Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB)
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Palmerston and Metternich’s Austria, 1830‒1841
No full textThe book scrutinizes the diplomatic relations between British Foreign Secretary Viscount Palmerston and Austrian Chancellor Metternich from 1830 to 1841. Their conflicting views on how to solve the problems of the time determined the ideological direction of Europe. The defined period is full of diplomatic intricacies and pivotal events. The decisions forged by these leaders resonated across Europe, shaping its trajectory for generations
12: Creation and sharing of innovations: the role of opening mechanisms provided by patent law
No full textOver the last decades, increasing efforts have been made to make patents “better and better” in terms of enforceability. In particular, this has been done by imposing the provisions of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement (TRIPS) onto more and more countries. Consequently, a very strong fence surrounding “gardens of innovation”, protecting against unauthorized use of the fruits grown in such gardens by investors with expectation of high profits, has been created. However, according to the authors, far fewer efforts have been made to create conditions that enable the implementation of the provisions of Art. 7 TRIPS. Namely, to create better opportunities for Open-Innovation-Systems where certain market participants, particularly investors/inventors, create innovations in the protected “garden” and then provide useful conditions for a door in the fence (Art. 7 TRIPS etc.) through which others can gain access to the fruits of the garden under FRAND conditions, for example. It is interesting to look at the set of tools that patent laws, such as those in Germany, have made available to market players both on the investor and the user sides of the door in the protected garden. This article discusses how patent systems, as such, can improve the finding and determination of conditions under which the door in the fence can be opened. Typical examples of this are LOR provisions provided by, for example, Section 23(4) of the German Patent Act (GPA), combined with opening clauses for developing (like Section 11(2) GPA) and marketing (like Section 24(2) GPA) already patented items, as well as including proportionality provisions into patent laws (like Section 139(1) s. 3 GPA). Furthermore, it discusses how internal arbitration mechanisms of patent offices, such as the Board of Arbitration for Employee Inventions at GPTO, could be used to determine balanced licensing conditions. The changes to Section 139 (“injunctive relief”) of GPA in 2021 are discussed in detail, including specific considerations of how financial compensation might be determined for a patentee who is denied injunctive relief.Publishe
The Ethics of AI
No full textAvailable open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND licence.
In a world where artificial intelligence increasingly influences the fabric of our daily lives, this accessible book offers a critical examination of AI and its deep entanglement with power structures. Rather than focusing on doomsday scenarios, it emphasises how AI impacts our everyday interactions and social norms in ways that fundamentally reshape society. By examining the different forms of exploitation and manipulation in the relationship between humans and AI, the book advocates for collective responsibility, better regulation and systemic change.
This is a resounding manifesto for rethinking AI ethics through a power-aware lens. With detailed analysis of real-world examples and technological insights, it is essential reading for anyone invested in the future of AI policy, scholarly critique and societal integration
In Our Own Words: Creative Approaches to Inclusion through an Arts and Humanities Intellectual Disability Project
No full textIn Our Own Words: Creative Approaches to Inclusion through an Arts and Humanities Intellectual Disability Project.
This collection of words and images was created by a group that became affectionately known as LD Club. The individual chapters are authored by service users, care staff, heritage professionals and volunteers, and university staff and students
Computational Fluid Dynamics
No full textThis book comprehensively explores numerical methods and their applications across diverse fields, strongly focusing on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and advanced modeling techniques. Starting with numerical approaches for solving the viscid and inviscid Burgers equations establishes a foundation for understanding complex fluid dynamics. Subsequent chapters delve into cutting-edge topics, including Large Eddy Simulations (LES) for turbulence modeling, heat transfer analysis, and the influence of working fluids on vortex dynamics in industrial pipelines. The book also explores emerging areas such as nanoscale simulations, plasmonic excitations, and biomedical applications like hemodynamics in atrial fibrillation. Real-world case studies and practical examples demonstrate the versatility of CFD in addressing challenges in engineering, biology, and energy systems. This book combines theoretical rigour with practical insights and is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and professionals. It bridges the gap between numerical theory and real-world applications, providing readers with the tools to solve complex problems across various scientific and engineering domains. Whether you’re looking to deepen your understanding of numerical methods, enhance your CFD expertise, or explore innovative applications, this book is a valuable resource for gaining actionable insights and fostering innovation in computational modeling
Chapter Introduction
No full textRural Education and Queer Identities: Rural and (Out)Rooted explores the facets and intersections of rural education and Queer identities. It looks to schooling and education policy to question how Queer rural youth and educators can be seen, be safe, and be valued in schools and their communities. Taking the claim that rural people are deeply rooted to rural places, this text considers what a sense of rootedness looks like for Queer people in rural communities. Through a diverse collection of scholarly contributions, personal narratives, and creative works, this text goes on to explore the notion of outrootedness and belonging in educational spaces. It presents a more complete, more inclusive picture of rural America and lifts up the voices of Queer rural people to be sung and heard. Topics explored include: Queer and trans advocacy in rural educational spaces; supporting Queer students and educators; intersectional identities; wellbeing and education; sex education in rural schools; and school safety for LGBQT+ students. This unique collection examines intersections between Queer identities and rural education. It will be important reading for scholars and those studying for courses on Foundations of Education, Social Justice Education, History of U.S. Education, Education Policy and Politics, Queer Studies, Women and Gender Studies, as well as pre-service and place-based education courses
Educational Internationalism in the Cold War
No full textThis edited volume delves into the intricate landscape of educational internationalism during the Cold War, providing an in-depth examination of its diverse forms, impulses, and global impacts.
Through multilingual archival research, the chapters uncover a variety of experiences that have fostered cross-border exchanges and cooperation within, between, and beyond the Western and Eastern blocs. Promoted by a wide range of individual and collective actors, internationalism in education has extended across a broad spectrum of fields, including academic mobility schemes, cultural interchanges, youth science competitions, development programs, and training courses. This collection offers, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of these initiatives, revealing their intersections with national educational policies and processes of decolonization, development, and Europeanization. It also challenges conventional historical narratives by both uncovering forms of collaboration and solidarity that transcended the Iron Curtain and emphasizing the pivotal role of the Global South as a central arena of encounters.
Educational Internationalism in the Cold War presents a rich understanding of the Cold War as a laboratory of contemporary globalization and is a valuable addition to the scholarship on one of the most critical moments of the twentieth century
Werkzeuge, Techniken und ihre Kränkungen des Menschen
No full textSince the emergence of their species, humans have been using tools and techniques to compensate for their physiological and cognitive deficits. It is noteworthy that humans evaluate these tools very differently. While they are predominantly benevolent and open-minded towards tools that support their physiological abilities, they are often very critical of cognitive tools. Understanding this critical attitude is the aim of this article. For this purpose, selected and significant milestones in the development of cognitive tools, especially with an exemplary focus on writing tools, are historically reconstructed. Starting with the development of writing and the transition from an oral to a written culture, through modern book printing, the invention of calculators and computers, and the establishment of the internet and the associated necessity of search engines, to current developments and discussions about artificial intelligences, the article particularly analyzes the critical reactions to these innovations. It becomes apparent that the basic structure of the rejecting-critical argumentation – a withering of human thinking ability – as well as the fears and concerns associated with such developments have been stable at their core for millennia. To understand this attitude, the article proposes an interpretation that describes the development of cognitive tools as a collective narcissistic injury, which seemingly challenges the core of human self-understanding and thus evokes this aversive attitude.PublishedMenschen benutzen seit ihrer Artentstehung Werkzeuge und Techniken, um damit ihre physiologischen sowie ihre kognitiven Defizite zu kompensieren. Auffällig dabei ist, dass der Mensch die jeweiligen Werkzeuge ganz unterschiedlich bewertet. Während Menschen gegenüber Werkzeugen zur Unterstützung ihrer physiologischen Fähigkeiten überwiegend wohlwollend und aufgeschlossen sind, stehen sie Denkwerkzeugen zumeist sehr kritisch gegenüber. Diese kritische Haltung zu verstehen, ist Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags. Dafür werden zunächst ausgewählte und bedeutsame Meilensteine in der Entwicklung von Denkwerkzeugen, insbesondere unter der exemplarischen Fokussierung von Schreibwerkzeugen, historisch rekonstruiert. Angefangen mit der Entwicklung der Schrift sowie dem Übergang von einer mündlichen in eine schriftliche Kultur, über den modernen Buchdruck, die Erfindung von Taschenrechnern und Computern sowie die Etablierung des Internets und der damit verbundenen Notwendigkeit von Suchmaschinen hin zu aktuellen Entwicklungen und Diskussionen um künstliche Intelligenzen analysiert der Beitrag insbesondere die kritischen Reaktionen auf diese Innovationen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Grundstruktur der ablehnend-kritischen Argumentation – eine Verkümmerung der menschlichen Denkfähigkeit – sowie die mit solchen Entwicklungen einhergehenden Ängste und Befürchtungen in ihrem Kern seit Jahrtausenden stabil sind. Um diese Haltung zu verstehen, entwirft der Beitrag eine Deutung, die die Entwicklung von Denkwerkzeugen als kollektive narzisstische Kränkung beschreibt, durch die der Kern menschlichen Selbstverständnisses scheinbar infrage gestellt wird und dadurch diese aversive Haltung hervorbringt
Postcapitalist Countrysides
No full textPostcapitalist Countrysides explores the tensions that arise from the established conventions of economic production and private accumulation, as they affect life, wealth and work in rural areas. Its premise is that capitalism, as we experience it today, is incapable of solving key societal challenges – centred on social justice and sustainable livelihoods. By rethinking land, capital and labour relationships, postcapitalism offers glimpses of alternative modes of socio-economic organisation, achievable through local pre-figurative actions today and scalable through structural supports in the future. The glimpses of hopeful futures offered in this collection focus on rural places, communities and economies.
Praise for Postcapitalist Countrysides
‘A comprehensive, wide-ranging and pioneering book, with a strong economics and planning emphasis, creatively foregrounding the place of our countryside today within debates about postcapitalism.’
Keith Halfacree, Swansea University, Wales
'A critically important book that looks beyond the structural inequalities of capitalism in rural areas, and answers the question of "what is to be done". Drawing on evidence from the UK and other advanced economies, it argues for alternative postcapitalist modes of socio-economic organisation.'
Natalia Mamonova, Ruralis – The Institute for Rural and Regional Research, Norwa
Hybride KI mit Machine Learning und Knowledge Graphs
No full textSeit den 2010er Jahren hat die Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) durch Erfolge im Machine Learning (ML) einen enormen Schub erfahren. Einerseits durch die stark angewachsene Menge verfügbarer digitaler Daten und andererseits durch Innovationen im Bereich der Künstlichen Neuronalen Netze und des Deep Learning (DL). Wissensbasierte KI umfasst neben traditionellen Expertensystemen und Regelsystemen auch die Technologien und Standards, welche im Rahmen der Semantic Web Initiative seit den 1990er Jahren entwickelt wurden. Sie ermöglichten unter anderem die Entwicklung umfangreicher Knowledge Graphs (Wissensnetze). Hybride KI Ansätze kombinieren Machine Learning und wissensbasierte KI. Da sie als erfolgversprechend gelten, werden sie seit Jahren erforscht. Dieser Sammelband zeigt, wie innovative hybride KI-Verfahren bereits heute erfolgreich in der Praxis eingesetzt werden. Dies ist ein Open Access-Buch