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تقييم عملية مشاهدات دبال لنفايات منزلية عضوية معززة بروث خيل و حمأة
No full textThe current solid waste management in Palestine is unsustainable due to inefficient resources
recovery, weak institutional capacity, limited financial resources and severe environmental
impacts. To achieve sustainability in Palestinian communities and enhance the protection of
environment, recycling of organic waste using windrow composting warrants further
exploration. Windrow composting of domestic organic waste forms an environmentally sound
technology to alleviate the challenges facing waste management in Palestine. The specific aim
of this research is to operate and evaluate two composting experiments including assessment
of finished products.
The conduction of composting pilots was performed in two stages. The first stage was during
the winter season. Five composting piles with different mixtures (ratio 2:1 wet weight) were
prepared as follows:
- Pile No. 1 (2 Domestic organic waste + 1 Horse manure and saw dust spared through
laying the mixture), pile No. 2 (2 Domestic organic waste + 1 Horse manure), pile No. 3
(2 Domestic organic waste + 1 Sludge and saw dust spared through laying the mixture),
pile No. 4 (2 Domestic organic waste + 1 Sludge) and pile No. 5 (Domestic organic waste
only and saw dust speeded through laying the mixture). All piles were prepare inside soil
trenches.
The second experimental run was made during the summer period. Carbon to nitrogen ratios
(C: N) were tested for four mixed samples as follows:
- First (1 Organic+ 1 Horse manure+ 1 Sludge), Second (1 Organic+ 2 Horse manure+ 1
Sludge), Third (1 Organic+ 1 Horse manure+ 2 Sludge), Fourth (2 Organic+ 1 Horse
manure+ 1 Sludge).
Two mixture samples with the highest C:N ratios were selected to conduct the second
experimental trials. The mixtures formed two compost piles: Pile No.1 (2 organic + 1 horse
manure + 1 sludge) and pile No.2 (1 organic + 2 horse manure + 1 sludge). The various
mixtures were processed using plastic containers in the greenhouse at university campus.
The composting process was controlled regularly (moisture content, temperature and pH). In
both experimental stages, no major deviations in moisture content and pH values, but larger
deviations were recorded in temperature measurements. Over the 100 experimental days
VII
during winter first composting stage, the temperature ranged from 7 °C to 41 °C. Through
summer second composting stage, the temperature ranged from 23 0C to 66 0C and at the end
of composting process temperature values dropped down to be close from ambient
temperature which considered indication of finishing composting process.
Lab analysis for compost quality parameters were made at Birzeit University Central Labs,
tested parameters included heavy metals, nutrients and pathogens for the raw and finished
compost. Compost maturity was performed for finished compost obtained from the first and
second composting experiments. Results for heavy metals contents revealed that the compost
quality for the both experimental stages complied with US EPA regulations. All samples of
raw and finished compost were free from the Salmonella. For the first experiment there were
no major differences in the content of microorganisms (fecal coliforms and E. coli) in the
finished compost obtained from all compost piles which were less than 100 CFU/g except pile
No. 3 (Organic + Sludge with Sawdust), this might be attributed to a low degree in sludge
stabilization reflected in a higher microbial indicators content. For the second experiment,
pathogens content in the finished compost were match US EPA standards were the fecal
coliform less than 1000 CFU/g and Salmonella absent in the produced compost from the two
piles. E.coli was within the international limits in the second pile but not in the first pile
which could be affected by moisture content and nutrients content. Reduction in mass weight
of raw compost materials reached to 58% for pile No.2 during summer experimental stage, for
winter experiment pile No.5 presented 56 % weight reduction.
Pile No. 4 (2 Domestic organic waste + 1 Sludge) that processed during first experiment and
pile No. 2 (1 organics, 2 horse manure, 1sludge) which processed during second experiment,
presented results more comply with USEPA 40 CFR Part 503 standards than other piles in
two the experiments.
This research study demonstrates operational methods that will aid in the design, operation
and control of diverse windrow composting piles, especially those treating organic mixtures
of different origins. To promote an integrated solid waste management in Palestine, the results
obtained showed that windrow composting is an environmentally sound technology for
resource recovery and waste reduction considering using compost for land reclamation and
limited capacity of current landfills
تكون الأنوية الخفيفة و المتوسطة في المادة النووية قليلة الكثافة
No full textThe formation of nuclear clusters at low nuclear density has been investigated
experimentally and theoretically over the last few years. It also has great interest
in astrophysics and cosmology. At low density, nuclear matter can minimize its
entropy and energy by forming clusters. Previous studies included the formation
of clusters up to A=4, whereas our study includes the formation of clusters up to
A=25. We study the effect of including these clusters on the critical temperature
and the equation of state of low energy nuclear matter. The formation of the
clusters is studied within the modified Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium Model
(NSE) which assumes that the clusters are in chemical equilibrium with the
nucleons in the surrounding vapor. The NSE is modified by including the
decrease in the cluster’s binding energy with increasing density of the
surrounding medium of free nucleons. We find that these clusters affect the
composition of nuclear matter significantly at different ranges of densities. Also
including these clusters decrease critical temperature by several MeV’s
دراسة عن الخيارات المتاحة لتخفيف ندرة المياه في محافظة الخليل، فلسطين
No full textWater is the soul of life, and many communities will face the problem of water scarcity in the coming years. Water scarcity is the lack of available water resources, which lead to a gap in the
coverage of demands in an area.
Many countries are working continuously to reduce water scarcity. Palestine is one of the areas that suffer from water scarcity significantly in the Middle East. The Israeli occupation, is a major cause of the growing problem of water scarcity in Palestine. Hebron district suffers significantly from water scarcity compared to other districts in Palestine. This danger threatens Hebron entity from all aspects of life (domestic, agricultural and industrial).
The main aim of this research is to study the available options of water resources covering both local resources and nonconventional sources in the Hebron District that can mitigate water scarcity in the district to create a state of balance between demand and supply based on scientific facts.
The method that has been followed is by calculating the value of the Falkenmark index, based on the amount of water available, and the amount needed for domestic, agricultural and industrial water use, at the current situation and the future situation at 2035.
It was found that the current total water required to satisfy a person’s needs for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors is (42.42 Mcm/yr), and the current renewable water resources in Hebron District per person for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors is
(10.97 Mcm/yr).
Generally, it was found that Hebron district experience absolute scarcity. And it was found that the available options to mitigate water scarcity in the Hebron District were: water right, water demand management, rainwater harvesting, reduction of water leaks and thefts and treated wastewater reuse. And it was found that when integrated these available options all together will create a state of balance between demand and supply. The result showed that the total
water required to satisfy a person’s needs for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors at 2035 will be (48.22 Mcm/yr), and the Future renewable water resources in Hebron District due to integrated available options all together will be (86.10 Mcm/yr). The results show a lack of management for water sector in Hebron District.
This research has shown that the political situation resulting from the Israeli occupation, is the main problem that impede applying of these options
مفاعل خلاق لمعالجة حيوية لمياه جوفية غنية بالنترات باستخدام شرش اللبن
No full textAbstract
Groundwater is considered as the main source of water supply for drinking, irrigation and
municipal uses in Palestine. Recent publications revealed that most of groundwater wells in the
Gaza Strip are contaminated with high nitrate concentrations, and unfit for potable and
agricultural uses.
The nitrate in groundwater with high concentrations is mainly resulted from point sources such
as sewage disposal systems and livestock facilities, and from nonpoint sources such as fertilized
lands, and gardens, or from naturally occurring sources of nitrogen. Groundwater contamination
by excessive nitrate poses significant public health problems and have caused those shutdown of
ground wells as a main water sources.
The objective of this study is to evaluate and examine the feasibility of biological denitrification
process to treat or reduce the nitrate-rich in groundwater using whey as an external carbon
sources. Whey, a dairy waste product, will be added to the bioreactor to provide an external
carbon source for heterotrophic denitrifiers.
To achieve the main objective, a lab-scale bioreactor was designed, assembled and run in both
batch and continuous modes. Operational results using batch tests revealed an optimum
COD/NO3
-
-N ratio of 7.2 with a maximum specific denitrification rate of 14.61 (mg NO3
-
-
N/gMLSS.hr). This C/N ratio was used to evaluate the performance of the system in continuous
mode to obtain all the required operational parameters. Different influent nitrate-nitrogen
concentrations were used in the study with different nitrate-nitrogen loading to study the effect
of hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrate loading, mixed liquor suspended solids effects on the
nitrate removal efficiency in additional to the reactor removal capacity. Physical, chemical and
biological parameters were determined according to the American Public Health Standards
Association (APHA).
The maximum denitrification efficiency was achieved and became constant at 5 hours HRT for
different nitrate influent concentrations.
Further treatment for the effluent is needed to reduce turbidity, bacterial numbers, and to increase
the dissolved oxygen concentration in the effluent to comply with local drinking water quality
standard
Evaluating the content of civic education, Arabic and Islamic education curricula in Palestine in the higher elementary stage in light of citizenship principles
No full textمرت المواطنة بسلسلة من التحولات الهامة أبقتها بعيدة عن الجمود ، لترتبط بالحقوق والكرامة الإنسانية عبر تاريخ طويل من النضالات. وألن الشخص ال يولد مواطنا فعلا كان لا بد أن تلعب مؤسسات التنشئة الاجتماعية وفي مقدمتها المدرسة دورا حيويا على صعيد الإعداد للمواطنة الديمقراطية، في سياق تربية مقصودة، وموجهة، وهادفة. تلعب المقررات الدراسية دورا هاما وإعداده لمختلف جوانب الحياة على صعيد بناء الإنسان وعلى هذه القاعدة تأسس مركز المناهج، والذي أصدر بدوره خطة المنهاج الفلسطيني الأول في العام 1998 ،حيث تضمنت الخطة الأسس العامة للمناهج، ومبادئ السياسة التربوية والتي تم الاعتماد عليها في تأليف المقررات الدراسية المختلفة. لقد تضمنت المقررات الدراسية الفلسطينية مادة التربية المدنية، بما يساعد عمى تكوين إنسان مسؤول، مشارك، وفاعل في الحياة الاجتماعية والسياسية. لكن وبعد سنوات من تدريس التربية المدنية، تحدثت الكثير من الدراسات عن قصور وعشوائية في طرح المفاهيم، وعدم توازن وتقليدية في طرح القيم، وعن نهج يمتاز بالتوفيقية، كما تحدثت بعض الدراسات عن تكامل شكلي بين مقررات التربية المدنية وباقي المقررات. إنطلاقا من تلمس هذا الواقع الإشكالي، حددت الدراسة السؤال الرئيس بمدى توافر أسس المواطنة المتمثلة بالمشاركة السياسية والمساواة، في المقررات الدراسية للمرحلة الأساسية العليا ؟
انبثق عن السؤال الرئيس سؤالين فرعيين تمثلا بمدى تضمن مقررات " التربية المدنية، والتربية الإسلامية، واللغة العربية، في الصفوف من الخامس وحتى التاسع لمفهومي المشاركة والمساواة كذلك مدى التكامل بين هذه المقررات. ك تأتي أهمية الدراسة من أنيا الأولى من نوعيا في فمسطين التي تفحص بشكل شمولي أساسين مهمين للمواطنة هما: المشاركة السياسية والمساواة في ثالثة مقررات دراسية، عمى مستوى التوافر، والتكامل. استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتمت عملية التحميل بالاعتماد عمى أداة الدراسة التي جرى تحكيمها، وتضمنت قائمة مفاهيم تفسيرية خاصة بمفهومي المشاركة والمساواة بلغ عددها 21 مفهوما تفسيريا. انقسمت الدراسة إلى خمسة فصول: حيث تطرق الفصل الأول إلى مشكلة الدراسة، أما الفصل الثاني فتضمن ثالثة محاور، ركز الأول على تبيان تطور مفاهيم المواطنة والمشاركة السياسية والمساواة، وحضور هذه المفاهيم في نصوص القانون الدولي، ونصوص القوانين الوطنية. بينما ركز الثاني على التربية على المواطنة. أما المحور الثالث فتناول الدراسات السابقة مبينا نتائجها، مع الدراسة الحالية وأوجه تشابهها مع الدراسة الحالية، أما الفصل الثالث فتناول إجراءات الدراسة، أما الفصل الرابع فتطرق إلى نتائج الدراسة، وأخيرا جاء الفصل الخامس فناقش نتائج الدراسة، وتضمن بعض التوصيات. لقد أظهرت نتائج تحميل 25 مقررا دراسيا لمصفوف من ) 5-9 ) أن المشاركة السياسية والمساواة " ومفاهيمهما التفسيرية " متوافرة في المقررات الثالث بتفاوت، وعدم توازن، وعمى نحو غير ممنهج، الأمر الذي يضع علامة استفهام على المخرجات التربوية المتوقعة والمرجوة. لقد كانت مقررات التربية المدنية في الأغنى، وتضمنت جميع المفاهيم التفسيرية، التي تكررت 659 مرة، فقد تضمن الصف الخامس ) 11 ) مفهوما تكررت 73 مرة، بينما تضمن الصف السادس ) 8 ) مفاهيم تكررت 56 مرة، أما الصف السابع فتضمن ) 12 ) مفهوما تكررت 98 ل مرة، أما الصف الثامن فتضمن ) 14 ) تكررت 133 مرة، في حين كان الصف التاسع هو الأغنى حيث تضمن جميع المفاهيم التفسيرية 21 وتكررت هذه المفاهيم 299 مرة. أما مقررات التربية الإسلامية لمصفوف من ) 5-9 ) فقد تضمنت 8 مفاهيم تفسيرية تكررت 132 مرة. حيث تضمن الصف الخامس ) 6 ) مفاهيم تكررت 24 مرة، بينما تضمن الصف السادس ) 5 ) مفاىيم تكررت 10 مرات، أما الصف السابع فتضمن ) 3 ) مفاهيم تكررت 11 مرات، في حين ارتفع عدد المفاهيم التفسيرية في الصف الثامن إلى ) 6 ) تكررت 29 مرة، أما الصف التاسع فكان الأغنى حيث تضمن ) 7 ) مفاهيم تفسيرية، تكررت 58 مرة. أما فيما يتعمق بمقررات اللغة العربية لمصفوف من ) 5-9 ) فقد تضمنت 12 مفيوما تفسيريا تكررت بمجموع 53 مرة. حيث تضمن الصف الخامس ) 3 ) مفاهيم تكررت 4 مرات، بينما لم يتضمن الصف السادس أية مفاهيم، أما الصف السابع فتضمن ) 5 ) مفاهيم تكررت 13 مرة، في حين ارتفع عدد المفاهيم التفسيرية في الصف الثامن إلى ) 8 ) تكررت 16 مرة، أما الصف التاسع فكان الأغنى حيث تضمن ) 9 ) مفاهيم تفسيرية، تكررت 20 مرة. أما عمى صعيد التكامل العام، وكذلك الخاص بكل صف دراسي في طرح مفهومي المشاركة السياسية والمساواة، فتظهر نتائج التحميل أن الربط بين المعلومات الواردة في المقررات الثالث بشكليها الأفقي والعمودي كان ضعيفا، ومعدوما في بعض الأحيان، ولم يتم التعمق في المفاهيم والارتقاء بها في المقررات بما يتناغم وتطور الفئة العمرية
The identifiable cultural and political expressions in the camp : Al-Dheisheh camp as a case study
No full textBeyond the Physicality of Space: East Jerusalem, Kufr ‘Aqab, and the Politics of Everyday Suffering
No full textتقييم محطات التناضح العكسي لتحلية المياه قليلة الملوحة في منطقة غور الأردن فنيا و إقتصاديا
No full textWomen’s health in theoccupied Palestinian territory: Health problems reported by 15-54 years old women two weeks preceding the Family Health Survey
No full textWell-being and associated factors among adults in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt)
No full textAbout one-third of adult Palestinians reported low levels of well-being (ill-being), a finding which in itself requires attention. Marriage, employment, high living standards, community participation, and religious activities were found to be protective against ill-being. Further investigations are required to determine additional causes of ill-being in the oPt, taking into consideration the possible effects of chronic exposure to political violence on subjective well-being