Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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Amelioration of lead nitrate induced pulmonary toxicity by Garlic essential oil in inflammatory markers of Swiss albino male mice
Get PDFLead is a toxic heavy metal that causes harmful effects on human health. Its prolonged use interferes with the pulmonary tissue, resulting in alterations in the normal level of transcription factors and cytokines. So, to restore these parameters altered by lead nitrate (LN) Pb(NO3)2 , the present study aimed to test natural therapeutic agents like Allium sativum (AS) and its defensive role in mitigating lead (Pb) induced toxicity in Swiss albino male mice model. For this one-month study, 36 mice were divided into 6 Groups. The Groups were categorised as Group I (control/untreated), Group II a (lead nitrate (LN))(50mg/kg), Group II b (LN+ low dose of garlic essential oil (GEO) (50mg/kg)), Group II c (LN+ high dose of GEO) (80mg/kg), Group II d (LN with standard drug (silymarin) (25mg/kg)), Group II e (LN + vehicle olive oil). The experimental results revealed an elevated level of NF-kB(P< 0.001), TNF-α and IL-6 (P < 0.05 for both) and a decreased level of IFN-ɤ (P<0.05) and IL-10 (P < 0.01) in Lead-intoxicated pulmonary tissues of mice. Conversely, GEO exhibited promising anti-inflammatory properties by attenuating the alterations caused by LN. The present study demonstrated the significant effectiveness of a high dose of garlic bulb essential oil in reducing inflammation in the pulmonary tissues of an animal model exposed to lead nitrate. Notably, the low dose also exhibited efficacy for certain inflammatory markers. Further optimization of Garlic Essential Bulb Oil (GEBO) doses is warranted to enhance its therapeutic potential. This study expands the scope of exploring natural interventions for mitigating lead-induced toxicity.
Effect of isolated active compounds of Fragaria X ananassa and Prunus amigdalus on induced hepatic steatosis in male albino rabbits
Get PDFThis study investigated the effects of Fragaria X ananassa polyphenols, Prunus amigdalus derived omega-3, and Omega3 and Vitamin E on Triton-induced fatty liver disease in 100 male rabbits divided into 10 groups. Group 1 to Group 10 as follows: control (1), rabbits given Triton (2), rabbits given polyphenols extracted from strawberry(3), rabbits given polyphenols extracted from strawberry with Triton(4), rabbits given Omega3 extracted from almond(5), rabbits given omega-3 extracted from almond with Triton(6), rabbits given polyphenols extracted from strawberry and omega3 extracted from almond(7), rabbits given polyphenols extracted from strawberry and omega-3 extracted from almond with Triton(8), rabbits given omega3, Vit.E (9) and rabbits given omega3, Vit.E with Triton (10) Treatments were administered daily for four months. Results showed a significant reduction in Hemoglobin Hb (6.42±0.16), Red Blood Cells RBCs(3.52±0.08), Packed Cell Volume PCV (2.81±0.08) and Total Antioxidant Capacity TAC (3.62±0.13) in the Triton group compared to other treated groups. Conversely, treated groups showed improved hematological parameters levels, but White Blood Cells WBCs (14.77±0.04) increased in Triton group with a probability (P≤0.01) .
Use of essential oil for extended shelf life and maintained physico-chemical qualities of tomato cv. Arka Rakshak
Get PDFTomatoes, one of the popular solanaceous vegetables, used to face high spoilage and low shelf life in ambient storage. Essential oils with proven antimicrobial properties were thus used in the present study to evaluate the impact on fruit decay, shelf life and physico-chemical qualities under ambient conditions (Temperature: 22±30C; Relative Humidity: 80±5%). The study was conducted during 2021-22 with greenhouse-grown mature green tomatoes cv. Arka Rakshak at Post Graduate Research Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India, to evaluate the utility of different essential oils (0.5% v/v) as Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Lavendar (Lavandula angustifolia) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) emulsified with coconut oil. Results manifested that surface coating with Basil oil had reduced the weight loss percentage (4.83%) significantly and maintained better firmness of fruit (23.91 N/cm2), Total Soluble Solids (TSS): acid ratio (17.86) and delayed accumulation of colour pigment-like carotenoids (14.26 µg g-1) and lycopene (21.78 µg g-1). Fruit under this treatment had high ascorbic acid content (21.38 mg 100g-1) with better retention of total phenolics (0.31 mg g-1) and higher antioxidant activity at 12 days after storage (DAS). Besides, fruits under this treatment had minimum fruit decay (10%) against control (45%). Application of Basil oil had a better-extended shelf life (18.85 days) than the control (13.75 days). Therefore, it may be concluded that postharvest use of basil oil was effective in extending shelf life while maintaining physico-chemical qualities in stored tomatoes under room conditions.
Complete genome sequence of Niallia sp. SS-2023 isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Mosul city, Iraq
Get PDFOil contamination in soil poses a significant environmental challenge, affecting microbial communities and ecosystem functions. Certain bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to survive and even degrade hydrocarbons in such polluted environments. In this context, the genus Niallia has attracted scientific interest due to its potential in bioremediation. The current research was focused on characterizing and conducting genomic analysis of a novel strain of Niallia sp., accordingly labeled as Niallia sp. SS-2023, obtained from oil-polluted soil alongside electric generators in the Mosul Governorate. Isolates were diagnosed using conventional methods and biochemical tests. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identification was followed by whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The genome contains 86 contigs, representing 3.78 million base pairs with a GC content of 39.2% and 3,852 protein-coding sequences supported by 60 tRNA genes. Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) server analysis identified numerous genes involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, protein, and nucleoside metabolism. Genes linked to aromatic compound metabolism, such as SalA, FAHF, QuiB, and BenK, were found, indicating roles in the degradation of aromatic, anti-inflammatory for salicylate, hydroxylated and metabolic for gentisate, as well as carboxylated and preservative for benzoate. On the phylogenetic tree, Niallia sp. SS-2023 falls very close to Niallia circulans FDAARGOS_343 and Niallia Taxi M5HDSG1-1T, indicating a high degree of genetic similarity. From these molecular genomic data to phylogenetics, the information reassures that Niallia sp. SS-2023 is promising for application in bioremediation and bioproducts development.
Modulating the immune response in Swiss albino mice using Arabic gum (Acacia)
Get PDFArabic Gum is a soluble dietary fiber with important biological properties and is effectively used to improve the immune system. It promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut (probiotics), is considered a digestive enhancer, and is also known to help strengthen the immune system. Some research has indicated its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study investigated the effects of Arabic gum extract on the immune response and weight variation in Swiss albino mice. The Swiss albino rats were divided into five groups as follows: the group one was considered control (T0, untreated), the group two (T1) was given 30 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), the group three (T2) was given 60 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), the fourth group (T3) was given 90 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), and finally the fifth group (T4, standard) was given ovalbumin (0.1 ml) alone. The maximum concentration (90mg/kg) led to consistent gain of weight implying a potential positive immunomodulatory effect or metabolic increase. Arabic gum extract showed potent neutrophil count in a dose dependent fashion, implying that Arabic gum extract caused an improved innate immune response, Arabic gum extract portrayed potent immunomodulatory effect, whereby it reduced oedema volume dose dependently, indicating anti-inflammatory effects . This study suggests that Arabic gum extract has the potential to modulate the immune response and exert anti-inflammatory effects in Swiss albino mice. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications.
Macro-ecology and biogeography of soil nematodes in Pir Panjal range of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya, India
Get PDFThe Himalayan region holds significant ecological importance and plays a crucial role in biomonitoring ecosystems. The present study to investigate the Effects of various factors, including latitude, climate, and vegetation, on the diversity and geographic distribution patterns of soil-inhabiting nematodes in the Pir Panjal range of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalayas, India. Soil Samples were collected from forests, agricultural fields, and grasslands in temperate and subtropical regions, along an altitude gradient (1000 to 2300m) and a latitudinal gradient (33º 32 \u27N to 33º 48\u27 N). A Significant variation among different vegetation types and number of genera and abundance of nematodes was determined by Regression Analysis and A one-way ANOVA followed by T test. A Correlation Coefficient Analysis between various ecological indices like Maturity Index (MI), Diversity Indices (Shannon-Weaver, Simpson, Hills N1 and N2), Trophic structure Indices (Enrichment Index, Structure Index) and latitude were performed. The Maturity Index decreased (r= -0.645) in higher latitudes, accompanied by an increase in microbial activity, indicating a less disturbed environment. The higher values of the Enrichment Index (EI) and Structure Index (SI) at lower latitudes indicated higher opportunists and an indicator of food web state, respectively. The Linear regression model showed a significant relationship between soil nematode trophic guilds and latitude and precipitation. It reflects higher nutrient mineralization and productivity in areas with higher precipitation. The highest mean value of nematode abundance in temperate region and genera in subtropical areas explains the trophic guild status.
Harnessing spectral reflectance as novel approach to estimate photosynthetic capacity in nutrient-deficient immature rubber saplings
Get PDFMeasuring photosynthetic capacity using gas exchange systems such as the LI-COR 6400XT is time-consuming and limited by stomatal dynamics, particularly in large-scale field applications. Spectral reflectance-based tools, such as the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS, offer a rapid and non-destructive alternative. The present study aimed to develop predictive models for estimating photosynthetic parameters from spectral reflectance data, using immature rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) grown under nutrient omission treatments. Five treatments Treatment A: NPK (5.29-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment B: -K (5.29-8.01-0 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment C: -P (5.29-0-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment D: -N (0-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment E: Control (-NPK 0-0-0 g plants-1) were applied in a completely randomized design with five replications. Photosynthetic parameters—maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmₐₓ), maximum electron transport rate (Jmₐₓ), and triose phosphate utilization (TPU)—were measured using the LI-COR 6400XT, while spectral reflectance was recorded using the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS during the second and third leaf flushes. Multiple linear regression models were developed and validated using root mean square error (RMSE). Key wavelengths for estimating photosynthetic parameters were identified in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions: Vcmₐₓ (R324, R329, R334, R349, R379, R384, R394), Jmₐₓ (R339, R785), and TPU (R324, R339, R404, R785). Model accuracies under self-validation were 90% (Vcmₐₓ), 55% (Jmₐₓ), and 75% (TPU), and under cross-validation were 84%, 47%, and 64%, respectively. These results demonstrated the potential of reflectance-based models as efficient tools for estimating photosynthetic capacity in immature rubber trees, particularly in resource-limited environments
On some biochemical contents of tapeworm Proteocephalus osculatus and its definitive host, Silurus triostegus
Get PDFFishes are increasingly reported as important economic national resources, with recent interest focused on their therapeutic potential in reducing some diseases, including cardiovascular ones, due to their unsaturated fats and omega 3 content. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of some biochemical contents in the tissues of the tapeworm and the intestinal tissue of its definitive host Silurus triostegus fish. A total of 63 fishes were brought to the laboratory and dissected for small intestine removal, and a tapeworm of Proteocephalus. osculatus was collected and washed several times with saline solution. Intestinal tissues of the infected and non-infected fishes and the collected parasites were compared for biochemical parameters. Protein, glycogen, lipids, creatinine, and urea were measured using standard methods. Infected fishes had their intestinal tissues with a significantly (p<0.05) lower protein (22.06±0.42 mg/g wet weight), glycogen (12.33±0.08 mg/100 ml of solution, and lipid (17.10±0.16 mg/g wet weight) than non-infected fishes (33.06±0.72 mg/g wet weight, 20.23±0.53 mg/100 ml of solution, and 27.26±0.45 mg/g wet weight, respectively). Conversely, urea (12.30±0.36 mg/dl) and creatinine (2.31±0.12 mg/dl) increased significantly (p<0.05) in the infected host compared to non-infected ones (10.66±0.22 mg/dl and 1.07±0.10 mg/dl, respectively). This study highlights the impact of P. osculatus infection on the biochemical composition of S. triostegus, providing insights into parasite-host metabolic interactions. The findings suggest that biochemical markers such as protein, glycogen, and urea levels can serve as diagnostic indicators of fish health and can be valuable for disease monitoring, improving the quality of fish and fisheries management for commercial and export purposes.
Identification of most prominent parents and cross combinations in indian mustard for seed yield and quality traits
Get PDFIndian mustard is an important oilseed crop with significant economic and nutritional value. Understanding the genetic mechanisms governing key traits like seed yield is crucial for developing high-yielding varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) of parental lines and the specific combining ability (SCA) of their cross combinations to improve yield potential. A diallel model (excluding reciprocals) was used, involving 45 hybrids (F1\u27s) produced by crossing 10 diverse genotypes: Aashirwad, Basanti, NDR501-26, Rohini, KMR17-5-21, KMR17-5-22, KMR17-5-23, N8501, PR20, and PR21. These hybrids were developed during the Rabi season of 2018-19 and evaluated in the 2019-2020 Rabi season using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the Student Instructional Farm of CSAUA&T, Kanpur. The study assessed GCA and SCA effects, focusing on additive and non-additive gene actions in trait inheritance. The results showed that SCA variance exceeded GCA variance across all traits, with a predictability ratio and GCA/SCA ratio of less than one, indicating a dominance of non-additive gene action. While GCA variance was high for most traits except primary branches and 1000-seed weight, SCA effects were more significant for traits like maturity days, siliquae per plant, 1000-seed weight, oil yield, and seed yield. Parents like NDR 501-26 and Rohini demonstrated strong GCA effects, making them suitable for breeding. Specific crosses, such as KMR 17-5-22 × KMR 17-5-21 and NDR 501-26 × Rohini, showed desirable SCA effects, suggesting potential for early-maturing and high-yielding hybrids. These findings highlight the potential of heterosis breeding and the use of non-additive gene action for improving Indian mustard yield, offering insights to meet agricultural demands.
Phytoconstituents analysis of ripe Pithecellobium dulce seeds and coats: Insights from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and bioactivity assessment
Get PDFPithecellobium dulce is a tropical tree known for its medicinal properties, which are traditionally used in folk medicine to treat ailments such as diabetes and inflammation. Recent research has focused on exploring its bioactive compounds to validate its therapeutic potential. This study investigates the antioxidant and amylase inhibitory potential of methanolic extracts from the ripe seeds and coats of P. dulce, previously overlooked plant parts. Phytochemical analysis of both seed and coat extracts was conducted using standard qualitative methods, revealing the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, proteins, phenols, and terpenoids. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) in ripe seeds was 9.11±0 mg GAE/g, while the fruit coat measured 3.056±0.5 mg GAE/g. Quantitative assessment of Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) indicated the presence of 36.4±0.8 mg RE/g in the seed extract and 31.64±0.4 mg RE/g in the fruit coat. The seed extract displayed substantial saponin content (118.4±14.1 mg/g dry extract saponin equivalents). Phytoconstituents identified with GC-MS showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, including Phytol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, 9,11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E), Oleoyl chloride, Eugenol, Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro, and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Antioxidant activities, assessed through DPPH, reducing power, and metal chelating assays, demonstrated IC50 values of 1378.3 µg/mL and 36.7 µg/mL (DPPH scavenging) for seed and coat extracts, respectively. Significant inhibition of α-amylase activity was observed, with the coat extract exhibiting the highest inhibition at 55%. This study enhances the understanding of the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of ripe seeds and coats of P. dulce, providing a foundation for future research to fully realize the plant\u27s therapeutic benefits.