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A Review of Issues of Inequality and Inequity in Education Concerning the San Language Minorities in Botswana – 1997 - 2023
Full text linkResearch now abounds on the issues that bedevil the education of minority ethnic groups in Botswana. If a consideration is made about language as a human right, the right to learn in one’s language becomes fundamental. Indeed, issues of equality and equity in education are subsumed in many strategies, policies, and laws that define the education of a nation. If Education is concerned with societal knowledge and cultural values systems, then there is no equity in access in Botswana as equality assumes that leaners have equal linguistic competence. The paper will argue against the belief that homogeneity equalizes the learners. A point will be made that minority language speakers, such as the San (Khoisan), suffer from being overlooked and rendered irrelevant in education as they encounter school languages for the first time in the classroom. The paper will underscore the fact that matters of mother tongue education, culture-infused curriculum, and teacher training are key in education. The thesis of this paper is that a meaningful education should, underline equitable principles that bring about inclusive and constructive development of the self, democracy, self-reliance, and cherishing of unity in diversity. The methodology of the discussion will be guided by a critique of existing policies and their philosophy of education that does not value a culture-based and all-inclusive education that can benefit the Khoisan learner
The Expression longus Hellespontus in Ovid
Full text linkThe article reconstructs the origins of Ovid’s expression longus Hellespontus (Met. 13. 407; Fast. 4. 567; 6. 341 where the toponym invariably stands at the end of the hexameter, while the epithet is placed separately in a hyperbaton; cf. Fast. 4. 278 and Trist. 1. 10. 15–18). The epithet longus is accurate in that it corresponds to the long and narrow form of the strait; however, it does seem somewhat trivial to be repeated many times, and moreover, Ovid is the only Roman poet to use it. It is suggested that the expression longus Hellespontus was originally inspired by the scholarly discussion of the Homeric formula πλατὺς Ἑλλήσποντος (Il. 7. 86; 17. 432; Od. 24. 81 placed invariably at the end of the hexameter in the accusative or dative) where the epithet πλατύς, if taken to mean “broad, i.e. wide and flat”, is a strange description of a notoriously narrow strait. After an overview of solutions proffered by ancient scholars, it is shown that Ovid had probably devised the expression longus Hellespontus as another solution to the problematic formula in Homer: Ovid modified the epithet πλατύς to longus, displacing the focus of perception from the width of the strait to the extension of its coastline.В статье восстанавливаются истоки выражения longus Hellespontus “длинный Геллеспонт” у Овидия (Met. XIII, 407; Fast. IV, 567; VI, 341, где топоним неизменно стоит в конце гекзаметра, а эпитет вынесен вперед в гипербате; ср. также Fast. IV, 278 и Trist. I, 10, 15–18, где характеристика longus появляется при перифрастическом обозначении Геллеспонта). Эпитет longus соответствует удлиненной и узкой форме пролива, однако кажется слишком банальным, чтобы использовать его несколько раз (в том числе в рамках эрудированных перифраз). Кроме того, Овидий единственный из римских поэтов использует это выражение. В статье высказывается предположение, что longus Hellespontus у Овидия является ответом на обсуждение гомеровской формулы πλατὺς Ἑλλήσποντος (Il. VII, 86; XVII, 432; Od. XXIV, 81, в форме acc. или dat., неизменно в конце гекзаметра), в которой эпитет πλατύς, если понимать его в стандартном значении “широкий и плоский” противоречит форме пролива, известного своей узкостью. После обзора предлагавшихся античными филологами интерпретаций, показывается, что Овидий, скорее всего, изобрел выражение longus Hellespontus как собственное решение проблемного выражения у Гомера: он сменил эпитет πλατύς на longus, перенеся тем самым фокус восприятия с ширины пролива на протяженность линии берега
Per il testo e l’esegesi di Aviano, Fab. 40. 1–4
Full text linkThis article provides critical and exegetical notes on a passage in Avianus (Fab. 40. 1–4).В статье содержатся критические и экзегетические заметки к пассажу Авиана (Fab. 40. 1–4)
The Treatment of Troublesome Regions
Full text linkIt is quite clear that after the Old Hittite Kingdom had been established, the Hittites focused their attention on gaining control of Syria. At the same time, they also tried to expand to western Anatolia but soon learned that too great an involvement in the west left them vulnerable to attacks. From that time on, the kings of Hatti sought to keep their military involvement in western Anatolia to a minimum, while thwarting the emergence of any hostile coalitions there.I find this subject fascinating—namely, how an empire that was founded on an ideology of expansion came to realize its natural boundaries and adjusted its ideology and practical strategy to extricate itself from a problematic region that could not be annexed or conquered. This specific case has been discussed only in part by Bryce (1986), so I decided to research it again in my dissertation
The Iron Age I in the Northern Levant: New perspectives from Lebanon
Full text linkThe beginning of the Iron Age in the Levant has been for the past three decades the focus of intense studies and debates. The main reason that had triggered this interest is the turmoil characterizing the end of the Late Bronze Age coupled with the migration of newcomers dubbed the “Sea People” to the coastal Levant. This phenomenon has been studied to a length in the southern Levant where evidence of destructions followed by a new culture is attested on many coastal sites. However, in neighboring Lebanon, few studies focused on this period mainly due to the paucity of archaeological sites dating to the end of the Late Bronze Age/beginning of the Iron Age. In recent years, remains uncovered at major sites such as Tell Arqa (Irqata of the Amarna Tablets), Sarepta, Tyre, or Kamid el-Loz (Kumidi of the Amarna Tablets) gave no evidence for destructions at the end of the Late Bronze Age in this country. On the contrary, the architectural and material culture found at sites such as Tell Arqa and Sarepta points to a smooth transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. While the exposed architecture is usually flimsy and is characterized by a widespread use of pits and silos (a phenomenon equally observed on other neighboring sites such as Tell Afis in Syria or Tell Tayinat in Turkey), the pottery still retains old characteristics; yet integrated into a few new shapes and fabrics. The patterns of archaism observed in the material cultural in Lebanon challenges the established understanding of the Iron Age I in the southern Levant where it is characterized as a period of turmoil and transformation.This presentation analyses the architectural and material characteristics of the end of the Late Bronze Age I/beginning of the Iron Age I in Lebanon with the aim at isolating both local characteristics and regional influences
Linking a rural sanctuary with ancient metallurgy at Kataliondas Kourvellos (Cyprus)
No full textKataliondas Kourvellos is located at the base of an unusual rock knob, in the lower Troodos foothills, about 20 kilometers south of Nicosia. Recent excavations by the University of Geneva revealed that the site was occupied both in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, at the end of the 8th millennium BCE, and in the Cypro-Classical period, in the 4th century BCE.During the Cypro-Classical period, the site seems to have functioned as a rural sanctuary, but the purpose of its location there is not clear: among other explanations, one could be its link with the mining, smelting, and/or trade of metal resources (the lower Troodos foothills have been exploited since the Bronze Age for their copper and other mineralogical resources)
Namdeutsch und Namslang.: Mehrsprachige und multimodale Online-Kommunikationsformen in der namibischen Varietät des Deutschen
Full text linkNamdeutsch and Namslang are two German-based non-standard varieties that contain loanwords from Afrikaans, English and indigenous languages. Their development began during German colonial rule in German South West Africa, now Namibia. Namdeutsch is a linguistic variant that has become established among German-speakers in Namibia in recent decades, while Namslang or NAM Släng has recently become widely used online by Namibian German-speaking youth communities. My paper focuses on differently marked multimodal online communication to identify and describe typical features of German diversity in Namibia. It will also identify the role of digital multimodality, based on the interaction of visual and linguistic material, in the constitution of meaning in this context. The aim is to examine how this comes to light through the online press and bilingual/trilingual conversations in social networks, and how speaker identities in social media are (co-)constructed through the varieties of Namdeutsch and Namslang. The research is based on the Facebook page and the NAM Släng dictionary of the musician EES (Eric Sell), the glosses of the online edition of the Allgemeine Zeitung and the Deutsch in Namibia (DNAM) corpus
Object deprofiling in the context of inherently causative verbs: A case study of the semantically similar verbs build, construct, and create
Full text linkAlthough there is a substantial body of literature on implicit arguments, only a few works deal with argument omission in the context of highly transitive verbs. The present study is intended to make a contribution to this understudied field. To that purpose, three semantically similar verbs of creation – namely build, construct, and create – were analysed contrastively with respect to complement omission. The analyses show that despite a certain degree of semantic overlap, these verbs differ in their disposition to leave their object argument implicit. The subtle contrasts are described on the basis of frame information, the discourse context, pragmatic/stylistic factors, aspect, and collocations as indicators of selectional preferences. Intransitive uses of the three verbs under consideration are represented as subtypes of the corresponding prototypical transitive variants. These alternants share a subset of syntactic and semantic information, including thematic entailments in the sense of Dowty (1991), which can be split into “mental” as well as “physical” information. The analyses are innovative in that they are largely based on contexts from the Concretely Annotated English Gigaword corpus, which allows users to search for syntactic structures and thus to extract intransitive uses of inherently transitive verbs
Regeln in DaF-Übungsgrammatiken: sprachwissenschaftliche und sprachdidaktische Perspektiven
Full text linkThe present article investigates German grammars for foreign learners in a linguistic and didactic perspective. In the introductory part, criteria for scientific and didactic adequacy are elaborated. The main part consists in the analysis of five recent and widespread grammars for different language levels, pertaining to three case studies: nominal gender, prepositions with dative/accusative government, future tenses. It is shown that these grammars display only a partial scientific adequacy in so far important rules are not mentioned. From a didactic point of view the most important shortcoming is a lack of systematicity as single rules are being listed without showing their interconnections. Moreover, a number of rules are difficult to put in practice because they require prior grammatical knowledge. At last, there is no sensible progression between grammars for beginners and grammars for advanced learners
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