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The meaning of standards in geodetic survey
Full text linkDuring geodetic work we frequently use different normative documents and legal regulations. Normative documents usually regulate the geodesist protocols to assure the obligatory accuracy. In this project the normative documents for two types of geodetic measurements are treated – the more precise for dams and other water- retaining structures and less precise for detailed surveying. In the first part – as a common review – the normative documents and their characteristics are presented. In the second part there is a review of normative documents used at geodetic technical surveying of dams – from the projecting the geodetic net, instruments used, measurements, data processing till presenting and interpreting of results. A detailed review of normative documents for a detailed surveying is also included. At the end there is a detailed analysis of situation and usage of normative documents in Slovenia
The study of land distribution celek in selected areas
Full text linkDiploma thesis represents analysis of changes on the land pattern »celek« from the first part of the 19th century untill today. We used data from Franziscean land cadaster, land cadaster, graphic unit of the agriculture holdings (grafična enota kmetijskega gospodarstva – GERK) and current land use. First part represents different shapes of land patterns and their meaning on the view of landscape and\ud
detailed description of »celek« features. Analysis was done on 30 examples in three selected areas in Slovenia, where studied land pattern is specifically common. We were interested in knowing if original design and compactness of the property in one piece remains, while self-sufficiency didn't allowed major changes and dividing of the farms. Most of them remains concluded, in some examples we noticed they have agricultural field outside of the property of »celek«. With enlarged number of people migrating to the countryside, the property structure is changing in small degree, wherein typically dispersed populated pattern remains unchanged. With comparing property lists and GERK,\ud
we noticed that most of the »celek« are cultivating lands exclusively in their ownership. Where they are already abandoning, their land is usually cultivated by neighbouring farmers. We also looked in the changing of land use on studied areas. Woods have extended, usually on the areas where used to be pastures and meadows. The surface of fields and orchlands have also been reduced. We represented results graphically and numerically
Effect of cementitious additives on corrosion processes of steel in green concretes
Full text linkIn this thesis the field of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) for so-called green concretes, and their influence on the properties of the hardened cement matrix and the corrosion of embedded steel, is discussed. Cements with such a modified composition achieve a greater economic effect due to better utilization of the raw materials and energy needed for their manufacture. During the performed investigations, the basic materials for the production of cement were first dried and mechanically treated. They were then mixed together in the selected proportions and ground into six different cements. After the specific surface area, density, chemical composition, and chlorides content in the cements had been determined, mortar samples for testing were prepared. After a curing period of twenty-eight days the flexural strength, compressive strength, and static modulus of elasticity of the test specimens were determined. They were then exposed to accelerated chloride induced corrosion, and electrochemical measurements were performed by means of three different methods for monitoring and detecting changes in the state of corrosion of steel in concrete. With potentiostatic method the corrosion current densities at increased potential were followed according to adopted standard method. With electrochemical impedance spectroscopy the corrosion activity in 22-week period on samples immersed into chloride solution and on samples that were cyclically exposed to wet and dry conditions was measured. The resistance to capillary absorption and the porosity of the samples were determined. After completion of the investigations, the samples were longitudinally split into two pieces, and a visual inspection of the reinforcement surface was carried out. The acid-soluble and water-soluble chloride contents were determined for the specimens investigated according to the third method. Finally, the suitability and reliability of the methods used for monitoring and detecting changes in the state of corrosion of steel in concrete, based on visual inspection and the results of electrochemical measurements, were assessed
Analysis of composite beam over two spans
Full text linkThe graduation thesis deals with a steel-concrete composite beam over two spans, being part of the floor structure of a buildnig. The following two scenarios examined at the construction stage during concreting: the beam is un- ropped, the beam is propped in the mid-span. The elastic and plastic analysis of the bending resistance of the composite beam, performed considering both construction stages. Internal forces have been calculated using the linear elastic global analysis. Furthermore, the thesis covers the presence of negative bending moments in the composite beam, which need to be paid particular attention in the design stage. The deflections were analysed in the serviceability limit state, taking into account both stages
Design of reinforced concrete load-bearing structure of a residental building in Novo mesto
Full text linkThe thesis analyzed and projecting the characteristic elements of reinforced concrete loadbearing structures of residential buildings in Novo mesto. The building has been upgraded to the existing building and is separated from it by 8 cm dilatation. The supporting structure of the building is designed as a frame structure, consists of slabs, roofs, beams and pillars. The supporting structure has been designed under the old Yugoslav regulations. Within the thesis we analyze the typical slab structure and the selected elements of the vertical load-bearing structures. For this purpose, we produce two idealized computational model of the structure in the program SAP2000 based on the finite element method. In the analysis of floor\ud
constructions in addition to its own and permanent weight considering the useful load. In the analysis of vertical load-bearing elements additionally considering horizontal seismic influence, which is greatest by the impact. Carried out an impact analysis of brick fillers on their own swings and stresses in the structure. Below we show more details of the design and dimensioning of reinforcement in the present typical slab structure and comparison with reinforcement from the existing project documentation. We also show sizing and design of reinforcement of selected elements of the vertical load-bearing structures. Load- earing elements were designed according to method of capacity design. Reinforcement drawings were made for analyzed structural supports
Suitability analysis of ArcGIS technology advanced features for transport network modeling
Full text linkIn this thesis I present the advanced features of ArcGis technology. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of functionality offered by geo-database data model. I describe in some detail the subtypes and domains, relationship classes, topology and geometric networks. I present stated features on the example of Slovenian state road network
Optimization of the selection of measures for maintenance of an existing residential building
Full text linkRenovating an older building is not any less complicated than building a new one, as it requires an interdisciplinary work of different experts, lots of knowledge and experience. Renovation of facilities is often more desired than their removal, which means that the extent of the renovation work on residential buildings annually increases in all developed countries. The goal of the thesis is therefore to find the most suitable form of renovation, and that’s why we have to use rational approaches and methods when planning restoration and reconstruction works. Further, it is always necessary to take into account that available financial assets are usually limited.\ud
This Master’s thesis presents a rational tool for choosing the optimal set of measures from the entire range of possible renovation measures. When evaluating, this selection tool takes into consideration several different criteria and determines accumulated benefit of the chosen set. The tool is based on optimization of “multi-criteria decision-method” (MCDM) with the help of “knapsack problem” method. Based on the theoretical basis of the method, this thesis deals with a case study where usefulness of this tool is verified on a case study example of restoration of a family house. The study shows that this tool can be a useful widget for choosing the appropriate set of measures for the given financial constraint. The criteria taken into the account have various relative importances that need to be detemined by appropriate methods, such as Analytical Hierachical Process
Population exposure to lead in drinking water in Slovenia
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Various environmental studies have shown that the problem of elevated concentrations of lead in drinking water exists mainly in older buildings, where lead parts are built in the network or the network contains other materials containing lead. Migration of lead into drinking water is also affected by particular characteristics of the drinking water and by stagnation of the water in the pipes. Children are particularly susceptible to increased risk of lead exposure in the environment and adverse effects of lead will manifests at lower concentrations in the blood. The purpose of this work is to contribute starting points for the creation of evidence-based measures to reduce the levels of lead in drinking water, and thus its impact on human health in Slovenia. \ud
METHODS: The author conducted a cross-sectional study in order to assess the status of selected public water supply systems and domestic water supply systems in selected kindergartens and elementary schools on the basis of a questionnaire. The concentration of lead in the drinking water of the selected kindergartens and elementary schools was determined by means of an experimental method in a laboratory. Cold drinking water samples of 250ml that stood in the pipes from 8 to 18 hours were used. A method for determining the migration from different materials was applied. An old lead pipe was used, which had already been installed in the facility, as well as new materials (plastic, copper, galvanized pipes and stainless steel pipes and also brass faucet, chrome angle valve and plastic hose) which had not been used yet. To determine the concentration of lead in the water the method ICP-MS was applied. Then the ecological study followed. Lead exposure for a 6-year- old child was calculated on the basis of assessing the uptake of lead from air, water, food and soil. In the calculation, absorption factors were considered and also worst–case scenario was provided. For the assessment, the model IEUBK was used. \ud
RESULTS: Sampling showed that more than 22 % of samples had levels of lead higher than 10 gl, some of them highly exceeded that level. Positive correlation between the age of a building and the concentration of lead in drinking water confirms the assumption that the concentration of lead in drinking water is higher in old domestic distribution networks. Implementation of lead migration from various types of pipes demonstrated the migration from galvanized pipes in all simulants. The assessment of lead exposure for a 6-year-old child has shown a risk of adverse health effects. \ud
CONCLUSION: All concentrations of lead after flushing the pipes were below the 10 gl, which shows that the most effective and the fastest action to lower the concentrations of lead is flushing the water pipes. For the purposes of the national monitoring of drinking water, it is necessary to apply a better method for determining lead levels in drinking water namely the sampling of water that stood in the pipes at least 8 to 18 hours.\u
Application of TBM technology in Tunnel construction and Environmental impact assessment
Full text linkAn integral part of urban city development is construction of infrastructure, which provides better transport connections and allows city to grow and develop. In Ljubljana road connections prevail over the rail connections and as such requires more urban surface. For\ud
this purpose, many studies and analysis have been made, where tunnels have been considered as an alternative. Our main goal in this thesis was to check if tunnelling with a\ud
TBM technology is applicable. TBM tunnelling in urban areas is well known around the world. It can be applied in diverse geological conditions with a milder impact on surrounding building and environment. City of Ljubljana lies on a quite diverse geological substratum, consisting of gravel deposits of different age, layers of clay with a various thicknesses, with a presence of soft to viscous clay to clayey shale of a perm carbonic age. Evaluation of the TBM application was carried out with a review of existing documentation and completed projects abroad. It has been upgraded with a criteria analysis based on different guidelines and recommendations. Results are showing that for Ljubljana ground structure, two types of\ud
a TBM machines are suitable, namely an EPB and a Slurry machine. An EPB is appropriate for fine-grained soils, which are mainly present in the southern part of the city and a Slurry machine for course-grained soils, which are mainly present in the northern part. Expected\ud
environmental impacts with a TBM tunnelling are milder in comparison with other tunnelling methods, but due to construction in a water protected area, they should be reduced to a minimum level
Climate variability impact assessment on the flood risk in \ud Slovenia
No full textAssessment of climate change or climate variability is a significant \ud
topic in most geophysical disciplines. In this study, the flood frequency \ud
approach was selected to analyze changes in flood series. Discharge \ud
data from 55 gaging stations in Slovenia were used. The annual \ud
maximum method was applied to define the samples. The data \ud
sets were divided into 30-year periods based on a 10-year moving \ud
window. For each part of the data-set, the flood frequency analysis \ud
was performed. Changes in the estimated design discharge values \ud
with a 10-year return period, which is commonly used in engineering \ud
design, were observed for the two selected 30-year periods, namely \ud
1961–1990 and 1981–2010, and the results were compared with the \ud
Mann–Kendall (MK) test. The results indicate that no uniform pattern \ud
can be found in the differences between estimated design discharge \ud
values for the two selected periods. The same applies to the MK trend \ud
test results, which were positive and statistically significant with the \ud
chosen significance level of 0.05 only for approximately 5% of stations. \ud
However, our comparison of the results of the flood frequency analyses \ud
among different 30-year periods showed considerable changes in the \ud
design discharge for some stations