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Pra Rancangan Pabrik Margarin dari Minyak Jagung dengan Proses Hidrogenasi
No full textA margarine plant that uses Corn Oil (RBDCO), Hydrogen (H2), and Emulsifier as raw materials with a hydrogenation process capacity of 35,000 tons/year is planned to be built in the Marunda Industrial Area, Marunda Center Industrial Estate Road, Tarumajaya, Bekasi Regency, West Java. This margarine plant operates continuously for 24 hours a day with 330 working days and 175 employees. The plant uses corn oil (RBDCO) supplied by PT Resto Pangan Utama located in Bekasi Regency, West Java, 100% hydrogen (H2) supplied by PT Air Liquide Indonesia, which is also located in Bekasi Regency, emulsifier supplied by PT Musim Mas Fuji located in the Bekasi industrial area, and nickel catalyst supplied by PT Smelter Nikel Indonesia in Gresik City. The main product produced is margarine. Margarine has many uses in the industrial sector, including as a medium for frying food ingredients and also in the production of cakes and bread. Margarine is also often used in the production of ice cream, candy, and other processed products, because margarine improves the softness and texture of the product.
The production process used in this margarine plant is the hydrogenation process. The margarine production process is carried out by reacting corn oil (RBDCO) and Hydrogen (H2) with the aid of a nickel catalyst in a fixed bed multitube reactor at a pressure of 10 atm and a temperature of 205℃ to produce margarine. After the reaction process, an emulsifier is added at a temperature of 50℃ and a pressure of 1 atm. After that, the margarine product is ready for packaging and distribution
Pra Rancangan Pabrik Polivinil Alkohol dari Polivinil Asetat dan Metanol dengan Proses Transesterifikasi Katalis Basa Kapasitas 56.000 Ton/Tahun
Get PDFThe polyvinyl alcohol plant using polyvinyl acetate and methanol as raw materials through a base-catalyzed transesterification process is feasible to be established. The proposed plant is designed with a production capacity of 56,000 tons per year, operating under a Limited Liability Company (PT) structure and adopting a line and staff organizational system. The plant will be located in the Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE), Bontang, and is planned to employ 211 workers.
The production process will operate on a continuous system for 330 days per year, with 24-hour daily operation. The main raw materials include Polyvinyl Acetate (13,679.9108 kg/hour) and Methanol (5,090.1994 kg/hour), while the supporting materials consist of NaOH (820.7946 kg/hour) and H₂SO₄ (1,006.089 kg/hour). The process will yield Polyvinyl Alcohol as the main product, amounting to 7,070.7071 kg/hour.
Utility requirements include steam (3,902.8858 lb/day), electricity (7,158.0962 kW/day), water (377.5962 m³/day), and fuel (18,731.4532 L/day). The plant will be constructed on an area of 23,500 m².
From an economic perspective, the project has a construction period of 3 years and an operational life of 10 years. The required investment consists of a Fixed Capital Investment (FCI) of Rp 765,516,222,179 and a Working Capital Investment (WCI) of Rp 775,728,432,297, resulting in a Total Capital Investment (TCI) of Rp 1,541,244,654,475. The annual raw material cost is Rp 3,964,288,912,524, and the utility cost is Rp 176,260,270,747 leading to a total production cost of Rp 4,654,370,593,779, with annual sales revenue of Rp 5,296,634,758,925, With a bank interest rate of 8.25%, the project achieves a Return on Investment (ROI) of 37% before tax and 27.7% after tax. Furthermore, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 23.64%, the Payback Period (PBP) is 3 years and 3 months, and the Break-Even Point (BEP) is 30.75%.
These results indicate that the establishment of the Polyvinyl Alcohol plant in the Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE) – Bontang is technically and economically feasible to be realize
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PADA ASAM SULFAT DAN SUHU HIDROLISIS TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MIKROKRISTAL SELULOSA DARI BATANG UBI KAYU
Get PDFThis research aims to investigate the effect of sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature on the characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from cassava stems. The cassava stem, an agricultural by-product rich in cellulose, was selected as the raw material due to its abundance and low economic value. The experimental process consisted of three main stages: delignification using 25% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), bleaching with 2% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) with varying concentrations of 1.5 N, 2 N, 2.5 N, 3 N, and 3.5 N at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 100°C.
The results showed that both the acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature significantly influenced the yield and cellulose content of the resulting MCC. The highest yield (68.24%) and cellulose content (63.07%) were obtained at a sulfuric acid concentration of 1.5 N and a temperature of 60°C. Increasing the acid concentration and temperature caused degradation of cellulose, resulting in lower yields and darker product coloration due to partial carbonization.
Characterization tests including organoleptic analysis, Particle Size Analysis (PSA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the produced MCC had a particle size of 25.3 μm, was insoluble in water, odorless, and exhibited crystalline structure consistent with standard pharmaceutical-grade MCC.
These findings indicate that cassava stems are a potential alternative raw material for producing microcrystalline cellulose through an environmentally friendly and cost-effective process. The optimal condition was achieved at 1.5 N sulfuric acid concentration and 60°C hydrolysis temperature, resulting in MCC with desirable physical and chemical properties suitable for industrial applications, particularly in pharmaceuticals.
Keywords: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cassava Stem, Sulfuric Acid, Hydrolysis Temperature, Cellulose Characterizatio
Studi Hidroksiapatit Dari Cangkang Kupang Putih Menggunakan Pelarut Asam Nitrat Dengan Metode Sol Gel
Get PDFHidroksiapatit (HA) merupakan biokeramik berbasis kalsium fosfat yang memiliki struktur kimia identik dengan komponen mineral alami tulang, sehingga banyak digunakan sebagai bahan biomaterial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis hidroksiapatit dari limbah cangkang kupang putih menggunakan pelarut asam nitrat dengan metode sol-gel serta mengetahui pengaruh variasi pH dan suhu reaksi terhadap yield dan kristalinitas hidroksiapatit yang dihasilkan. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan variasi pH 8–12 dan suhu reaksi 30–90°C. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan XRF untuk mengetahui kadar CaO bahan baku dan XRD untuk menentukan kadar serta kristalinitas hidroksiapatit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa cangkang kupang memiliki kadar CaO sebesar 95,96%. Yield tertinggi diperoleh pada pH 10 dan suhu reaksi 75°C sebesar 81,74%, sedangkan kristalinitas tertinggi mencapai 95,4% pada pH 10 dan suhu 90°C, sesuai dengan standar ISO 13175 untuk material hidroksiapatit. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, cangkang kupang putih berpotensi sebagai sumber kalsium alami dalam sintesis hidroksiapatit yang bernilai ekonomi dan ramah lingkungan
PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK ASAM AKRILAT DARI GLISEROL DENGAN PROSES DEHIDRASI-OKSIDASI
Get PDFThis preliminary plant design focuses on the production of Acrylic Acid (C₃H₆O₂) from glycerol through a dehydration–oxidation process with a design capacity of 60,000 tons per year. Based on technical and economic considerations, the construction of this plant in the Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate (JIIPE), East Java, is considered feasible and strategically important for industrial development. Acrylic acid is widely used as a raw material for coatings, adhesives, and polymers, while polymer solutions are applied in industrial coatings and superabsorbent materials such as disposable diapers. The global demand for acrylic acid continues to increase, making it an essential commodity in the industrial sector. Considering the growing market potential, it is planned to establish a chemical plant in Indonesia to produce acrylic acid. The production process uses the dehydration–oxidation method. In the first stage, glycerol is diluted to 80.8% and vaporized into gas form using a vaporizer. The gaseous glycerol then undergoes a dehydration reaction in Reactor-1 at 360°C and 0.51 atm, producing acrolein. This reaction is non-irreversible and endothermic, with a conversion rate of 80%. The product from Reactor-1 is purified from impurities using an absorber, cooled in Condenser-2, and then sent to Reactor-2. In Reactor-2, the acrolein gas reacts with oxygen from the air at 260°C and 1.48 atm. This reaction is also non-irreversible but exothermic, with a conversion rate of 76%. The product from Reactor-2 is then cooled, condensed, and separated from impurities through a distillation column. The final product, acrylic acid with 98% purity, is stored in a storage tank. This plant is designed as a continuous process operating 330 days per year with 173 employees. Economic evaluation shows that the project is feasible, with a total capital investment of IDR 550.9 billion, a payback period of 3 years and 5 months, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 11.4%, and a break-even point of 32.46%. Based on technical and economic evaluations, the establishment of this plant in JIIPE, East Java, is declared feasible and strategically significant for Indonesia’s industrial development
Pra Rancangan Pabrik Hidrogen Peroksida Dari Isopropanol Dengan Proses Oksidasi
Get PDFA Hydrogen Peroxide Plant from Isopropyl Alcohol and Oxygen using the Oxidation Process with a capacity of 45,000 tons per year will be established in the Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate (JIIPE) area, located in Sukomulyo, Manyar District, Gresik Regency, East Java. The plant is designed to operate continuously for 24 hours per day and 330 days per year, with the main raw materials being isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₈O) and oxygen (O₂). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) with a concentration of 35% is a chemical compound widely used across various industrial sectors due to its strong oxidizing properties and environmentally friendly nature. This compound primarily functions as a bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, an impurity remover in the textile industry, and as an oxidizing agent in various chemical reactions. In addition, hydrogen peroxide is utilized in water treatment to oxidize contaminants such as iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide, as well as a sterilizing agent in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries
PT. Pertamina EP Zona 11 Sukowati Field CPA (Central Processing Area)
No full textPT. CPA Pertamina EP Field Sukowati processes oil, gas, and water. The oil processing process involves two main stages: the separation of oil from gas, water, and impurities, and the oil purification process, which removes any H2S contained in the oil. The gas processing process involves processing two types of gas: sweet gas, which is used for the H2S purification process, and sour gas, which is the result of the H2S purification process. The sweet water purification process involves extracting oil from the ground using pumps, which then channel it through pipes to the CPA. After processing, the oil is pumped to tankers. All processes rely heavily on the piping and pumping systems, so steps are needed to prevent and mitigate workplace accidents that can be caused by leaks, overheating, and other errors
Studi Numerik Pengaruh Geometri Exhaust Pipe Terhadap Karakteristik Aliran Buangan Mesin Four-Stroke (Studi Kasus Pada Mesin Modifikasi Four-Stroke Honda GL)
No full textEngine modification to improve performance, especially on motorcycles like the Honda GL, is a common practice that is often not accompanied by an optimal exhaust system design. (Issue) The trial-and-error design of exhaust pipes often neglects the characteristics of exhaust gas flow, potentially causing excessive back pressure, a decrease in volumetric efficiency, and the risk of engine component damage. (Urgency) This research aims to quantitatively analyze the influence of exhaust pipe geometry changes on the characteristics of exhaust gas flow to obtain the most efficient design. (Methodology) This study was conducted using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical method with Ansys Fluent software and the k-ω SST turbulence model to simulate the exhaust gas flow. (Parameters) Five variations of geometric designs were analyzed by differentiating key parameters, namely pipe diameter (32mm, 35mm, 38mm), bend radius, and bend angle (110°, 120°, 130°). (Results) The simulation results will present data in the form of pressure distribution, pressure drop, velocity profiles, and visualization of secondary flow (Dean Vortex) for each design. (Discussion) By comparing the flow characteristics of the five designs, this research will identify the geometric configuration that produces the minimal pressure drop without sacrificing flow velocity. These findings are expected to provide a scientifically-based design guide for engine modification practitioners to maximize performance and durability
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Keywords: Exhaust pipe, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), pressure distribution, velocity profile, pressure drop
