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Les apprenties et apprentis sont nos spécialistes de demain : aperçu de la formation professionnelle au sein de la justice
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Effect of Midsole Compliance on Oxygen Consumption and Perception of Effort and Comfort during running
No full textIntroduction Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) enhances running economy, which is partly attributed to midsole foam properties such as high resilience (the ability of a material to absorb and recover energy under elastic deformation) and high compliance (the tolerance of a material to deformation). While compliant midsoles are known to improve running economy over non-compliant ones, the impact of further increasing compliance in already compliant midsoles remains unclear. Also unclear is the effect of increased compliance on the perception of effort and comfort during running, as this might transform a feeling of cushioning into one of instability. This study aimed to address these issues by comparing three current AFT models with similar resilience but varying compliance: Nike AlphaFly 2 (NAF), Nike VaporFly 3 (NVF), and On Cloudboom Echo 3 (CBE), with the NAF being the most compliant shoe, and thus the one with the highest level of energy return (11.1J) compared with both the NVF (6.5 J) CBE (6.0 J).
Methods Sixteen well-trained runners (age 31 ± 5 years, height 178 ± 9 cm, body mass 66 ± 10 kg, body fat 14 ± 4%, V̇O2peak 59 ± 4 ml･kg-1･min-1) performed, on different days, sub-maximal running for 6 min at 16 km·h-1 (80 ± 7% V̇O2peak) on a treadmill and a 400-m track. Treadmill tests included two runs each in NAF and NVF, while track tests included three runs each in NAF, NVF and CBE, with shoe order varied systematically. Gas exchange was continuously monitored while perceived exertion and comfort were rated post-run using a 100mm visual analogue scale. Spatiotemporal data, including impact loading, ground contact time, and cadence, were assessed using accelerometry.
Results The NVF improved running economy compared with the NAF (-0.8 ± 0.3 ml･kg-1･min-1, P < 0.05) and CBE (-0.7 ± 0.2 ml･kg-1･min-1, P < 0.05). These findings were corroborated by lower heart rate and ventilation with NVF, present during both treadmill and overground running. However, there was no correlation between the shoe differences seen on both surfaces. No significant differences were found between the shoes concerning perceived effort and comfort. Participants experienced lower impact magnitudes in the NVF (5.4 ± 1.5 g) compared with the NAF (5.6 ± 1.5 g, P < 0.05) and CBE (5.5 ± 1.5 g, P < 0.05). No changes in spatiotemporal data were associated with the differences in running economy between the shoes.
Discussion/Conclusion These findings indicate that improvements in running economy with AFT are not a matter of endlessly pursuing increased compliance and energy return. Furthermore, perception seems to be unaffected by higher midsole compliance when different shoe models are tested, suggesting that many other factors are at play. As perception of exertion did not differ between shoes despite noticeable differences in physiological variables, it remains to be seen whether such minute differences are relevant for performance, or whether perhaps longer trials are needed to detect differences in exertion
Navigating the Ice: Establishing Pre-Concussion Baselines in Ice-Hockey Players for Gait Assessment Utilizing Inertial Measurement Units
No full textIntroduction Ice hockey can lead to high-energy collisions and traumas and is a sport with high risk of concussion (Ornon et al., 2020). Concussions represent 2–14% of all hockey injuries (Izraelski, 2014). Sports-related concussions (SRC) sustained in professional ice hockey are a common in-competition injury leading to highly individual return to sport that can be associated with symptoms lasting days to months (Höllerer et al., 2023). Following SRC there is an increased risk of subsequent concussion and musculoskeletal injury upon return to play, however, assessments that can detect subclinical changes in function following a concussion are lacking (Dunne et al., 2023). A COSMIN systematic review suggests gait-based assessments using inertial measurement units to capture pre-concussion baseline scores (Dunne et al., 2023). This study measured pre-season pre-concussion gait data in Swiss National League Ice hockey players. Baseline scores will be compared with measures from players sustaining in-season SRC.
Methods Temporal and spatial gait parameters were measured with the Physilog (https://www.physilog.com/ , Lausanne, Switzerland) movement sensors. The sensors were fixed to the shoes for flat overground gait analysis. Over a 20-30 m walkway, participants performed a single-task (ST) walking condition (preferred gait speed) and a dual-task (DT) walking condition, i.e., preferred gait speed whilst counting backwards. Application of the dual-task paradigm aimed at quantifying the automaticity of movement (Soulard et al., 2021). The focus of this study was on gait speed, cadence (+ cv%), and stride length (+ cv%) (Dunne et al., 2023).
Results Thirteen male National League players from SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers, 21.9 ± 3.1 years, 182.5 ± 5.9 cm height, 83.3 ± 7.6 kg body weight performed a pre-season gait analysis. The players sustained 1.5 ± 1.4 [range 0 – 3] concussions in the past. ST/DT walking revealed a walking speed of 1.3 ± 0.14/1.12 ± 0.14 m/s; step length 0.72 ± 0.09/0.67 ± 0.07 m; step length coefficient of variation (cv, %) 5.4 ± 1.9/5.6 ± 1.4 %; cadence 106.7 ± 5.1/100.5 ± 5.7 steps/min; cadence cv 2.8 ± 1/2.9 ± 0.9 %.
Discussion/Conclusion Our results will shed light on the reliability and validity of using inertial measurements in the context of concussion management. Practitioners can use this resource at their disposal to help make informed decisions regarding concussion management.
References
Dunne, L. A. M., et al. (2023). Validity and reliability of methods to assess movement deficiencies following concussion: A COSMIN systematic review. Sports Medicine - Open, 9, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00625-0
Höllerer, D., et al. (2023). Injury incidence, outcomes, and return to competition times after sports-related concussions during one professional ice hockey season: A prospective cohort study. Healthcare, 11, 3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11243153
Izraelski, J. (2014). Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 58(4), 346–352.
Ornon, G., et al. (2020). Epidemiology of injuries in professional ice hockey: A prospective study over seven years. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 7, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00300-3
Soulard, J., et al. (2021). Spatio-temporal gait parameters obtained from foot-worn inertial sensors are reliable in healthy adults in single- and dual-task conditions. Scientific Reports, 11, 10229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88794-
Physical Activity Behavior in Swiss Secondary School Students: A Segmented Analysis
No full textIntroduction Physical activity (PA) levels decline from childhood to adolescence, and many Swiss adolescents do not achieve the WHO\u27s recommendation of 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (Bringolf-Isler et al. 2016). To design effective interventions, analyzing adolescents\u27 PA behavior across different daily time segments is essential to better understand which segments offer the greatest potential for improving physical activity levels (Saint-Maurice et al., 2018). As adolescents spend a substantial part of their day in school, it is crucial to focus not only on leisure but also on school time. Therefore, this study examines the segmented PA behavior of Swiss adolescents during specific school and leisure time segments and evaluates their compliance with the respective recommendations.
Methods The present study is based on the baseline data from the Active School project, which aims to promote physical activity behavior in Swiss secondary school students. A total of 637 students (mean age: 13.26 ± 0.55 years, 52.3% girls) from 12 secondary schools in the canton of Bern participated in the baseline assessment of the project. Physical activity behavior was measured using GENEActiv wrist-worn accelerometers over seven consecutive days. Data were segmented into school-related segments (Physical Education (PE), recess, classroom time, entire school time) and an after-school segment. Activity intensities were categorized into inactivity (IN), light intensity (LIG), and MVPA. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and differences between segments were analyzed using ANOVAs or t-tests, as appropriate.
Results Swiss adolescents engage in significantly more MVPA during the after-school segment than during school time (9.60% vs. 8.53%, respectively; p < 0.001). During school hours, the proportion of time allocated to MVPA varies significantly across segments (PE = 31.2%, recess = 18.46%, classroom time = 5.45%; p < 0.001), falling well below the recommended targets for PE (50% MVPA) and recess (40% MVPA). Across all school segments, IN (PE = 38.13%, recess = 48.56%, classroom time = 76.98%) accounts for the largest proportion of time compared to LIG and MVPA. Overall, 49% of adolescents (63% boys; 37% girls) meet the school-based PA recommendation of 30 minutes of MVPA during school time. Furthermore, girls consistently show significantly lower percentages of MVPA and higher percentages of IN than boys across all school segments (all ps < 0.001).
Discussion/Conclusion Adolescents are more active during their leisure time than during school hours, with only half meeting the school-based physical activity recommendation. This highlights the need for targeted interventions during school hours to reduce the high levels of IN across all school segments and increase MVPA, especially during PE and recess. Moreover, specific interventions for girls are crucial, as they consistently show lower PA levels compared to boys across all school segments.
References
Bringolf-Isler, B., Probst-Hensch, N., Kayser, B., & Suggs, S. (2016). Schlussbericht zur SOPHYA-Studie [Final report on the SOPHYA study]. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. https://bit.ly/3MFskWj
Saint-Maurice, P. F., Bai, Y., Vazou, S., & Welk, G. (2018). Youth physical activity patterns during school and out-of-school time. Children, 5(9), Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/children509011
The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in young and old adults
No full textIntroduction It has been demonstrated that single-task (ST) balance training enhances performance in balancing alone, whereas dual-task (DT) balance training improves the ability to perform two tasks concurrently (Kiss et al., 2018). Previous research has also indicated that short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is modulated in a task-specific manner following explosive or balance training (Taube et al., 2020). Based on these findings, the objective of this study was to investigate task-specific modulations of intracortical inhibition following ST or DT training in both young and older adults.
Methods Participants were randomly separated into 2 different training groups (ST or DT) among their age (young or old). Young groups had 6 and old groups 9 balance training sessions within 3 weeks, the DT training consisted of cognitive and motor secondary tasks. Pre and post training, a balance task was performed on a rocker board in three different conditions: 1) balance only 2) balance + secondary motor (ball on a tray) and 3) balance + secondary cognitive (2-back). During the execution of these three conditions, SICI was measured with TMS by applying single pulse (120 % aMT) and double pulse stimulations (70 % + 120 % aMT) over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior muscle.
Results Training improvements in balance performance trended to be condition-specific (p = .057). While the ST training groups only improved in the single balance task (5.2%), the DT training groups reduced the balance sway in all 3 conditions, but mostly in the dual motor condition (19.1%). Furthermore, there was a trend towards a time*age effect (p = .065), indicating improvements only in young participants (12.6% vs -0.1% in old).There was a significant fourfold interaction for SICI (p = .048), mainly indicating A) an upregulation in young (34.1%) and a downregulation in old (-33.9%) after the training and B) increased SICI after DT training in the dual motor condition (50.2%) and after ST training in single balance (21.7%).
Discussion/Conclusion This study provides further evidence for task-specific adaptations after balance training, as ST training was beneficial for balancing alone and DT training in the dual motor task. This result is supported by the modulation of SICI. The changes were age-specific, with no improvements for the older groups. More interestingly, intracortical inhibition was upregulated in young and downregulated in old, indicating age-specific adaptations in SICI following a comparable training protocol. Based on the hypothesis that intracortical inhibition decreases during initial motor learning and increases in later stages, we hypothesize that a training duration of 3 weeks is sufficient to induce positive cortical modulation in young adults but not in older adults.
References
Kiss, R., Brueckner, D., & Muehlbauer, T. (2018). Effects of single compared to dual task practice on learning a dynamic balance task in young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00311
Taube, W., Gollhofer, A., & Lauber, B. (2020). Training‐, muscle‐ and task‐specific up‐ and downregulation of cortical inhibitory processes. European Journal of Neuroscience, 51(6), 1428–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.1453
Introducción al volumen temático: Estudios lingüístico-etnográficos del español en contextos digitales
Full text linkVielfältigkeit der Unterrichtspraxis. Überlegungen zum Theorie-Praxis-Problem im jahrgangsübergreifenden Unterricht
No full textIm Kanton Bern werden annähernd 50 Prozent der Schulklassen auf der Primarstufe als Mehrjahrgangsklassen geführt. Im letzten Semester ihrer Ausbildung planen Studierende der PHBern in einem Wahlmodul im Auftrag von praktizierenden Lehrpersonen Unterrichtseinheiten für altersdurchmischten Unterricht. Bei der Unterrichtsplanung sollen die vermittelten Ausbildungsinhalte berücksichtigt werden, d.h. die Studierenden orientieren sich an den Desiderata der Unterrichtsforschung und den fachdidaktischen Diskussionen sowie an den empirischen Ergebnissen zum altersdurchmischten Lernen. Die Inhalte der Ausbildung werden im Berufsfeld gelegentlich als praxisfern wahrgenommen. Anhand von zwei Planungsarbeiten von Studierenden wird diese Schwierigkeit beschrieben. Die Erfahrungen mit dem Modul zeigen, dass verschiedene Formen der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Berufsfeld gesucht werden müssen
Reverberations of Empire? Opera in the Contexts of (De)Colonial and Postcolonial Thought
Full text linkThe title of this inaugural issue was directly inspired by the range of submissions we received. Our contributors, whose pieces range from traditional scholarly articles to reflective essays by practitioners, revealed that opera’s colonial entanglements and (de)colonial reverberations cannot be confined to a single conceptual framework. The initial call for submissions foregrounded “de/coloniality“, but the breadth of perspectives led us to adopt the broader title “Reverberations of Empire? Opera in the Context of (De)Colonial and Postcolonial Thought”. This revised title acknowledges the diversity of approaches in the issue and emphasises the productive tensions between critique, practice, and historical legacy that define this field. Accordingly, the issue is conceived as a forum for reflection, collaboration, and critique. It provides a platform for voices that unsettle, reimagine, and recompose what opera and music theatre can mean in the wake of empire, moving between postcolonial reflection and decolonial re-imagining. The project builds on recent critical studies of Eurocentric music theatre and foundational works on Black opera, race, and cultural identity, while pushing those conversations into newer territory.
The contributions in this first issue can be understood as performing postcolonial or decolonial gestures in dialogue with one another – often resonating in productive friction rather than in unanimity. Together, they occupy in-between spaces: between what Diana Taylor would call “the archive and the repertoire”, between listening and voicing, between institutionalised structures and fluid formats, between myth and memory.[It is precisely in the contexts of opera and music theatre as spaces of knowledge, representation, and memory that colonial and decolonial narratives are performed, heard, negotiated, and overwritten
The science and politics of ‘knowledge’ in safe sport research
No full textResearch in the domain of safe sport frequently focuses on prevalence studies that have been historically dissimilar in methodology. Attempting to unify future studies for comparable results, Parent et al. (2018) introduced and validated the Violence Towards Athletes Questionnaire (VTAQ). The epistemological critiques of what knowledge this, or any, research tool generates about the sensitive topic of violence in sport has not been fully investigated. Additionally, how this ‘knowledge’ is used and by whom leads to further reconsideration about the validity of the data the VTAQ generates. Lastly, a brief discourse review illustrates how athletes’ capital may be appropriated to reinforce claims of validity and exclusivity of knowledge.
The Question Appraisal System (QAS; Schaad, Jans & Scott, 2020) was used to review the VTAQ. Ethnographic research was conducted at safe sport conferences along with follow-up interviews with researchers and practitioners. These data were juxtaposed, along with a brief literature review, to better understand how the quantitative tool is conceived and used qualitatively by situated researchers.
Analysis of the VTAQ highlighted myriads of elementary design flaws (e.g., more than 80% of the items were ‘double-barrelled’), most of which would tend towards over-reporting cases of violence. The qualitative data illustrated the political, activist motivations of prominent researchers in the field, and their professional dependency on high prevalence rates to justify funding for their research projects. Interviews also revealed the heterogeneity of athletes’ experiences and relationships to violence in sport, despite frequent use in the literature of the singular ‘the athlete voice’.
As a reliable generator of knowledge, the VTAQ is arguably still in the development stage, and is not ready to be the standard-bearer of safe sport research. Researchers responsible for its creation are publicly open about their political motivations to use high prevalence rates to change policymakers’ decisions and to receive funding for future research. There is a significant overlap between what they consider scientific research and what ‘knowledge’ they need to promote their political aims as social activists. The scientific curiosity of their research is reasonably then called into question, when it is conducted with an objective of achieving a certain result. Furthermore, by presenting their research as ‘validated’ and representative of ‘the athlete voice’, they lean on the appropriation of scientific and sporting capital to valorise otherwise questionable data. Athletes are not a homogenous group, and have voices that vary, even sometimes in support of violence. Research that presents ‘the athlete voice’ as uniform support of the political aims of these researchers is better seen as a product of activism rather than science.
References
Parent, S., Fortier, K., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Lessard, G., Goulet, C., Demers, G., Paradis, H., & Hartill, M. (2019). Development and initial factor validation of the Violence Toward Athletes Questionnaire (VTAQ) in a sample of young athletes. Society and Leisure, 42(3), 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2019.1682262
Schaad, A., Jans, M., & Scott, M. (2020). Improving the Question Appraisal System (QAS): Moving further away from black magic and black boxes. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) 2020
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