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DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RESISTANCE OF WOOD AND EFFICACY OF OIL FOR WOOD PROTECTION AGAINST TERMITES IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
No full textThe present research was planned to determine the natural resistance of three wood species (Acacia nilotica Wild, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb and Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks) and their types (sapwood and heartwood) against the termite workers (Odontotermes obesus Ramb.). Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to classify the woods according to their resistance/susceptibility against the termite. Among three wood species, D. sissoo heartwood exhibited high resistance against termites' attack. Seasoning of woods was done by oven drying at three temperatures (60, 80 and 100ºC) for 10 and 15 days. The oven dried (100ºC for 15days) woods showed weight loss reduction up to 20-25% while the termites mortality increased from 25-30% as compared to fresh woods exposed to termites infestation. In both natural resistance and seasoning experiments the order of wood resistance to the termite workers was P. wallichiana< A. nilotica <D. sissoo. The best seasoned woods were then treated with five different oils viz; Jatropha curcas Linn (Jatropha), Lignum usitatissimum L. (Linseed), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Eucalyptus), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) and Simmondsia chinensis C. K. Schneid (Jojoba) at three concentrations (5, 10 and 15%). Three oil application methods; surface treatment (coating/brushing), dipping and vacuum pressure treatment were used to treat the woods. Wood treated with vacuum pressure oil application exhibited 20-25% weight loss reduction after the termite exposure both in laboratory and field (no choice and choice) bioassays as compared to other two oil application methods. Among all the oils, linseed and neem oil showed minimum weight loss and 100% mortality at higher concentration (15%) followed by eualyptus, jatropha and jojoba oil. The highest oil retention was recorded in P. wallichiana wood treated with linseed and neem oil at 15% concentration. Leaching percentage of different oils from treated woods was determined by weathering test and the oil leaching ranged from 2.42-10.73% in all wood species. The penetration of different oils in three wood species was determined by adding aniline blue dye while making oil concentration (15%). The treated wood was cut into slices length wide and the dye indicated the oil existence in different layers of the wood. The highest penetration was recorded in P. wallichiana wood while A. nilotica showed the lowest oil penetration. The oil was extracted from treated wood slices by Soxhlet extraction and the oil analysis was done by Gas Chromatography (GC) thus, the chromatographs confirmed the oil presence in the respective wood samples. The oil application improved the physical (specific gravity, anti-shrinkage efficacy) and mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) of the woods. Among all the oils, eucalyptus oil showed highest ASE (%) in D. sissoo wood while, the highest specific gravity was recorded in eucalyptus and neem oil treated A. nilotica wood as compared to untreated wood. Jojoba oil treated D. sissoo heartwood and linseed oil treated P. wallichiana sapwood exhibited high specific gravity as compared to untreated wood. MOE and MOR was determined by three points bending test and in P. wallichiana and D. sissoo the highest MOE was recorded in linseed and eucalyptus oil treatment. The MOR value increased in linseed oil treated P. wallichiana while in jojoba, eucalyptus and neem oil treated D. sissoo and A. nilotica wood, MOR values increased as compared to control treatment. Seasoning along with oil treatment gave good protection against termites' infestation in naturally resistant (D. sissoo) as well as in susceptible (P. wallichiana) woods. All the experimental oils can be used as wood preservatives without impairing the physical and mechanical properties of woods
Genetic behavior of morpho-physiological traits in different generations of wheat under normal and water deficit environments
No full textThe present study was designed by keeping in view the future scenario of increasing demand of wheat and decreasing resources especially irrigation water which is the most important of all the inputs. Hundred wheat accession were screened for relative water content and relative water loss of excised leaf. Based on the screening results two crosses and their generations P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were developed among the contrasting parents for each of these traits. Further research was carried out to un-reveal the gene action of various yield and drought related traits using six wheat generations in field conditions under normal irrigation and water stress conditions. The relative water loss of excised leaf appeared as a better screening parameter for drought tolerance because the generations developed on the basis of this parameter performed better under drought for almost all the morpho-physiological traits. Conventional biometrical breeding methods were used to un-reveal the inheritance of chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b', leaf carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential at vegetative stage and plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, flag leaf weight, number of spikelets per spike, grain weight per spike, grain filling period, canopy temperature and grain yield per plant at maturity. Almost all the traits showed additive and non-additive (epistatic and dominant) nature of gene control except canopy temperature, leaf weight and turgor potential which were controlled by simple additive gene action which was further supported by high heritability. Overall less epistatic effects were observed in physiological traits as compared to yield and yield component traits which indicated that these traits can be manipulated comparatively easily for tailoring drought tolerant cultivars, the correlation results also supported these findings by showing their positive association with grain yield. The accession 8126 is suggested to be used in wheat breeding program to tailor drought resistance in the crop
DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
No full textSafe drinking water is a human birthright as much a birthright as clean air. However, much of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water. As Water and Sanitation is the neglected sector in Pakistan so, most of the households in Pakistan do not have access to safe drinking water and lack toilets and adequate sanitation systems. \ud
This study was aimed at determining the drinking water quality influencing factors and their health outcome. It was conducted in three districts; Rawalpindi, Multan, and Toba tek singh of Punjab province and a sample of 600 married females of age group 20-60 were interviewed keeping in view that in most cultures, women are primarily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Additionally, focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted to explore detailed information. \ud
Univariate analysis provides simple descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) on a large number of questions (indicators) asked in the survey. \ud
The main findings at bi-variate analysis depicted a significant relationship between all drinking water influencing factors (i.e. household income, family type, female's education ,type of house, number of domestic water sources, nature of drinking water source, main storage system at home, separate water storage container for drinking and cooking purposes, use of measures to improve the drinking water quality, number and structure of toilet at home, and practice of washing hands after using toilet) and health outcome. Multi-variate analysis showed the most important and contributing factors, in explaining the health outcome of households, which were the source of drinking water, family type, separate drinking water container, household income, and mother's education. Multi-variate analysis results showed that the people having low family income had worse health outcomes than people having high family income. Additionally, mother's years of educations were found to be positively co-related with improved family health. The results showed that the increase in number of households having separate water storage container resulted in increase in households getting suffered because of the unhygienic way of water handling. \ud
From the focus groups discussions, it was concluded that most of the participants were using two sources (WASA/Municipal, GW) for domestic water at home in addition to this there were other sources used by the participants including water filter plants, tube wells etc. for drinking purpose. Most of the participants were not satisfied with the taste of the water as they have groused of brackish taste of ground water. Only one fourth of the participants were using measures to improve the drinking water quality. Almost every participant had separate storage covered container for drinking and cooking purposes but without faucet as a result their way of handling was unhygienic in view of the fact they dip utensil into the container for usage. Majority of the households were using single toilet. More than half of the participants were used to wash their hands every time after using toilet but in rural areas some of the participants did not take into account hand washing practice regularly as they did not put the soap in their toilet. \ud
Keeping in view the above findings it is recommended that Govt. should work on emergent basis in the battle of drinking water shortage and NGO'S should come forward alongwith the govt. in order to make the people aware of adopting measures before drinking water usage to improve its quality. Policy measures aimed at managing anaemia should seek to address all these factors
PESTICIDES RESIDUES AND AFLATOXINS IN MILK AND THEIR DISSIPATION DURING PROCESSING
No full textIn the present research project, buffalo and cow milk was screened for pesticide residues that belonged to organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry groups. Feed and milk was also analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), respectively. The correlation matrix explained that positive association exists between fat and residues of organochlorine and pyrethroid (Phase I). Considering the results of 1st phase; pesticide residues exceeding their MRLs in first phase were taken into next 2nd phase. In 2nd phase dissipation behavior of pesticide residues in milk after pasteurization, cream separation (cream and skimmed milk) and dissipation of pesticide residues in cream during storage was analysed. Farms were found contaminated with AFM1, AFB1 and 22 pesticide residues (belonged to 4 groups of pesticides under study). In AFM1 contaminated milk samples of dairy farms; out of 50 buffalo milk samples, 34 milk samples exceeded the maximum allowed limit (0.05 µg L-1) while 24 cow milk samples exceeded the maximum allowed limit (0.05 µg L-1). The pesticide residues of cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, ?-endosulfan and ?HCH exceeded their MRLs in milk and were selected for 2nd phase. Reduction behavior of pesticides during processing in pesticide fortified milk and milk with naturally secreted pesticide residues was analysed. Processing of milk (pasteurization, cream separation or skimming) reduced the pesticides residues in milk. Skimming has maximum dissipation effect on pesticide residues. Pasteurization and cream separation (in separated cream) has also reduced pesticide residues to some extent. Firstly reduction pattern was observed in pesticide fortified milk. Residues of ?-endosulfan were dissipated maximum by pasteurization in pesticide fortified buffalo (28.9 %) and cow (23.6 %) milk. Cream separation (in separated cream) reduces highest residues of ?-endosulfan (8.24 %) in buffalo cream and in cow cream maximum reduction of ?-endosulfan (7.17 %) was observed. Fenvalerate residues (98.22 %) were reduced maximum in buffalo milk and in cow milk highest reduction of cyfluthrin residues (96.92 %) were found under skimming (in skimmed milk). In farm milk reduction was also studied and noted that residues of ?-endosulfan were dissipated maximum by pasteurization in buffalo (16.11 %) and cow (11.59 %) milk. Cream separation (in separated cream) reduces highest residues of cyfluthrin 8.69 % in buffalo cream while in cow cream maximum reduction of cyfluthrin (5.59 %) was calculated. The ?HCH residues (96.78 %) were reduced maximum by skimming in buffalo milk while in cow milk highest reduction of ?-endosulfan residues (98.46 %) was found. It was studied that storage progression reduced pesticide residues non-significantly in buffalo and cow pesticide fortified and non-fortified cream. Firstly in pesticide fortified cream dissipation of residues during storage was noticed; in buffalo cream maximum reduction in ?HCH (2.55 %) was observed followed by ?-endosulfan, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin and cyfluthrin while in cow cream highest dissipation was found in fenvalerate (11.62 %) followed by cyfluthrin, permethrin, ?-endosulfan, ?HCH and deltamethrin during 60 days. Secondly residues dissipation in cream without pesticide fortification during storage was estimated; in buffalo cream the highest pesticide reduction was observed in ?-endosulfan (2.25 %) followed by permethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, ?HCH and cyfluthrin while in cow cream maximum reduction was observed in permethrin (2.85 %) followed by ?-endosulfan, ?HCH, cyfluthrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin. This study summarize that buffalo milk carries more pesticide residues as compared to cow milk due to higher fat content. AFM1 was observed higher in farms milk having high level of AFB1 in feed. Skim milk contain minimum pesticide residues as pesticide residues under study in 2nd phase were lipophilic and were removed maximum with cream
MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF AGROCHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN VEGETABLES THROUGH PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
No full textIn 1st phase, the effort was made to asses the residues of pesticide and heavy metals in cauliflower and spinach that grown in peri urban areas of three districts e.g. Gujranwala, Faisalabad & Multan and also compare with their respective maximum residual limits (MRLs). In 2nd phase, the efficiency of chemical, alkaline and biological solutions to reduce the residues of pesticide and heavy metal have been elucidated. Results showed significant variation in residues of pesticide and heavy metals in cauliflower and spinach samples. In Gujranwala cauliflower samples, maximum residue (0.855 mg kg-1) of permethrin was observed. In addition, maximum content (0.875 mg kg-1) of profenofos was found in Faisalabad cauliflower. Highest deltamethrin residue (0.337 mg kg-1) was explicated in cauliflower sample collected from Multan. In case of spinach samples collected from Gujranwala, maximum chlorpyrifos residue (0.575 mg kg-1) were detected, bifenthrin 0.623 mg kg-1 in Faisalabad, whilst highest endosulfan residues (0.334 mg kg-1) were elucidated in Multan spinach. Additionally, data showed highest Zn residues within cauliflower sample collected from Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Multan as 4.517 mg kg-1, 1.734 mg kg-1 and 7.448 mg kg-1, respectively. Likewise maximum residues of nickel (2.326 mg kg-1), 3.434 mg kg-1 and 2.793 mg kg-1 were found in spinach collected from Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Multan, respectively. Moreover, the pesticide residues reduced drastically when spinach samples were subjected to washing treatments irrespective to type of washing. Furthermore, the deltamethrin residues declined varying from 10.21 to 79.68%, cypermethrin 22.60 to 89.99%, chlorpyrifos 22.95 to 94.21% and endosulfan 11.24 to 70.32%, respectively in spinach while the deltamethrin residues declined varied from 15.80 to 72.63 %, cypermethrin 24.03 to 79.13%, chlorpyrifos 23.37 to 85.47% and endosulfan 20.33 to 68.93%, respectively in cauliflower. Likewise, the heavy metal residues reduced significantly when the spinach was subjected to washing treatments. Moreover, the lead residues declined varying from 7.99 to 32.96%, arsenic 7.03 to 26.8%, zinc 10.0 to 57.0%, nickel 9.0 to 29.0%, respectively whilst in cauliflower lead vary from 7.0 to 23.02%, arsenic 7.02 to 25.01%, zinc 11.0 to 60.0% and nickel 4.03 to 21.04% respectively, irrespective to washing treatments. Conclusively, the present study showed that the vegetables must be washing carefully which help to reduce residues of pesticide and heavy metals
ASSOCIATION MAPPING OF ROOT TRAITS FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN BREAD WHEAT
No full textBread wheat (Triticum aestivum; of 2n=6x=42) having hexaploid genome \ud
(AABBDD) of 17 Gb is the major staple food of Pakistan. The wheat production in \ud
Pakistan shows a long standing instability due to drought stress in wheat growing \ud
season. The introduction of drought tolerant commercial varieties is therefore the \ud
cry of the day, which needs marker assisted selection evolving promising lines. \ud
This dissertation communicates the results of a research endeavor based upon \ud
evaluation of 100 wheat accessions for drought stress under lab and field \ud
conditions. The data was obtained on morphological, physiological and marker \ud
associated assays for genome wide association mapping of the major alleles \ud
against drought. Reults of the morphological analysis showed that genotype \ud
Bahawalpur-79 ranked first on the basis of days to maturity, Barani-70 showed \ud
highest number of tillers, Marwat-01 has highest spike length, Margalla-99 has \ud
greatest spikelets per spike, Zarghoon-79 has highest 1000 grain weight and C-273 \ud
have highest harvest index and Uqab-2000 showed optimum plant height. These \ud
genotypes could be used for further breeding programs to improve wheat \ud
production under drought stress conditions of Pakistan. Analysis of Variance of \ud
the physiological data provided highly significant differences among the \ud
genotypes both in normal and drought stress. Margalla-99 recorded the highest \ud
relative water content in normal while NIAB-83 recorded the highest relative \ud
water content in drought stress conditions. Faisalabad-83 and Iqbal-2000 was \ud
ranked first on the basis of water loss rate in normal and water loss rate in stress \ud
conditions while NIAB-83 was ranked first in water use efficiency test. These \ud
genotypes may be recommended for commercial cultivation in irrigated and \ud
rainfed areas of Pakistan. \ud
The correlation analysis revealed that root dry weight, maximum root length, \ud
total root length, root shoot ratio, root diameter and number of seminal roots were \ud
positively correlated with water loss rate stress and relative water content stress \ud
and considered to be best root traits for drought tolerance. Pirsabak-85, AS-2002, \ud
Abdaghar-97, Marwat-01 and Soghat-90 were ranked first on the basis of root \ud
traits and considered to be best for drought stress areas of Pakistan. All the \ud
genotypes were screened with 102 SSR markers in which most of the markers \ud
were showed high level of polymorphism. Sum of 271 polymorphic alleles \ud
generated. The alleles per locus ranged from 1-3 with an average of 2.63 per locus. \ud
Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of the markers were calculated in \ud
the range of 0.03-0.59. The association analysis through linkage disequilibrium of \ud
100 accessions clustered into thirteen distinct groups. Our analyses identified \ud
significant association between Xgdm5 and total root length, Xwmc235 and root \ud
fresh weight, Ppd-D1 and root dry weight, Xwmc149 and maximum root length, \ud
Xwmc175 and number of nodal roots, Xgwm302 and root angle, Xwmc175 and root \ud
density and Xwmc233 and root diameter. All the marker/trait associations were \ud
located on seven chromosomes (2D, 5B, 2A, 2B, 7B, 6D and 5D. The marker/trait \ud
association for maximum root length was not reported previously. The genetic \ud
information obtained might be used in marker-assisted selection to improve \ud
drought tolerance of wheat
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS, INTERFERENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF Euphorbia dracunculoides AND Astragalus spp.: WEEDS OF CHICKPEA
No full textEcological aspects, interference and management of Euphorbia dracunculoides L. and Astragalus spp. was studied in the laboratory, department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and under farmer's field conditions. Results of our laboratory experiments suggested that GA3 (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm) and KNO3 (5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 and 30000 ppm) were more effective in breaking dormancy of E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. than thiourea (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm). Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. can tolerate a wide range of environmental factors. Germination of E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. was maximum at 15ºC under light condition. Increase in water stress from 2.5 to 15% significantly decreased E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. germination. A considerable germination of E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. was occurred at pH levels from 6.00 to 9.00. Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. were very sensitive to salinity; however a few seeds of Astragalus spp. even germinated at 150 mM salt stress. Seeds of E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. showed maximum emergence at soil surface, however considerable number of seeds emerged at 1, 2 and 3 cm burial depth. Chickpea yield parameters e.g. number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight were significantly decreased with an increase in E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. competition duration from 45 DAS to full season. Chickpea seed yield losses were in the range of 13-54% under different E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. competition durations. Critical weed crop competition period was 45 days after sowing. Weed control with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin+prometryn @ 450 + 600 g a.i. ha-1 and metribuzin @ 187.5 g a.i. ha-1 was maximum but chickpea grew well with pendimethalin+prometryn @ 375 + 500 g a.i. ha-1 which resulted in highest chickpea seed yield. There were some suppressive effects on crop at higher doses of both herbicides which resulted a decrease in chickpea growth. Highest chickpea seed yield (2376.30 kg ha-1) was recorded with hand weeding which was statistically similar with that of yield obtained when pendimethalin+prometryn was sprayed @ 375 + 500 g a.i. ha-1. Hand weeding plots resulted 61-66% more yield over weedy check followed by that of pendimethalin+prometryn at 375 + 500 g a.i. ha-1 (56-61%) during both years of study. Macro and micro nutrients losses by weeds increased with increase in competition duration. Macro and micro nutrient losses by weeds ranged from 5-53 kg ha-1 and 12-177 g ha-1, respectively. Maximum marginal rate of return (2803%) was achieved with metribuzin @ 150 g a.i. ha-1 in first year and 5416% with pendimethalin+prometryn @ 375 + 500 g a.i. ha-1 in second year
Corporate Entrepreneurship, Agency Cost and Firm Performance: Evidence from Developed and Developing Economies
No full textThis study aims to extend the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost, to firm performance. It also examines this relationship in the presence of behavioral biases to address the behavioral finance approach, and validates it in developed (USA) and developing (Pakistan) economies, in order to generalize the study. The design of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship, agency cost and firm performance across both behavioral and traditional approaches of finance. The validated construct has been adopted to measure the corporate entrepreneurship, behavioral biases and risk perception of USA and Pakistani non-financial sector companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), respectively. The data for firm performance and agency cost has been taken from Balance Sheets Analyses (SBP Report) for Pakistani companies and from annual reports of the USA companies on a three yearly average bases (2009, 2010 and 2011).\ud
The findings highlight the significant negative relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost in USA, showing that corporate entrepreneurship can act as an excellent technique in reducing agency problems within organizations, ultimately leading to high performance, however, there is an insignificant impact between corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost in Pakistani context. Regarding the behavioral finance approach, both economies didn't show any significant relationship of behavioral biases on risk perception; however, a significant relationship of risk perception on corporate entrepreneurship, depicts behavioral biases didn't impact corporate finance decisions. It shows that corporate finance decisions may differ from person to person irrespective from culture to culture and from country to country, pointing towards individualistic approach. This study provides a foundation for future studies on the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship, agency cost and firm performance. My study helps executives to assess their own scenario while making effective entrepreneurial and financial decisions within companies and how to control or reduce the impact of behavioral biases in particular situations, in order to maximize their retur
Effect of Primary School Teachers Perceived Motivation on Their Performance in \ud Sindh
No full textThis mixed study examined the associations and effect of primary school teachers' intrinsic \ud
and extrinsic motivation towards their performance assessed by respective head-teachers. \ud
The multi-stage random sampling involved 348 teacher-respondents and 40 head-teachers of \ud
District Hyderabad, Sindh. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through \ud
adapted questionnaires having 48 five-point Likert-scale items and three open-ended \ud
questions. Data were analyzed through SPSS package of 16.00 for descriptive and inferential \ud
statistical analyses at 0.05 confidence-intervals. Descriptive statistics revealed that teachers \ud
ranked their intrinsic motivation better (mean ranged1.62 to 2.18 for 11items) against \ud
extrinsic motivation (mean ranged from 2.50 to 3.97 for 14 items).Teachers' 13 performance \ud
items did not catch supporting evidence i.e. means ranged from 1.93 to 3.97 (with 2.82 mean \ud
of means) which is disappointing one. Regarding multiple linear regression, intrinsic and \ud
extrinsic motivation significantly and moderately predicted respondents' performance, \ud
R=.299a, r2=.290 (adjusted r2=.284), F(2, 245)=16.979, p<.001.They accounted for 29.9% \ud
variability in respondents' performance showing better effect (unstandard beta=.306 or 30%) \ud
of extrinsic motivation t(345)=3.926, p=.000 against intrinsic one (unstandard beta=.200 or \ud
20%)t(345)=3.926, p=.001.Regression analysis of demographical predictors reveal \ud
unsatisfactory picture despite being significant (p=.000a) with moderate level of correlation, \ud
R=.521a, r2=.272 (adjusted r2=.239), F(15, 332)=8.265, p<.001.Only two predictors i.e. \ud
teaching experience and average education of family members got significant beta \ud
coefficients and p-values (p=<.05) while others (13) discarded. Difference regarding \ud
independent-samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveal that females; \ud
widow/widower/divorced; teachers with no other source of income; and teachers with higher \ud
academic qualifications, professional qualifications, age, and monthly salary obtain \ud
statistically significant and better performance than their counterparts. Feasible suggestions \ud
collected through open-ended questions are incorporated in recommendations
Bio-ecology and Management of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
No full textStudies were carried out to evaluate the seasonal incidence of population of Helicoverpa armigera, Chrysoperla carnea and parasitism of H. armigera by Habrobracon hebetor in three districts, i.e. Faisalabad, Multan and Rahim Yaar Khan, temperature dependent biological parameters, drought influence on H. armigera along its natural enemies [C. carnea (Stephens) and H. hebetor (Say)] and development of IPM module against H. armigera in cotton agro-ecosystem. The maximum population of adults and larvae of H. armigera recorded during the month of August was 4.10 per trap and 0.52 per plant, respectively. The lowest population was recorded in October, with values of 0.87 adults per trap and 0.12 larvae per plant. Population of C. carnea was highest (0.90 per plant) in September and the lowest number (0.21 per plant) was recorded in July. Similarly, parasitism rates were highest (33.7%) and lowest (04.87%) in September and July, respectively. Adults and larvae of H. armigera were highest in R.Y. Khan i.e. 3.48 and 0.44 per plant, respectively. In contrast, C. carnea population was highest (0.72 per plant) in Faisalabad which was followed by Multan (0.55 per plant) and R.Y. Khan (0.38 per plant). Parasitism was also high in the district Faisalabad (13.39%) followed by Multan (6.36%) and R. Y. Khan (6.23%). Adults and larvae were positively correlated with temperature and r values were calculated at 0.5818 and 0.5240, respectively. Population of C. carnea was negatively correlated with temperature with an r value of -0.5546. Similarly, the parasitism of H. armigera by H. hebetor was negatively correlated with temperature (r= -0.5768). Higher temperatures decreased the duration of development and also decreased the reproductive capacity of H. armigera, C. carnea and H. hebetor. Degree days for developmental period for H. armigera, C. carnea and H. hebetor were 250, 166.67 and 71.43, respectively. The drought caused significant detrimental effects on population of H. armigera and parasitism by H. hebetor. In contrast, C. carnea population was not significantly (F= 2.01, DF= 4 and P>0.05) affected by drought. The maximum yield was recorded 1639.52 kg/ha (16.0 kg/plot) in T15 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T2 (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + T3 (release of C. carnea) + T4 (release of H. hebetor)] which was followed by T12 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T2 (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + T4 (releases of H. hebetor)] and T13 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T3 (release of C. carnea) + T4 (release of H. hebeor)] with values of 1475.568 and 1332.11 kg/ha, respectively. T1 (spray of Spinosad), T5 [(spray of Spinosad) + (spray of neem seed kernel extract)] and T15 proved the most economical pest management modules exhibiting CBR 1:6 followed by T7 [(sprays of Spinosad) + (releases of H. hebetor)] and T12 [(spray of Spinosad) + (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + (releases of H. hebetor)] which explained a CBR of 1:5.5 approximately