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Analysis of hydrodynamic conditions near bottom hinged gates on a side weir
Get PDFThe doctoral disertation considers the analysis of the hydrodynamic conditions near the bottom-hinged flap gates on a side weir, which are used to regulate the amount of the lateral discharge over the side weir. The disertation is divided into two parts: the experimental and the numerical part. Within the experimental part, discharge and water surface measurements for 380 variants were carried out. A new equation for the discharge coefficient of a bottom-hinged flap gate on a side weir was proposed, which covers the influence of the position and the width of the flap gate on the discharge coefficient. In addition, measurements of water levels near the flap gate and also measurements of the velocity fields were carried out with the computer-aided visualization method. From these measurements, it was possible to show that the contraction of the water jet varies with the gate opening angle. It was also found in which position a flap gate has the most favorable hydrodynamic shape.\ud
Within the numerical work, a 3D numerical model of two-phase flow, which uses the so-called VOF method for determining the interface was established. For this purpuse, the software code OpenFOAM was used. Within the numerical modeling three different turbulence models were analysed, these are the k-ε and k-ω SST turbulence model and the LES turbulence model with a Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. With the help of a calibrated 3D numerical model, the influence of different geometric and operational parameters of the flap on the pressure distribution at the gate, caused by the flow of water over the side weir, was analysed. Furthermore, the resultants of the forces and torsion moments in the hinge of the gate were determined on the basis of the results of the numerical model. An update of the OpenFOAM software code was also applied. In this context, a new solver named interWaterFoam was established, which allows more stable and robust calculations with limiting the velocities in the phase of air
Analysis of variants collection and treatment of waste water in small municipalities in the case of the municipality Škocjan
Get PDFThe decentralization of urban wastewater treatment is in the world in full swing, as well as its reuse by separation at its source. In dispersed rural districts the decentralized systems show considerable benefits compared with the centralized ones. Decentralization makes easier the separation of wastewater already at its source and its reuse, bringing to inhabitants financial benefits and it is even likely that it increases the local agricultural production. However, it is questionable to use water as means of transportation for faeces to the distant location, where water and faeces are separated again. Dry sanitary systems not applying water for the treatment and transportation of human faeces, are the new emerging technologies.\ud
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The present work describes an overview of the decentralized wastewater treatments in the world, as well as separation at the source and its reuse. There is also made an overview of sectoral legislation in Slovenia. Proposed is the strategy for Slovenia with rural dispersed districts, where smaller settlements use the decentralized system, the natural cleaning systems, and involve in decision-making the local population. Proposed is the supervision over the operation of systems on the level of the state or region. Proposed is also the establishment of reuse.\ud
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Earlier activities with regard to discharge and treatment of urban wastewater in the municipality of Škocjan are presented. For this region four models of collection and treatment of urban wastewater were analyzed. Selected was the model proposing individual solutions for the entire municipality of Škocjan using constructed wetlands, except where the sewage system is already constructed. In that case is proposed to build a common constructed wetland.\u
Possibilities of lowering of PM emissions to ambient air using trenchless technology instead of open cut when building burried pipelines
Get PDFWhen constructing underground infrastructure, either the open cut method or the trenchless one, we are faced with fugitive emissions to ambient air. First section provides overview of particles and how they are introduced into the environment according to the selected technology. In following section base for the fugitive OM emisiions\ud
calculation is set up, based on on-road and off-road machinery, as well as the manipulation of the ditch spoil, the pipe bedding and the overlay. The core of the thesis is calculation of fugitive PM emissions on construction site, depending on cover and selected technology and analysis of results.\u
Railway machines for maintenance and construction
Get PDFThe diploma thesis deals with the machines used for the maintenance and construction on\ud
railway lines. There are being presented the meaning, scope and methods of maintenance of\ud
the railway infrastructure, including the description and maintenance of the railway track\ud
elements. Examples of maintenance are made in accordance to the slovenian legislation on\ud
the railway substructure and superstructure. In the following thesis a detailed description of\ud
the machinery, which is, based on their functional ability, divided into construction, transport\ud
and trackside equipment is given. Also the vehicle for the different measurements (e.g. rail\ud
measurements – rail profile and rail corrugation, track geometry measurements, track twist\ud
and track cant measurements) are described. In the last part of the diploma thesis is being\ud
shown the technology of the renewal on the section of a single track railway line between the\ud
train stations Škofljica and Ljubljana Rakovnik. The renewal works are divided into six\ud
stages, which include removal of the existing track, excavation of the rails and sleepers,\ud
ballast bed and subsoil, installation of the improved subsoil and frost protective layer and\ud
laying of a new railway track. Besides the technology of the works on the open track section,\ud
with the help of MS Project software, a schedule is being designed, which shows the\ud
duration, order and delay of implementing individual works on the section of the considered\ud
track
Geodetic works in the reconstruction of regional road Moravče-Tihaboj-Mirna
Get PDFThe thesis presents the geodetic works involved in the reconstruction of regional road R2-417/4326 Moravče–Tihaboj–Mirna. The first part lists the factors to consider when designing a road and briefly describes the technical and project documentation required for road construction, use, and maintenance. This is followed by a more in-depth description of geodetic works before, during, and after road reconstruction, in which I was involved myself. The process starts with the development of geodetic networks, obtaining and preparing geodetic bases for design, geodetic works related to obtaining a building plot, and preparing a study for setting out the detailed points of the building. This is followed by the setting out of the characteristic points of the building and the setting out of public infrastructure, control measurements, and a detailed measurement of public infrastructure. After the end of construction, a land surveying plan is prepared for the as-built design, the building is entered in official records, and the building geometry during use is verified
Geodetic evaluation of the building's facades for the purpose of energy renovation
Get PDFStatistics show that in recent years, global energy consumption is growing steadily. In the countries of the European Union buildings consume 40 percent of total energy and release 36 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. These data suggest that it is necessary to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To this we can contribute with improved energy efficiency of buildings that we can achieve with energy renovation. Energy renovation of buildings is an engineering project with which we reach that the buildings consume at least half of the energy for heating or cooling as before the renovation. In this master’s thesis we are studying the energy renovation of buildings and the methods of façade measuring. Topic largely covers the area of geodesy, which deals with both classical method of surveying and terrestrial laser scanning. At the same time it also covers the area of energy renovation, which is associated with energetic and construction. We reviewed the area of energy renovation and the possibility of participating geodetics profession in the façade measurements. Our focus was on the classical terrestrial measurement and terrestrial laser scanning, wireframe buildings and prefabricated façade elements. The need to ensure a high level of precision we needed to pay attention to the establishment of a geodetic reference network in the vicinity of the present building. Based on the reference case, we want to draw conclusions regarding the selection of relevant geodetic methods on the basis of selected buildings and the chosen method of energy renovation. A practical field measurement was carried out following various post processing. For field measurement, we used an advanced surveying instrument that combines different measurement techniques. To the final result - 3D wireframe façade - we came up with different calculation and postprocessing. By comparing the results obtained, we can assess the accuracy of each method, and most importantly, determine the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and the differences between them
The compliance analysis of geodetic document with legislation
Get PDFThe economic crisis contributed to the fall in quality of the geodetic documentation. The decrease of the commissions on the market led to the decline in the number of employees, there was also a reduction in the number of big firms while several smaller firms were formed. It was this turn that caused the subscribers of the services to expand their demands while the costs of the services fell drastically. Using examples, I analysed the accordance of the geodetic documentation with the legislation during the phase of construction. In the first part I named the applicable legislation and in the second part I analysed the stakeout plan, the stakeout record, the geodetic plan of the executed works and the entry into the entry into the official state database. I selected the practical examples on the basis of the current problems, analyzed them, presented the shortcomings of the applicable legislation and I recommended solutions. I concluded that the geodetic documentation is being exploited for the needs of construction contractors and with that the meaning and the role of the geodesist are in the decline. As a consequence the signature of the geodesist in charge is also losing value. The applicable legislation in the field of the operational cadastre ought to be supplemented. Once a new legislation is established, there will need to be a stricter control on whether the studies are in accordance with the legislation, since that would decrease or prevent the exploitation of the signature of the geodesist in charge
Duties and obligations of the Engineer according to FIDIC
Get PDFThe thesis discusses how, when and why Client introduces the work of an Engineer, who carries out his duties under the rules of FIDIC contract. The first part presents the construction project and its complexity, as well as a detailed definition of participants, who are required by the Construction Act to participate in the process. From the latter, it is evident that the duties and powers, as obligation of supervision, of the Technical Supervisor to a large extent overlap with the ones of an Engineer. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the type of contract between an Employer and a Technical Supervisor, as well as the powers received by the Technical Supervisor at the conclusion of different types of contracts. I am also pointing out Engineer’s powers and duties arising from the FIDIC Red Book. Based on the list of the powers necessary to carry out supervision, extended supervision and engineering regarding FIDIC contract, the Employer’s decision on what kind of contract will be concluded, will be easier
Volume analysis of the impact of dry retention areas on flooding situation in the lower Savinja valley
Get PDFAt the beginning of the graduation thesis, there is a short presentation of the Savinja River basin and its basic hydrographic characteristics. Further, flood problematics of the Savinja River basin is presented. The Lower Savinja Valley is one of the areas in Slovenia with the highest flood risks. Due to the torrential character, high waters of the Savinja River and its tributaries have extremely high flow rates and destructive power. People have always been struggling with the restless and unpredictable river and tried to subdue it. Restraining of the high waters in the flooding areas is anticipated in order to reduce the vulnerability of the populated areas. Further in the thesis, we analysed the role and operation of the dry retentions and we performed the volume analysis of the dry retentions, which are planned in the lower Savinja River Valley in order to control the flood waters with a 100-year return period. Additionally, an analysis of the volumes of the flood waters, which flooded the section of the Savinja River where regulation of the dry retention is anticipated during the previous flooding events, has been made. At the end, the and-use types in the areas where the dry retentions are anticipated in the Lower Savinja Valley are presented. In these areas, the use of the existing mainly agricultural areas will mostly likely have to be changed
Rural development in Istria - the case of implementation "Albergo diffuso" and renovation of rural settlement Padna
Get PDFRural landscape in Slovenian Istria is highly attractive for tourism as a special cultural landscape offers exploring many natural and cultural heritage elements. Nevertheless, the majority of tourists and economic development are concentrated on the narrow coastline. Many traditional settlements in city outskirts are exposed to stagnation and degradation, mainly due to the aging population and emigration. Only few young people, who are generally not in touch with tradition and the environment, return to rural areas. Therefore, architecturally rich buildings fall into decay or are poorly renovated. One of the possible renovations of traditional settlements and socio-economic development of rural areas is to establish a scattered hotel (albergo diffuso) model. This model is based on a linear layout of activities in each decaying building in a settlement to focus on recovery and development of the settlement. Degraded and abandoned buildings are renovated for the purpose of the scattered hotel, using local resources, cooperating with locals and offering tourist development with an emphasis on learning about the natural environment, cultural heritage, tradition and the people. Settlements in Slovenian Istria were analysed by using spatial analysis and fieldwork, and then we specified certain criteria for selecting settlements that are suitable for establishing the model. We decided to set up the pilot model in settlement Padna in municipality Piran, where locals have already committed to the rural tourism development. Because almost half of the buildings in the settlement are abandoned, we designed a concept for a scattered hotel. We also warned about the potential problems before starting the first project in Slovenia and tried to indicate solutions by using examples of good practice from Italy, where for decades scattered hotels have been the leading tourist product as a niche in sustainable rural tourism