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Distrustful in Domestic Politics, Self-Confident in Foreign Policy : the Populist Paradox, Domain-Specific Attention, and Leadership Trait Analysis
No full textParadoxically, research on the international dimensions and effects of populism finds that populist leaders’ politicization frequently portrays domestic and foreign “elites” as intertwined—but that their decision-making tends to be considerably more antagonistic vis-à-vis internal opponents than established external actors. Combining structural and agential perspectives, this paper unboxes the individual micro-factors feeding into this paradox by analytically disentangling domain-specific personality traits. To explore whether populist leaders’ individual characteristics vary or remain stable in domestic politics and foreign policy, we conduct a novel domain-specific leadership trait analysis of eleven populist chief executives around the globe. On the one hand, we find limited and rather heterogeneous variation in most individual characteristics, including need for power and conceptual complexity. On the other hand, the great majority of profiled leaders display higher foreign self-confidence and higher domestic distrust. We conclude that particular tendencies toward fearful blanket suspicions of other powerful internal actors and more self-assured case-by-case judgments of external counterparts matter to understand why populist decision-makers often produce confrontational domestic but relatively cooperative foreign policy records. These personality-level inferences support recent IR scholarship about the international opportunities for populist leadership, personalistic foreign policy decision-making, and the primarily domestic logic of intermestic “people-versus-elite” politicization
Quality of life in unaccompanied young refugees : the role of traumatic events, post-migration stressors and mental distress
No full textBackground
Unaccompanied young refugees (UYRs) are exposed to numerous potentially traumatizing events and post-migration stressors before, during, and after migration. These adverse experiences may affect their mental health and their quality of life. Consequently, this study aimed to focus on the quality of life of UYRs and identify factors that may influence it.
Methods
Potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (CATS-2), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), as well as post-migration stressors (DSSYR) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) were assessed in N = 158 UYRs ( M Age = 16.92, SD Age = 1.41, 84.2% male) residing in different child welfare facilities in Germany. Serial mediation models were used to examine the influence of the above-mentioned factors on quality of life.
Results
UYRs reported a mean of 6.18 ( SD = 3.27) PTEs and 9.72 ( SD = 4.49) post-migration stressors. The average quality of life ranged between M = 57.72 ( SD = 16.46) for environmental quality of life to M = 66.39 ( SD = 20.71) for social quality of life. PTEs significantly reduced the reported physical ( b = -1.78, p <.001), psychological ( b = -1.15, p =.025), and social quality of life ( b = -1.98, p <.001) of UYRs. However, these direct effects were mediated by post-migration stressors alone and in series with mental distress.
Conclusions
The quality of life of UYRs was not only associated with traumatic experiences but also with post-migration stressors and mental distress. Quality of life captures additional aspects of well-being and therefore, psychosocial care should not only address mental distress but also consider quality of life to achieve a sustainable improvement in the well-being of UYRs. Changes at the political-structural level, aiming to reduce post-migration stressors, could potentially improve the quality of life of UYRs
Women’s underrepresentation in business-to-business sales : reasons, contingencies, and solutions
No full textSales faces the second-largest gender gap of any corporate function, with women’s underrepresentation even more pronounced in business-to-business (B2B) sales and at higher hierarchical levels. Concurrently, the call for a more gender-diverse sales force is gaining momentum for social and economic reasons, moving the question of how to attract and promote women in B2B sales to the top of sales managers’ agenda. Using an inductive approach, we uncover male-centricity of communication and job structures in B2B sales as the underlying reasons deterring women from entering and advancing in B2B sales. Specifically, male-centricity implies a misfit between B2B sales and women’s self-conception and needs. By deriving contingencies of these relationships, we offer solutions to women’s underrepresentation in B2B sales by showing, for example, which sales positions are less prone to signal or create a misfit to women and what gender-inclusive resources sales departments can provide and saleswomen can build
(Pragmatist) geographies of rankings
No full textAs a rapidly growing interdisciplinary literature has argued, rankings have become a key means of valuation in contemporary society. However, the majority of the work focuses on rankings in only a few areas, and even if spatial aspects play a role in the interdisciplinary literature, the number of explicitly geographical works on rankings is surprisingly low. Against this backdrop, in this paper I aim firstly to flesh out a pragmatism-inspired geographical perspective on rankings. Secondly, using the example of wine rankings, I will ask the question as to how the growing importance of rankings has changed valuation schemes. The wine industry is particularly well suited to this, as nominal classifications in the form of designations of origin have historically played a central role here. A pragmatist, geographical perspective on ordinal ordering processes illustrates that rankings evoke both economic and geographical realities; they do this not only through the ranking processes as such, but also through observation of and engagement with rankings by different actors. In the case of wine, local/regional specificity is an inherent part of the world of rankings—be it through the fact that ranking processes build on (embodied) geographically contextualised knowledge of wine judges, through the possibilities of using (or not using) (different) rankings for different markets by wine producers, or through the balance between the marketing of wine through rankings and the suitability of those very wines for the specific markets in which they are to be sold. This is perhaps the biggest difference compared with other fields in which the importance of rankings has increased considerably—in particular, higher education. It helps to explain why the historically significant valuation scheme of geographical origin has not lost any of its significance, despite the increase in the importance of rankings in the world of wine
Determinants of undergraduate medical students’ satisfaction with clinical supervision : a cohort study in a longitudinally structured sixth year clinical placement
No full textBackground
Work satisfaction is associated with fewer employee turnover intentions, increased job engagement and interest, and has a greater impact on employee well-being than environmental factors, such as workload. In workplace learning, clinical supervisors promote student satisfaction by meeting students’ supervision needs in providing safe practice opportunities, training, and guidance in the social field. To quantitatively investigate this relationship, we proposed a supervision deficit index as a measure of learner-centered supervision received and explored its correlation with satisfaction in workplace learning.
Method
In total, 1017 Austrian medical students (2015–2017) in year 6 selected the 5 most helpful supervisory activities (from 26 options) and rated their experience levels of these activities during surgery and internal medicine placement. A supervision deficit index was then created (range 0–3; 0 = no deficit).
Results
Students with no, minor or moderate supervision deficits reported higher overall satisfaction with their placements than those experiencing considerable deficits. Students’ gender, clinical experience, hospital size, placement year, and clinical field did not influence the relationship. The deficit index’s psychometric qualities were good. Training activities supporting competence, such as discussing patients, planning disease management, and practicing skills, were selected more often than activities supporting autonomy, such as an appropriate level of clinical duties, and social relatedness.
Discussion
Students favored competence support. Highlighting the importance of autonomy support to students and encouraging supervisors to engage in learner-centered supervision may improve the supervision experience and work satisfaction for both. The deficit index can be used to evaluate the effects of such interventions
Fachkräftemigration – Pflegenotstand – Nächstenliebe : katholische Frauen aus Kerala (Indien) in deutschen Krankenhäusern der 1960er
No full textDieses Open-Access-Buch verfolgt das Ziel, die Migrationsbewegungen aus Indien in den 1960er Jahren anhand transdisziplinärer Ansätze der Historischen Migrationsforschung aufzuarbeiten. In der jungen Bundesrepublik führte der Wirtschaftsboom der Nachkriegszeit zur Modernisierung und zum Ausbau von Pflegeeinrichtungen. Dabei entstand eine kaum zu stillende geschlechtsspezifische Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften: Frauen, die Krankenpflege als „Berufung“ ausüben sollten. Katholische Orden reagierten auf den Pflegenotstand ihrer Krankenhäuser, indem sie ab 1960 über internationale Kirchennetzwerke Ordenskandidatinnen aus dem christlich geprägten Kerala in Südindien anwarben. Der deutsche Staat wurde auf dieses innerkirchliche Modell aufmerksam. Ab 1964 wurden auf Anweisung des Innenministers von Baden-Württemberg in der hybriden „Nirmala-Aktion“ zwischen Staats- und Kirchenrecht durch katholische Akteure „indische Mädchen“ aus Kerala für staatliche Pflegeeinrichtungen rekrutiert. Die ersten Migrationsbewegungen transformierten sich bald zu einer Kettenmigration, bei der über Jahre hinweg mehrere tausend Frauen in den deutschen Pflegesektor migrierten. Der Rekonstruktion aus institutioneller Perspektive werden die subjektiven Erinnerungen von Pioniermigrantinnen gegenübergestellt. Die Einordnung in die historischen Kontexte der Empfänger- und Senderregion ermöglicht neue Sichtweisen auf die transnationalen Entwicklungen, welche Kerala und Deutschland seit den 1960ern verbinden
Ein PiLoT für Entscheidungsprozesse – auch in pädagogischen Kontexten : Perspektiven wechseln – Lösungen finden – Teams bilden
No full textKommunikationstheoretische wie -praktische Überlegungen zu einem Konsensfindungsprozess in Inklusionsdebatten aus der Sprachpsychologie, der Diskurstheorie und Transaktionsanalyse.
DAzu Übungen mit Settings zum Perspektivenwechsel in Etnscheidungsprozessen
The subject realization in L2 Spanish by German L1 speakers : a corpus study
No full textThis article deals with the realization of referential subjects in the L2 Spanish of German (adult) native speakers. The acquisition of a null subject grammar by speakers of a non-null subject language has drawn considerable attention in generative approaches to L2 acquisition. This article revisits the issue and compares the predictions made by the Interface Hypothesis (Sorace 2005, 2011, Sorace and Filiaci 2006, Tsimpli and Sorace 2006) to an alternative, the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, Slabakova 2013 Cho and Slabakova 2014). Relying on corpus data, the study presents a novel empirical approach and applies an innovate statistical analysis procedure from learner corpus research. The results of the study corroborate previous empirical findings, namely that pronouns, yet not null subjects, are problematic, but also brings in new insights, in particular that issues with pronouns are consistent and go beyond the contexts predicted by the Interface Hypothesis. The contrasts between L1 and L2 subject realization found in the data therefore can only in part be explained to result from interface issues. The Feature Reassembly Hypothesis offers a suitable additional explanation relating the issues to the properties of the L1 and L2 learnability
The moderating roles of social support and spirituality in the relationship between complicated grief and quality of life among women who have experienced pregnancy loss
No full textBackground:
It is widely known that losing a baby is a stressful experience in a woman’s life. However, the mechanisms through which loss and grief affect mental health are complex and multifaceted. Based on the framework of stress-and-coping theory, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the potential moderating effects of social support, resilience, and spirituality on the relationship between complicated grief and quality of life among women who have experienced pregnancy loss.
Participants and procedure:
Data from paper-pencil surveys were obtained from 333 Bavarian females aged 18-67 years who had suffered the loss of a pregnancy. Moderated regression modelling using 5,000 bootstrap confidence intervals was conducted to test the hypotheses.
Results:
The results confirmed the moderating role of spirituality and social support. More specifically, the relationship between complicated grief and quality of life was significant when social support or spirituality was low and non-significant when levels of each moderator were high. While resilience was a positive predictor of quality of life, it did not prove to be a significant moderator in the impact of complicated grief.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that healthcare providers and support systems should consider tailoring interventions that focus on spirituality and social support to break the negative impact of experiences related to pregnancy loss on overall mental health. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the data were drawn from support groups organized by Caritas Germany, underscoring the need for more diverse demographic representation to enhance generalizability