any type of repercussion.Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso natural que se acompaña de un declive gradual de las capacidades tanto a nivel funcional como a nivel cognitivo o afectivo que puede dificultar a la persona a llevar su vida diaria con normalidad al influir en el desempeño y verse alteradas las destrezas cognitivas, sensoriales, motoras o emocionales. La intervención no farmacológica está ocupando un importante espacio a la hora de abarcar las diferentes problemáticas que presentan las personas mayores. La terapia Snoezelen o estimulación multisensorial (EMS) tiene gran relevancia en el tratamiento para las personas con demencia y con deterioro cognitivo con la finalidad de crear una interacción entre la persona, la tarea y el ambiente mediante la activación de los diferentes sentidos para experimentar tedistintos tipos de sensaciones.Objetivo: Evidenciar el efecto que una intervención desde Terapia Ocupacional tiene en un entorno Snoezelen como medio para potenciar las destrezas cognitivas, sensoriales, motoras y emocionales en usuarios con deterioro cognitivo leve, moderado y grave, y su repercusión en la calidad de vida.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cuasiexperimental con evaluación pre y post. Los datos se recogen mediante las herramientas MMSE, Barthel y Cornell.Resultados: Tras realizar los análisis estadísticos correspondientes no se obtuvieron resultados significativos a nivel cognitivo, afectivo y funcional; salvo a nivel afectivo en deterioro grave.Discusión: A pesar de que el presente artículo no muestre de manera significativa la eficacia de la intervención en un entorno Snoezelen, son diferentes estudios los que muestran la efectividad de la misma, especialmente a nivel cognitivo y conductual.Conclusiones: los resultados parecen indicar que una intervención en un entorno Snoezelen, en un corto periodo de tiempo, no muestran ningún tipo de repercusión
Primi risultati di uno studio EBE sull’inclusione in due scuole italiane
Get PDFWhat methodologies are most effective inclusive education? What are the framework conditions that favor the inclusion in the daily school reality? The partial results of the research are presented in this article. On a sample of 109 students, aged 8 to 16 years, we were measured the effects of teaching methods “feedback” and “collaborative learning”, recognized as effective by the international literature. Estimated variables are the skills and abilities to cross disciplines, cognitive-emotional factors of academic success, self-esteem. Rating bio psychosocial which opposes the prevailing bio-medical evaluation in Italy. Observe all students, to transform the special response in normal, measure the school environment variables favorable to inclusion can help to improve, in Italy, the effectiveness of public investment estimated in 2013 at 4,7B. They were later assessed the organizational and relational conditions of the school environment, also examined through the perception of the operators. The context is essential to the deployment of effective interventions for inclusion. The experimental design of research using methods recognized at international and European level (EBE), which allow you to compare the results and replicate the model in a supranational context, first of all in the pilot project “RA4AL” European Agency For Special Needs, It started in three countries, including Italy, which has just ended.Quali metodologie sono più efficaci nell’educazione inclusiva? Quali sono le condizioni di contesto che favoriscono l’inclusione nella quotidiana realtà scolastica? I risultati parziali della ricerca vengono presentati in questo articolo. Su un campione di 109 studenti, dagli 8 ai 16 anni, sono stati misurati gli effetti delle metodologie didattiche “feedback” e “collaborative learning”, riconosciute come efficaci dalla letteratura internazionale. Variabili stimate sono le competenze e le abilità trasversali alle discipline, i fattori cognitivo-emozionali del successo scolastico, l’autostima. Valutazione bio psico-sociale che si oppone alla valutazione bio-medica prevalente in Italia. Osservare tutti gli allievi, trasformare la risposta speciale in normalità, misurare le variabili del contesto scolastico favorevoli all’inclusione può contribuire a migliorare, in Italia, l’efficacia di investimenti pubblici stimati nel 2013 in 4,7B. Sono state poi valutate le condizioni organizzative e relazionali del contesto scolastico, esaminate anche attraverso la percezione degli operatori. Il contesto si rivela essenziale per la messa in campo di efficaci interventi per l’inclusione. Il disegno sperimentale della ricerca utilizza metodologie riconosciute a livello internazionale ed europeo (EBE), che consentono di confrontare i risultati e replicare il modello in un contesto sovranazionale, innanzitutto nell’ambito del progetto pilota “ RA4AL” dell’European Agency For Special Needs, avviato in tre paesi, tra cui l’Italia, e che si è appena concluso
A influência dos contextos sociodemográficos no bonding paterno
Get PDFBackground: The bonding process is essential to favors and/or determines the future relationship between parent and baby and influences the cognitive and social development of the child. The bonding is conditioned by a set of interrelated factors with parental and situational conditions that may assist or prevent the establishment of bonding (Pereira, 2009).Objective: Establish the relationship between the sociodemographic context (age, marital status, educational qualifications and length of relationship) and bonding parent/baby.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study, correlational descriptive, quantitative, attended by 349 parents, aged between 19 and 55, with an average age of 31,84 (sd=6,067). To providing a reliable sample characterization the social-demographic we applied questionnaires and Bonding Scale (Figueiredo et al., 2005).Results: This study reveals that positive bonding is influenced by age (p=0,010), being higher in parents aged 30 years or less. With regard to qualifications, it was found that the smaller the educational level of the parents, the greater the bonding positive (p=0,045). On the other hand the marital status and the length of the relationship did not influence the bonding.Conclusion: Given the importance of the bonding process between parent and baby, whose involvement should exist from the beginning of pregnancy, it’s imperative that the Nurse Specialist in maternal health take responsibility to educate and stimulate the paternal bonding supporting and integrating the father in the process of adaptation to parenthood.Enquadramento: O processo de vinculação é indispensável pois favorece e/ou determina a futura relação entre a díade: pai/bebé e influencia o desenvolvimento cognitivo e social da criança. Este processo de vinculação (bonding) é condicionado por um conjunto de fatores interligados com as condições parentais e situacionais que poderão coadjuvar ou impedir o estabelecimento do proceso de vinculação (Pereira, 2009).Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre o contexto sociodemográfico (idade, estado civil, habilitações literárias e duração do relacionamento) e a vinculação (bonding) entre o pai e o bebé.Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo-correlacional, de natureza quantitativa, com uma amostra de 349 pais com média de idade de 31,84 anos (dp= 6,067). O instrumento de colheita de dados foi o questionário que permitiu caracterizar a amostra nas variáveis sociodemográficas e a Escala de Bonding (Figueiredo et al., 2005).Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que o bonding positivo é influenciado pela idade (p=0,010), sendo mais elevado nos pais com idade igual ou inferior a 30 anos. No que concerne às habilitações literárias, verificou-se que quanto menor é a escolaridade dos pais, maior é o bonding positivo (p=0,045).Por outro lado o estado civil e a duração do relacionamento não influenciam o bonding.Conclusão: Face à importância do processo de vinculação pai/bebe, cujo envolvimento debe existir desde o início da gravidez, é imprescindível que o Enfermeiro especialista em saúde materna assuma a responsabilidade de educar e estimular o bonding paterno apoiando e integrando o pai no processo de adaptação à parentalidade
Prácticas educativas de los padres y problemas de ajuste en estudiantes universitarios
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the relationships between affection / rejection and the types of discipline that show both the father and the mother and the internalizing and externalizing problems reported by university students. The Escala de Afecto «EA» and the Escala de Normas y Exigencias «ENE» (Fuentes, Motrico and Bersabé, 1999; Bersabé, Fuentes and Motrico, 2001) were applied in their version for children (EAInternational H and ENE-H). We also use the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach, 1991) by the proposal of Ivanova et al. (2007), who group the items into eight síndromes. Five of these eight categories are grouped into two dimensions: internalizing problems (anxious / depressed, introverted / depressed and somatic complaints) and externalizing problems (delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior). The results indicate that both affection and the inductive discipline of parents are positive practices that correlate negatively with some of the problems analyzed. On the contrary, negative practices, such as rejection and rigid discipline of both father and mother, are positively related to most of the problems analyzed.Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones entre el afecto/rechazo y los tipos de disciplina que muestran tanto el padre como la madre y los problemas internalizantes y externalizantes que informan los estudiantes universitarios. Se aplicaron la Escala de Afecto «EA» y la Escala de Normas y Exigencias «ENE» (Fuentes, Motrico y Bersabé, 1999; Bersabé, Fuentes y Motrico, 2001) en su versión para hijos (EA-H y ENEH), así como el Youth Self- Report (Achenbach (1991) mediante la propuesta de Ivanova et al., (2007) quienes agrupan los ítems en ocho síndromes. Cinco de estas ocho categorías se agrupan en dos dimensiones más amplias: problemas internalizantes (ansioso/depresivo, introvertido/depresivo y quejas somáticas) y problemas externalizantes (infringir las normas y conducta agresiva). Los resultados indican que tanto el afecto como la disciplina inductiva de los padres constituyen prácticas positivas que correlacionan negativamente con algunos de los problemas analizados. Por el contrario, las prácticas negativas, tales como el rechazo y la disciplina rígida tanto del padre como de la madre, se relacionan positivamente con la mayoría de los problemas analizados
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Calidad de vida y alcoholismo.
Get PDFIn this investigation we tried to analyze the importance of training self-efficiency (independent variable) for the treatment of alcohol dependency, seen in maintenance treatment and modification/ improvement of the quality of life, this last one being the ultimate goal of the intervention and measure their effectiveness (dependent variable). In this sense, we interviewed 146 alcohol addicts being treated in AUC, 90 (61.6%) of whom abandoned treatment after the inpatient phase, 35 (24%) after the 1st consultation and 21 (14.4%) were kept under treatment. This is still a problem with gender, and most individuals are men constituting 87% of the sample. Ages are between 23 and 68 years, with a median value of 44.7 (SD = 9, 127). To assess the study variables were used: the English version of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Canavarro, 1999) to assess the psychopathological symptoms; the Portuguese version of the Clinical Inventory of the Self-concept (ICAC) (Vaz Serra, 1985), to assess aspects and the Portuguese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life, brief version (WHOQOL-Bref) “is intended to evaluate the quality of life, as defined by the WHO: the individual perception of their position in life, within the context of culture and value systems in which it is inserted and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns “(Canavarro, Simões, Vaz Serra Pereira, Rijo, Pint, Gameiro, Walls and Ride, 2007, p.77). The results allow us to conclude that the problem of alcohol abuse is still a problem related to the male gender, with our sample consisting of 87% of males and 13% of females. This study was designed so that we can understand and clarify which variable (s) more precisely the self-efficacy and the psychopathology interfere in the treatment and quality of life the dependent alcoholic.Este proyecto de investigación en el ámbito del Doctorado en Psicología, pretende analizar la importancia del entrenamiento de la autoeficacia (variable independiente) para el tratamiento de la dependencia alcohólica, observable en el mantenimiento en tratamiento y en la modificación / elevación de la calidad de vida, el objetivo último de la intervención y la medida de su eficacia (variable dependiente).La muestra se compone de un total de 146 dependientes alcohólicos que iniciaron tratamiento en la UAC, 90 (61,6%) de los cuales abandonaron el tratamiento tras la fase de internamiento, 35 (24%) tras la primera consulta y 21 (14,4%) se mantuvieron en tratamiento. Los instrumentos utilizados han sido los siguientes: El Inventário de sintomas psicopatológicos, que es la versión portuguesa del Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI, Derogatis, 1982) adaptada y contrastada para la población portuguesa por Canavarro en 1996 (Canavarro, 1999). El Inventario clínico de autoconcepto (ICAC), es una escala de autoevaluación unidimensional que desarrolló por Adriano Vaz Serra en 1985, El World Health Organization Cuality of Life, versión breve (WHOQOL-Bref) que se destina a la evaluación de la calidad de vida (Canavarro, Simões, Vaz Serra, Pereira, Rijo, Quartilho, Gameiro, Paredes, y Carona, 2007, p.77). Os resultados permitem concluir que la muestra se compone en su mayoría de individuos del sexo masculino (87%), indicándose que este aún es un problema asociado al género y 13% referente el género femenino. Este estudio fue delineado de forma que podamos comprender y aclarar cuáles la variable, más precisamente, la autoeficacia y la psicopatología interfieren en el tratamiento y en la QV del sujeto dependiente. Este estudio nos permitió validar algunas propuestas de la literatura y del tratamiento que subyace a la UAC. En este sentido concluimos que la autoeficacia fue la única variable del autoconcepto que se eleva de la primera fase de tratamiento para la segunda fase. Por lo tanto, concluimos con grado de certeza que la autoeficacia es una variable predictora del éxito del tratamiento así como de la elevación de la QV