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FORMULATING OFFLINE NONDESTRUCTIVE VALIDATION OF SOLID DRUG SURFACE MORPHOLOGY USING MICROSCOPIC MULTISPECTRAL HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING
No full textThe non-destructive analysis of a Solid Pharmaceutical Product (SPP) is essential to \ud
verify the quality without destroying the product. This analysis may be performed using \ud
various image processing and signal processing techniques on images and multispectral \ud
data. Based on this analysis, an SPP may be classified as defective or non-defective. \ud
The SPP (categorized as defective) are exposed to three different environmental factors \ud
(humidity, temperature and moisture) over different time periods and the variations in \ud
data are analyzed to judge the effects of these factors on classification of an SPP. In this \ud
research, we have proposed two non-destructive methods to identify defective and non\ud
defective SPPs using their surface morphology. In first approach, multiple textural \ud
features are extracted using microscopic images of the surface of the defective and non\ud
defective SPPs. These textural features are Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, Run \ud
Length Matrix, Histogram, Auto Regressive Model and HAAR Wavelet. Total textural \ud
features extracted from microscopic images are 281. The features are reduced using \ud
three feature reduction techniques; Chi-square, Gain Ratio and Relief-F. We have \ud
formulated three feature sets, through experimentation, with 281, 15 and 2 features. We \ud
have used four classifiers namely Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, \ud
Naïve Bayes and Ensemble of Classifiers, to calculate the accuracy of proposed \ud
approach. The classifiers are implemented using leave-one-out cross validation and \ud
holdout validation methods. We tested each classifier against all feature sets and the \ud
results were compared. The results showed that in most of the cases, Support Vector \ud
Machine performed better than the other classifiers. \ud
In second approach, we have used multispectral data and applied wavelet \ud
transformations in conjunction with various machine learning techniques for the \ud
classification. The results showed that the spectrum extracted from Ultra Violet \ud
wavelength range is more suitable for the classification between defective and non\ud
defective SPPs. Furthermore, results also described that K-Nearest Neighbors classifier \ud
or Ensemble of Classifiers is a more appropriate classifier.\ud
In the last, the hybrid of the both approaches was tested. The analysis of the results \ud
showed that the hybrid approach is better than the individual ones. An accuracy of 94% \ud
is achieved using K-Nearest Neighbors when a combined dataset of SPPs affected by all of the three environmental factors is used
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT THROUGH PERMACULTURE: BALANCING HUMAN AND NATURE INTERACTION
No full textN/
Exact Solutions of Di?erential Equations Via Classical, Nonclassical Symmetries, Conservation Laws and Moving Frames
No full textA variety of new exact solutions of partial di?erential equations and their systems have been found using di?erent models. The applications arise from hydrodynamics, sound waves, transonic gas ?ows and stability of ?ame fronts. Among numerous methods, Lie group theory has been extensively studied for its applications in partial di?erential equations and yet, a lot remains to be explored. This dissertation employs some of its techniques such as classical and nonclassical symmetries, group classi?cation method andtheirextensionstoconservationlawsanddoublereductiontheoryforarrivingatexact solutions of partial di?erential equations.\ud
Inparticular,completeanalysisofthefourthordergeneralizedmodi?edBoussinesqequation has been discussed in terms of two di?erent techniques. In the ?rst one, group classi?cationmethodisappliedtogeneralizedmodi?edBoussinesqequationthatspeci?es di?erent forms of an arbitrary function f(u), so that similarity reductions can be done in each form to obtain exact solutions. Secondly, exact solutions have been obtained by employing double reduction theory using conserved vectors of the corresponding partial di?erential equations. In addition, nonclassical symmetries are found for (1+3)dimensionalnonstationarytransonicgas?ows. Newgroupinvariantsolutionsareobtained as an outcome of these symmetries.\ud
Finally, conservation laws are found for higher dimensional partial di?erential equations such as Zakharov Kuznetsov equation, Gardner Kadomtsov-Petviashivilli and modi?ed Kadomtsov-Petviashivilli equations as well as systems of Kaup Broer, Kaup Newell and Itobyadoptingthemultiplierapproach.Moreover,theexactsolutionshavebeenobtained by applying generalized double reduction theory. New explicit solutions of reduced ordinarydi?erentialequationsarefoundbyemployingsine-cosineand?rstintegralmethods
EFFECT OF COATED CALCIUM CARBIDE ON GROWTH, YIELD AND SOME MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.)
No full textEthylene is involved in regulation of various aspects of plant growth and development and also acts as a defense mechanism under various stress conditions. A lot of work on foliarapplied source of ethylene has been evaluated as a mean to improve growth and yield of various crops in literature. Little research has been published on the use of soil-applied ethylene source for vegetable production. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of calcium carbide based formulation, a soil-applied source of ethylene, on growth, yield and some morpho-physiological characteristics of cucumber. Laboratory, pot and field studies were conducted in a sequence to investigate the effect of calcium carbide (CaC2) on seed germination, growth, yield, nitrogen and carbon metabolism and fruit quality parameters. Preliminary studies (experiment 1 to 3) were conducted under controlled conditions to evaluate the effect of CaC2 on seed germination, growth and some metabolic changes in cucumber seeds under normal and stress conditions. Results showed that application of 30 mg plate-1 CaC2 among different rates was found the best rate to promote seed germination and growth of plants. Increase in germination percentage, growth parameters and nitrogen assimilation was noted in response to 20 and 30 mg CaC2 plate-1 while higher rate of CaC2 than 30 mg plate-1 was, however, found to inhibit physiological functions. Seed germination was inhibited under salt stress, and this inhibitory effect was significantly mitigated by the addition of CaC2 in the incubation medium along with increased ethylene evolution. Application of CaC2 also increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, free amino acids and activity of ?-amylase and antioxidant enzymes in response to CaC2 under salt stress. The 4th experiment was conducted in pot where different rates and coating materials on CaC2 were optimized under soil conditions for growth and yield attributes of cucumber. All rates of CaC2 significantly improved growth and yield parameters but effect of coating materials was less significant. However, maximum fruit yield was obtained in the treatment of 300 mg paint coated CaC2 pot-1. In the light of the results of experiment 4, another pot experiment was conducted to investigate the genotypic response of two cucumber cultivars (Hybrid vs. Local) to soil applied paint coated CaC2 which significantly improved morphological, phenological and yield characteristics of both cultivars but hybrid cultivar (Bolan-F1) surpassed local cultivar (Desi) regarding yield characteristics. Finally a field experiment of was conducted to investigate effect of paint coated CaC2 on photosynthesis, nitrogen use efficiency and fruit quality of cucumber under deficient and adequate levels of nitrogen. Application of paint coated CaC2 at each level of nitrogen increased photosynthesis via increase in nitrogen assimilation and stomatal conductance. Plants treated with 300 mg CaC2 with sufficient nitrogen exhibited maximal photosynthesis and growth characteristics. These plants also showed maximum nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and mineral contents along with improved fruit quality characteristics. Overall results suggest that application of 300 mg plant-1 paint coated CaC2 enhanced fruit yield by 39.6% compared to control by improving yield contributing factors. These results suggest that application of CaC2 at right rate with appropriate coating material could significantly improve the quality and fruit yield in cucumber by making economic use of soil applied nitrogen
DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF LOCAL CULTURE IN SCHIMMEL'S ANALYSIS OF SUFI POETRY
No full textThe study is an enquiry into construction of local culture within Schimmel's interpretive discourse on Sufi poetry. Discursive construction acquires significance visibly noticed in research pursuits pertaining to construction of local culture, ideological perspectives embedded within interpretation of Sufi poetry and investigation of the level of adequacy in Schimmel's reconstruction of local culture. The examination of Schimmel's works through a critical discourse perspective is a distinct dimension of investigation within Sufi discourse. Further, investigation of a Western scholar's profound understanding and evident inclination towards Sufi themes also acquires significance. Employment of research-based methods of enquiry for Sufi interpretive discourse, promotion of 'Discourse Competence', portrayal of various cultural aspects embedded within local cultural traditions, revival of various folk elements incorporated within Sufi interpretive discourse and formation of a positive and tolerant image of Islamic concept of Sufism through promotion of cultural values are some of the prominent aspects signifying my study. Seeking insights from CDA as the most preferred method of enquiry, Fairclough's three-dimensional model with textual, discursive and social dimensions was applied on 15 selected texts from three core books of Schimmel: Pain and Grace, Mystical Dimensions of Islam and As through a Veil. The study reveals the evident instances of discursively constructed local culture through various indicators reflected through folk traditions, traditional love element, music, superstitions, Sufi beliefs and practices etc. The traces of Schimmel's ideologies are evident through frequent 'value assumptions' through which she relates her beliefs with various Sufi, folk and cultural themes. Prominence of authorial voice reflected through maneuvering of intertextual references, relations of elaboration, additive relations, frequency of her subjective stance and grasp over the minutest cultural details are indicative of a considerably adequate reconstruction of local culture within her analysis of Sufi poetry
TRADE POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN WITH ITS BILATERAL TRADING PARTNERS
No full textPakistan is facing a chronic trade deficit since its inception which has significantly increased in a \ud
recent decade due to globalization and trade liberalization. The post-WTO, trade liberalization \ud
significantly distorted trade balance and economic growth due to relatively lower specialization \ud
level. The post liberalization trade performance may result in catastrophic consequences if not \ud
addressed properly on time. This study investigates external trade of Pakistan for the correction of \ud
persistently unfavorable trade balance and economic growth.\ud
The exports of Pakistan are highly dependent on lower value-added agriculture and \ud
manufacturing sectors. These labor-intensive sectors account more than 80 percent of total \ud
merchandise exports. The fundamental trade theories argue achievement of the higher \ud
specialization level and economies of scale in production sectors with relatively higher \ud
comparative advantage. Chapter three investigates competitiveness of Pakistan in 14 major \ud
industries of agriculture and manufacturing sectors with respect to the world's aggregate \ud
specialization level using revealed comparative advantage index proposed by Balassa, (1965). The \ud
result shows that Pakistan has a comparative advantage in labor intensive lower value-added \ud
agriculture and manufacturing sector, whereas comparative disadvantage is observed in other \ud
manufacturing sectors. The trend analysis shows that the specialization level of agriculture is \ud
showing satisfactory performance, whereas that of labor-intensive manufacturing sectors is \ud
significantly distorting. It urges Pakistan to develop these important industries to achieve \ud
competitive specialization. \ud
The highly concentrated nature of export flow toward few trading partners is another major \ud
constraint on export growth. Chapter four investigates macroeconomic determinants of export flow \ud
and export potential of Pakistan with its 40 bilateral trading partners, using an augmented version \ud
of Gravity model. The result shows that the domestic supply constraints and economic conditions \ud
of trading partners emerged as a major determinant of export flow. The result of export potential \ud
shows that Pakistan has exhausted its potential with traditional trading partners, whereas high \ud
potential is observed in European, Asian, and American trading partners. Pakistan should develop \ud
its important industries and diversify exports towards potential economies. \ud
The macroeconomic policies play an important role in the domestic productivity growth \ud
and trade performance. Chapter 5 constructed a trade based macroeconomic model of Pakistan, \ud
comprising 24 endogenous variables. The macroeconomic framework is modeled following \ud
Keynesian tradition and model is solved using Gauss-Seidel technique. The simulation model is \ud
then used to investigate the impact of various policy shocks on economic growth. The result of \ud
policy simulation of increase in exchange rate shows the significant positive effect on the trade \ud
balance, with negligible positive impact on economic growth, whereas an increase in fiscal deficit \ud
distorts trade balance and economic growth. The increase in the export price of foods and textile \ud
articles shows significant positive, whereas the import price of petroleum product shows the \ud
significant negative impact on trade balances and economic growth performance. Chapter six \ud
concludes the study with policy implications for the achievement of sustainable trade and \ud
economic prosperity
IDENTIFICATION & SCREENING OF POSSIBLE ALLERGENS AND EFFECT OF ANTI ALLERGIC PLANTS ON DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WHEAT CULTIVATED IN SINDH
No full textWheat allergy refers specifically to the adverse reaction, involving IgE antibody to one or more protein fraction of wheat such as albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin (gluten). The majority of IgE-mediated reactions to wheat involve albumin and globulin fraction while gluten(gliadin & glutenin) also cause allergy(Celiac disease).Allergic reactions to wheat may be caused by ingestion of wheat containing foods or inhalation of flour (Bakers asthma). The present work involves the studies on physicochemical and immunological characterization of different varieties of wheat grown in Sindh, Pakistan. Different fraction of wheat proteins, their immunological characteristics and effect of antiallergic plant on wheat allergens were investigated. Individuals suspected to wheat allergy, were also included in this study.\ud
A comparative study was carried out to estimate the frequency of occupational asthma in bakers working in different bakeries of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The frequency of work-related respiratory symptoms was found to be higher in workers exposed with the flour dust as compared to the non-exposed workers. ELISA result showed that 76.6% of individuals with work related allergic symptoms belonged to highly exposed area, as compared to 23.3 % from low-exposed area. \ud
The allergic proteins with low MW ranges 14-18 kDa, 27 kDa, 31 kDa, 36 kDa, 37 kDa, and 47 kDa are reported in literature. The proteins with MWs in the same range have been identified from the varieties of wheat used in the present work. Plants have various anti-allergic, anti inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, antioxidative and immune-modulatory effects. In the present study, hypo allergic activity of Neem, Tulsi and Calotropis were investigated. The results show that the complex of wheat proteins and extract of antiallergic plant reduce the sensitivity of allergenic proteins, which mainly cause asthma and other allergenic symptoms
ANALYSIS OF FARMER FIELD SCHOOLEFFECT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN TWO DISTRICTS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA- PAKISTAN
No full textFarmer Field School (FFS) always aims to facilitate farmers about field ecology and integrated crop management. The study was conducted in 2012-13 to analyze the activities of Farmer Field School approach, interaction of extension personnel/facilitators with farmers and adoption ratio of FFS approach. It also investigates the different stages of crops and their associated management practices and to determine increase in per acre yield of the crop and profit maximization margin per acre. A study of bitter gourd crop was conducted in ten villages of district Charsadda and the study of tomato crop was conducted in ten villages of district Malakand. Fifteen farmers were selected randomly from each village on the basis of 60% of FFS population and making sample size of 300. Both primary and secondary data were collected from farmers and department of agricultural extension respectively. Structured interview schedule was developed and each farmer was interviewed personally. The study was based on comparison of cost, yield and income of bitter gourd and tomato before and after FFS. Paired t-test was conducted using SPSS for analysis. Result of the study show that agricultural extension department has brought a positive change in the attitude of farmers through FFS approach. About 69% of the respondents were growing bitter gourd in Charsadda between the ages of 31-50 years, Majority 77% of respondents was literate and 23% were illiterate. Average land holding size was 9.89 acres; Cost of fertilizer, crop protection from insect pest and crop protection from diseases was reduced by Rs. 2264.17, Rs. 3379.97and Rs. 3181.19 respectively. The cost of seed and cost of farm yard manure was increased by Rs.1923.07 and Rs. 1204.66 respectively while bitter gourd yield was increased by 988 Kg/acre from 17384.60 to 18372.60. In district Malakand66% of the respondents were between the age group of 31-50 years, 58% of respondents were literate while 42.0% were illiterate. Cost of seed, crop protection from insect pest and crop protection from diseases was reduced by Rs. 210.67, Rs. 2592.10 and Rs. 3127.98 respectively. The cost of fertilizers and cost of farm yard manure was increased by Rs.1548.87 and Rs. 1151.33 respectively, while tomato yield was increased by 1585.03 kg/acre from 7663.87 to 9248.90 kg/acre. It is concluded that empirical activities of FFS approach is not only beneficial and useful but enhanced the agricultural productivity. Interaction of extension agents with farmers increased awareness and propagated\ud
new technologies related to tomato and bitter gourd resultantly improved the socio-economic conditions of farmers. It is recommended that extension department should extend developmental activities through participatory FFS approach. Trainings, seminars and refresher courses should be arranged for both FFS facilitators and farmers
Studies on the Ripening Aspects and Fruit Quality of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cvs. "Hillawi and Khadrawi
No full textDate palm is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. It provides a rich and quick energy source to humans and also plays a significant role in the social and economic life of the people living in dry areas. Monsoon rains at the time of fruit harvesting or ripening are very harmful and heavy fruit losses occur resulting rotting, fruit drop and uneven fruit ripening. Unfortunately, in Pakistan serious losses occur due to these rains at the time of fruit harvesting/ripening. The research work reported in this manuscript was conducted in the Experimental Fruit Orchard Square Number 9 and Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS) (Latitude 31o-26´ N, Longitude 73o-06´ E and Altitude 184.4 m), Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Province, Pakistan. In the field studies, effectiveness of ethephon application (foliar and injection) and strands thinning practices on ripening acceleration and fruit quality of date palm were investigated and found that ethephon application with spray showed superiority over injection method to accelerate the maturity and ripening processes of date fruits in both Hillawi and Khadrawi cultivars. Fruit sprayed with ethephon (4 ml/L and 2 ml/L) at final kimri and early khalal stages reached at rutab stage 13 and 6 days earlier and showed uniform fruit ripening indexes of 60.46 and 44.85% and rutab fruit yield (6.29 and 4.37 kg ) per bunch with good fruit quality composition than the untreated fruits. Second field experiment was conducted to explore the role of strands thinning on maturity enhancement and fruit quality. Strands thinning practices were carried out with following intensities (no thinning, 20% RCS (removal of central strands), 30% RCS, 20% STT (shortening of terminal tips), 30% STT, 20% RCS + 20% STT and 30% RCS + 30% STT) at early kimri stage (4 weeks after pollination). It was observed that strands thinning practices improved quality characteristics than the fruit those were untreated (without thinning) in both cultivars. Strands thinning intensity @ 30% RCS alone resulted in 10 days earlier maturity and higher rutab yield of 5.22 kg per bunch and more uniformly ripe fruit (76.28%) at rutab stage. The total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), total phenolic, total flavonoids and total antioxidants were significantly improved while titratable acidity and total tannin contents were decreased in thinned fruits. In post-harvest experiments, hot water exposures for 3 and 5 min at 65oC in Hillawi and Khadrawi cultivars reduce the fruit ripening period up to 6 days and produced uniformly ripened fruit (73.33 and 81.66%) with better quality and higher acceptability of organoleptic scores marked by the panellists as compared to \ud
untreated fruit. Acetic acid @ 3% showed higher uniform ripening index of 64.24% with higher total soluble solids, sugars, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total antioxidants and organoleptic properties after incubation at 40±1oC for 72 h. In the last study different sun drying techniques were used for the curing of soft Hillawi dates. Among different sundrying techniques, SDT4 (DSE with removal in baskets and covered during night) proved good regarding the fruit quality composition such as TSS, acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, total phenolics, total antioxidants, total flavonoids with lower amounts of total tannin contents. In conclusion, a spray application of ethephon @ 4 ml/L at final kimri stage, strands thinning @ 30% RCS alone at early kimri stage, hot water treatments at khalal stage (3 min for Hillawi and 5 min for Khadrawi) and acetic acid @ 3% at khalal stage showed better results to accelerate the fruit ripening period and produced higher index of uniformly ripe fruits with good fruit quality composition in both date palm cultivars. Among different sun-drying techniques in fruits harvested at rutab stage, SDT4 (DSE with removal in baskets and covered during night) proved good regarding the fruit quality composition in Hillawi date palm cultivar. Uniformity in ripening gave extra benefits and higher economic returns were achieved by adopting these technologies and it provided higher economic return
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF URTICA DIOICA AND TAURINE ON CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
No full textLiver and kidneys are essential in metabolism and elimination of waste products from body and likewise susceptible to damage induced by toxins, chemicals and therapeutic drugs during their metabolic degradation and removal. Herbal therapies have gained a lot of attention during these days due to least reported side effects, similarly supplementation of various nutrients have also been shown to minimize hepatic and renal toxicities induced by xenobiotics. The present study therefore was aimed to explore the protective properties of a medicinal plant "Urtica dioica" & an amino acid "Taurine" against hepatic and renal toxicities persuaded by carbon tetra chloride in male wistar rats. Carbon tetrachloride administration in rats is one of the oldest methods for experimental induction of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and nephrotoxicity chiefly via formation of reactive free oxygen radicals, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins that further lead to damage of membrane and reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Urtica dioica (UD) belongs to family Urticaceae, used as herbal medicine since ancient times for the treatment of illnesses including liver cirrhosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension and colitis. Different parts of the plant contain steroids, terpenoids, lectins and flavanol glycosides that exhibit potent antiinflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-carcinogenic, immunostimulatory and antioxidant activities. Taurine is one of the few known naturally occurring sulfonic acids widely distributed in animal tissues and primarily synthesized in liver and CNS. It plays fundamental roles in cellular development and differentiation, membrane stabilization, osmoregulation and antioxidation. In this study 36 male albino wistar rats were distributed in to six groups (n=6). Control group remained untreated healthy rats, CCl? group received CCl? (0.8 ml/Kg b.w, s.c, for 8 weeks, twice a week), CCl?+UD group received CCl? (0.8 ml/Kg body weight , subcutaneously for 8 weeks, two times per week) together with UD (2 ml/kg UD extract intra-peritoneal (i.p) daily for 8 weeks), UD group was given UD (2 ml/kg UD extract i.p daily for 8 weeks), group CC4+Taurine obtained CCl? (0.8 ml/Kg b.w, s.c, for 8 weeks, twice a week) together with taurine (1% w/v with drinking water daily for 8 weeks); Turine group was given taurine (1% w/v through drinking water daily for 8 weeks). Biochemical analysis included total bilirubin, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), urea, creatinine, BUN, hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes (catalase, SOD & GSH), MDA, PON-1, CP & SDH. Histopathological features were investigated in liver and kidney tissues. The 8 weeks treatment of rats with CCl? created hepatotoxicity as indicated by elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, SDH, ALP and MDA levels and reduced activity of catalase, GSH & SOD PON-1 & CP in CCl? treated group. CCl? treatment resulted in renal impairments exhibited via increased urea, creatinine, BUN and MDA levels whereas decreased antioxidant enzymes catalase, SOD & GSH levels in CCl? treated group. Urtica dioica and taurine treatments along with CCl? in groups (CCl?+UD) & (CC4+Taurine) for sixty days have been shown to minimize hepatotoxic effects of CCl? by significantly reducing the elevated liver enzyme, lipid peroxidation and raised the decreased antioxidant levels. On the other hand the nephrotoxic effects of CCl? were reverted by UD and taurine treatment as indicated by reduced urea, creatinine, BUN & MDA and enhanced catalase, SOD & GSH levels.\ud
The hepatic histologic findings indicated portal and periportal fibrosis in CCl? treated rats with 40% degenerative hepatocytes. UD treatment together with CCl? indicated slight periportal fibrosis, fatty changes with no degenerative hepatocytes whereas slight periportal fibrosis with apparently no degenerative hepatocytes were seen in rats treated with taurine along with CCl?. The renal histologic findings indicated tubulointerstitial fibrosis with no mesengial proliferation in CCl? treated rats. UD & taurine treatments along with CCl? have been shown to prevent tubule-interstitial fibrosis in rats of groups (CCl?+UD) & (CC4+Taurine). ROS induced oxidative stress plays a crucial part in mechanism of hepatotoxicity and an approach that may reduce the burden of reactive free radicals may overcome the toxic effects induced by those free radicals. The experimental results indicated that Urtica dioica and Taurine have shown anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic effects against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by CCl? principally via scavenging ROS, reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities thus reducing oxidative burden which is the foundation of various pathophysiological progressions including cirrhosis associated with increased indisposition and death. In conclusion, our experimental results suggest that Urtica dioica and taurine have successfully resumed liver and renal functions after acute episodes of toxicity induced by CCl?.The study therefore can be advantageous to scientists, health experts, pharmacologists and researchers in developing evidence-based alternative medicine beneficial in the prevention and treatment of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and improve hepatic and renal functions without any side effects