Advanced Journal of Graduate Research
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An Insight into Space Weather
Get PDFThe present article gives a brief overview of space weather and its drivers. The space weather is of immense importance for the spaceborne and ground-based technological systems. The satellites, the power grids, telecommunication and in severe conditions the human lives are at risk. The article covers the effects of solar transient activities (e.g. Solar flares, Coronal mass ejections and Solar winds etc.) and their consequences on the Earth’s atmosphere. The space weather is the change in the conditions of interplanetary space because of the solar transient activities. We also discussed the importance of the solar wind which is a continuous flow of the charged energy particles from the Sun to the Earth in respect of the space weather. This article also put light on the Sun-Earth connection and effects of the space weather on it. The Earth’s magnetosphere, formed by the interaction of solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field behaves like a shield for the Earth against the solar wind
A Comparative Study of Dust Cleaning Methods for the Solar PV Panels
Get PDFThe present energy consumption scenario is clearly showing the faster depletion of fossil fuel reserves. On the other hand, energy usage index indicates the state of growth of a country. The use of renewable energy sources like solar PV, wind and such alternatives has increased in the recent years. Considerable loss in conversion efficiency of solar PV system has been noticed due to non-availability of proper insolation and accumulation of dust particles on the panels or shading. A comparative study of various cleaning methods of solar panels has been done in this article with emphasis on innovative idea of separation of dust by electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Electrostatic precipitators uses static electricity to remove the dust from the panel by applying energy only to the particular matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its applications unlike conventional cleaning. This increases the solar panels insolation absorption ability. The weight sensor continuously monitor the weight of the dust on the panel and Arduino controller gives the command to clean the dust when defined feedback is received from the sensors. Electrostatic precipitators work by ionizing the dust on the surface area of solar panel and forcing dirt particles towards the electrodes which are like electrical terminals. The first electrode is charged to a very high negative voltage and other to the positive. The positively charged electrode collects the dust particles. The particles attached to the positively charged plates are expelled or removed periodically to keep the panel dust free either manually or automatically
Password Based Distribution Panel and Circuit Breaker Operation for the Safety of Lineman during Maintenance Work
Get PDFSecurity is the prime concern in our day to day life while performing any activity. In the current scenario, accidental death of lineman is often read and evidenced. In this direction, a safety measure to safe guard the operator is found very necessary looking into the present working style. The electric lineman safety system is designed to control the control panel doors and circuit breaker by using a password for the safety. Critical electrical accidents to lineman are on the rise during electric line repair may be due to lack of communication and co-ordination between the maintenance staff and electric substation staff. The proposed system provides a solution that ensures safety of lineman. The control to turn ON or OFF the line is maintained by the lineman. The system has an arrangement such that a password is required to operate the doors of the control panel and circuit breaker (ON/OFF). A secured password is requested and received from the control room by the lineman for the point of repair or service. This request is registered and a password is sent to the lineman’s mobile and control panel GSM module for the further work. The password is entered through the matrix keypad which is interfaced to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The entered password is compared with the password received by the control panel GSM receiver. If the entered password is correct then the circuit breaker ON/OFF and door OPEN/CLOSE feature is enabled for the lineman to take up repair. Any intruder tries to operate the mechanism with the wrong password by three times it will display a message in the LCD display and a message is sent to the control room regarding unauthorized accessing of the system for the safety reasons
Palatal Expansion and its Effects in Orthodontics
Get PDFPalatal expansion has a unique role in dentofacial therapy. The rapid Maxillary expansion which is a type of skeletal expansion involves the opening of the mid-palatal suture and movement of the palatal shelves away from each other. Selection of appropriate appliance should be made by preparing a list of criteria depending on the biomechanical requirements of RME. Rapid expansion affects the maxillary complex, palatal vaults, maxillary teeth, adjacent periodontal structures to get desired expansion in the maxillary arch. Maxillary transverse deficiency in adults is a malocclusion of relatively high prevalence in orthodontics. The rapid maxillary expansion (RME) surgically assisted is considered the preferred procedure to correction of this alteration in patients skeletally mature. This review discusses the types of palatal expansion and skeletal and soft tissue effects of palatal expansion
Gingival Recession in Orthodontics: A Review
Get PDFBy clinical definition, gingival recession refers to the exposure of the root surface by an apical shift in the position of the gingiva. Recession is important because it can lead to poor esthetics, tooth hypersensitivity, loss of periodontal support, difficulties in maintenance of oral hygiene, and increased susceptibility to caries. Although its etiology is not fully understood, periodontal disease and mechanical trauma are considered the primary factors in the pathogenesis of gingival recession. Orthodontic treatment might also promote the development of gingival recessions. It has been well established that orthodontic forces can move roots close to or through the alveolar cortical plates, leading to bone dehiscence. In such instances, the marginal gingiva, without proper alveolar bone support, might be expected to migrate apically and lead to root exposure. This assumption is based on the fact that in areas of recession, a subjacent alveolar bone dehiscence is always present
Statistical Analysis on Nutritional Status and its Associated Factors of Under Five Years Children in Nepal
Get PDFMalnutrition among under five year of age group is a major underlying cause of the child morbidity and mortality in many developing countries like Nepal. Nutritional status of children is a proxy indicator for assessing the health status of entire population. This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional status of the most vulnerable age group of children (0-59 months) and to identify different factors associated with it. Generally three anthropometric indicators were often used to assess the nutritional status of children height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. This study is based on data of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. WHO Anthro software and IBM SPSS 20 were used to analyze the data. The prevalence of the malnutrition (stunted, wasted and underweight) was found in the different aspect. This study consists of 2334 children of under five years age groups, out of this 50.9% were male children and 49.1% were female children, the prevalence of the stunted is 41%, wasted 29% and underweight 11%. The prevalence of diarrhea during the data collection period is 13.80% and prevalence of fever during the data collection period is 18.70%. The statistically significant factor were body mass index of mother, wealth index, size of child at birth and education of mother and smoking habit of mother. Malnutrition (stunted, wasted and underweight) still remains as a major health problem in our country Nepal. So, our government should be focused on those factors which are significantly associated with malnutrition like health care during pregnancy period, education of mother etc. Significant number of under-five children’s of Nepal was malnourished. Maternal factors have significant association with nutritional status of the children which include extra diet in pregnancy and lactation, iron supplements in pregnancy, exclusive breast feeding for six months
A Summary of Current Research on the Functional Morphology of Flight in Azhdarchid Pterosaurs
Get PDFAzhdarchid pterosaurs existed during the Mesozoic era and died out during the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. These amazingly large creatures have sparked a debate on whether they were capable of flying or simply gliding due to their massive size, anatomy and morphology. Two theories that have been developed are that these creatures were terrestrial stalkers and that they are closer to pelicans in terms of feeding capability. More specifically, Naish and Witton suggest that these giants were capable of covering large distances by soaring and could forage on land by walking quadrupedally using their long necks to reach down and kill small animals, parts of dead tissues and possibly fruits. Fossil evidence to support this theory includes tracks of the Azhdarchid’s showing a parasagittal gait, a winged planform, and specimens have been only found in continental depositional settings. Evidence also indicates that these creatures had membranes serving as wings, but it cannot be discerned with current knowledge whether membranes were used for gliding or for true flying
Improving Greenery in the Ghanaian Built Environment Through Policy and Legislature
Get PDFThe world is craving for sustainability and thus implementing various measures to achieve this laudable task. For sustainable development to be achieved there is the need for a balance between environmental, economic and social development. Therefore, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass all three. In Ghana, most infrastructural projects such as roads and buildings are done with economic and social focused leaving out the environmental concerns. Even though there is Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in place such as the Environmental Protection Act (EPA), the country’s environment with regards to greenery has setbacks. This research examines how the soft landscaping component of infrastructural development can be enhanced to improve the environment. Questionnaires in the form of Google forms were used to collect data. Stakeholders of infrastructural developments such as financiers of projects, institutions that give approvals and professionals involved in the design and execution of projects were the scope for data collection. The research reveals that there are no clear indications of requirements of soft landscaping in legislature and thus making it difficult for their inclusion in infrastructural development. A well-structured legislative instrument combining the Green Building Code and National Building Regulation should be adopted. Institutional capacities should also be enhanced for enforcement of this new legislature
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in Automation
Get PDFThe programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the central controlling unit in the industry or a process. The effective operation of the process and safety considerations if programmed appropriately can meet the required objectives. The present technical paper briefly distinguishes the present automation systems and the past technologies to identify and explore the capabilities of PLCs for any process. The relay logic and contactor logics (RLC) were practiced in the olden days which include the human intervention and errors. The advent and application of microprocessors, microcontrollers and new specific tools such as PLCs, Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed control systems (DCS) have increased productivity, accuracy, precision and efficiency. These systems reduced human intervention and increased the flexibility in the process control. The keyword automation clearly states that the working of a process or repetition in an efficient manner by incorporating mechanisms and control sequences in the proper order several times with acceptable deviations in the output of the process
Design and Analysis of Bamboo Stick Cutting Machine
Get PDFAs the modern trend is approaching more towards handcrafted art and natural artifacts, the demand for such hand-crafted arts has increased tremendously. To meet this increasing market demand there is always a need for advancement in the conventional production techniques to counterbalance the ever-increasing market demand for such handcrafted arts. India is known for many cottage industries and handicrafts designs but still, continuous efforts are required to design and produce unique handicrafts to satisfy the customer demands. In most of the large-scale industries, production is achieved with the help of machines but whereas in small-scale production, the man force is a must to carry out the entire production manually which results in the increased workload on workers which ultimately affect production rate as well as quality. To overcome this and to minimize the stress on the worker, an attempt has been made to design a bamboo stick making machine, which is simple in design and even can be handled by unskilled labor. The designed Bamboo cutting machine is mainly used to cut the bamboo into required shapes which are used in small-scale industries to prepare ice cream sticks or incense sticks. Our main concern is to avoid the manual operation of cutting bamboo which is time-consuming. The cutting operation is achieved by using a pair of spur gears and rollers