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Det gröna som en krycka
Get PDFI dagens samhälle läggs mycket fokus på den psykiska hälsan när det kommer till gröna utomhusmiljöer och deras effekter på hälsan och välmående, medan de fysiska sjukdomarna hamnar i skuggan. I denna uppsats vill vi belysa dem. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att studera den gröna miljön som hjälpmedel vid rehabilitering av fysiskt sjuka, samt undersöka vilka aspekter som är viktiga i dessa miljöer.
Utöver en litterär bakgrund om ämnet genomförs intervjuer med fysioterapeuter som arbetat med fysisk rehabilitering i gröna utomhusmiljöer. Dessa intervjuer med fysioterapeuter valdes för att fördjupa kunskapen inom ämnet, samt specificera det utifrån vår frågeställning.
Genom detta skapas en djupare förståelse för hur gröna miljöer kan användas som hjälpmedel vid fysisk rehabilitering. Slutsatserna landar bland annat i att gröna miljöer hjälper med motivationen hos patienter och att det finns många aspekter som är användbara vid fysisk rehabilitering utomhus, som annars måste iscensättas inomhus.In contemporary society a lot of focus is put on mental health when talking about the green spaces’ effects on health and well-being, while physical health is left in the shadows. In this essay we want to bring light to this. The purpose of this essay is to study green spaces as an aid in rehabilitation for the physically unwell, and also investigate what aspects are valuable in these spaces.
Beyond a literary background of the subject are interviews with physiotherapists who have worked with physical rehabilitation in green spaces held. These interviews with physiotherapists were chosen to deepen the knowledge within the subject further, and also specify it based on our reaserch questions.
Through this a deeper understanding concerning how green spaces can be used to aid physical rehabilitation is reached. The conclusions come down to that green spaces help motivate patients and that there are many aspects that are useful in rehabilitation outdoors, that otherwise has to be staged indoors
Kontakt med stadens natur
Get PDFTill bakgrund av urbanisering, klimatförändringar och minskad biologisk mångfald har återanknyt-ning till naturen i staden lyfts fram som en potentiell lösning. Eftersom mötet mellan stadens män-niskor och naturen ofta sker utomhus, har landskapsarkitekten en central roll i att stärka denna re-lation. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur naturanknytning och relationen mellan människa och natur fungerar, för att tillgängliggöra kunskapen för landskapsarkitekter. I en litteraturstudie presen-teras hur människans relation till naturen formas, och vilka faktorer som påverkar en naturanknyt-ning. Med stöd i teori om anknytning och platsanknytning, analyseras resultatet som sedan står till grund för ett förslag på 10 principer för naturanknytande landskapsarkitektur. Resultatet diskuteras i förhållande till landskapsarkitektens praktik, och skissen används som ett kommunikationsverktyg för att visa olika tankar och ge förslag på tillämpning. Hela uppsatsens resultat visar på att land-skapsarkitekten på flera sätt har möjlighet att främja människans relation till naturen och motverka de barriärer som hindrar naturanknytningen i staden. Detta skulle kunna innebära att landskapsarki-tekten kan bidra till både människans och naturens välmående i framtiden.Considering urbanization, climate change and biodiversity loss, reconnecting with nature in urban environments has been suggested as a potential solution. Since the interactions between urban dwell-ers and nature often takes place outdoors, landscape architects have a key role to play in strengthen-ing the human-nature relationship. This thesis aims to explore how nature connectedness and hu-man-nature relationships function and make this knowledge available to landscape architects. Through a literature review, this study explores how the human-nature relationship is formed and identifies factors which influence people’s connection to nature. The results are analysed using at-tachment theory and place attachment theory which are transformed into ten guidelines for nature connectedness through landscape architecture. In this section, the results from the literature review are discussed in relation to landscape architecture practice, communicating ideas and concepts through sketching. The overall findings of this thesis indicate that landscape architects have multiple opportunities to enhance the human-nature connectedness and counteract the barriers that could get in the way of human’s connection to nature in the city. This suggests that landscape architects could contribute to the well-being of both humans and nature in the future
Variation i kroppsstorlek hos granbarkborre (Ips typographus)
Get PDFGranbarkborren (Ips typographus) är en av de största skadegörarna i svenska granskogar, och dess kroppsstorlek kan påverkas av generationstillhörighet, konkurrensnivå och geografisk variation. I denna studie undersöktes kroppsstorlek hos granbarkborrar insamlade genom SLU:s långsiktiga övervakningsprogram. Två dataset analyserades: ett geografiskt urval från tre svenska forskningsstationer (Vindeln, Siljansfors och Tönnersjöheden) samt ett riktat urval från Tönnersjöheden där generationstillhörighet undersöktes. Resultaten visade signifikanta storleksskillnader mellan lokaler, med störst individer från Siljansfors, men ingen signifikant skillnad mellan generationer eller mellan år med antagen varierad konkurrensnivå. Studien indikerar att lokala faktorer såsom mikroklimat och biotopstruktur kan vara viktigare än latitud, och att kroppsstorleken hos granbarkborre är relativt stabil mellan generationer under de aktuella förhållandena. Framtida forskning bör inkludera detaljerade klimatdata, fler morfologiska mått och analyser av populationsstruktur för att bättre förstå storleksvariationens drivkrafter.The spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) is one of the most significant pests in Swedish spruce forests, and its body size may be influenced by generation, competition level, and geographic variation. This study examined body size in bark beetles collected through the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences' (SLU) long-term monitoring program. Two datasets were analyzed: a geographic sample from three research stations (Vindeln, Siljansfors, and Tönnersjöheden) and a targeted sample from Tönnersjöheden focusing on generation affiliation. The results showed significant size differences between locations, with the largest individuals found in Siljansfors, but no significant differences between generations or between years with presumed different competition levels. The findings suggest that local factors such as microclimate and habitat structure may be more important than latitude, and that body size remains relatively stable between generations under the studied conditions. Future research should incorporate detailed climate data, additional morphological measurements, and analyses of population structure to better understand the drivers of size variation
Influence of Training Techniques and Housing Environments on Horse Success in an Object Choice Test
Get PDFThis study examined the influence of training techniques and housing environments on the
success of horses in following distal sustained human pointing and sustained body orientation.
Understanding how external factors affect horses’ interpretation of human non-verbal
communication is central for enhancing training practices, improving welfare, and ensuring safety
in human-horse interactions.
We employed the Object Choice Test (OCT), a commonly used method for assessing an animal's
response to human cues. The success of 34 adult horses was recorded in two separate test times and
then analysed. A comparison was made between subjects trained solely and partly with positive
reinforcement or solely with negative reinforcement. Regarding housing environments, the
comparison was between horses in open stable group housing and traditional social isolation stall�paddock housing. We hypothesised that horses trained with positive reinforcement and those housen
in open stables would perform better due to previously reported favourable effects on cognition.
Only three horses passed the pointing condition and five passed the body orientation, with a
statistically significant difference. This indicates that the OCT is a challenging task for horses overall
being especially the case with pointing. Our results align with most previous publications in terms
of general success. However, they greatly differ from an earlier study using the same study protocol,
where the overall success was high and better with pointing in comparison to body orientation.
As expected, the training technique affected the performance. All the successful horses in our
study were in the positive reinforcement group. Being subject to negative reinforcement
significantly correlated with being unsuccessful with both of the cues. Our study is the first to assess
the impact of positive reinforcement training on horses' performance in the OCT, offering new
insights into the role of the technique in enhancing cognitive responsiveness. No correlation was
found for housing environment despite being hypothesised after a previous study on horses and
OCT. This and other aspects of our study are discussed in depth.
These results underscore the importance of training in shaping horses' cognitive abilities, with
implications for developing more effective and humane training methods. Further research is needed
to explore the underlying mechanisms and the potential influence of environmental factors
Is the dog-human relationship affected by the type of dog training activity undertaken?
Get PDFThe relationships formed between dogs and their owners are not only moulded by a large number of factors, but they also have the potential to significantly impact the physical and mental well-being of both dog and human. In the present study, the effects that the amount of formal activity and training may have on the dog-human relationship were investigated and compared to dyads who self-reported having had no previous experience and/or currently not undergoing any form of formal activity or training.
Data were collected by inviting owners of dogs in Sweden to complete an online questionnaire, which included details of their experiences with the type of formal activity and training undertaken with their dog. The questionnaire also included questions related to the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS).
A total of 1775 respondents completed the questionnaire, on which further analysis could be undertaken. Of the three MDORS subscales, a significant difference (p 5 hours/week activity (N=1333), with the group reporting an activity level of 5 hours/week activity, with the group reporting an activity level of >5 hours/week scoring higher.
Thereafter, based on the reported activities, two small categories were selected from the initial group of respondents in order to complete two further online questionnaires (the Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-revised (ECR-R)), as well as to participate in an attachment test, the Separation- and reunion test (SRT) with their dogs. This section of the study included a limited sample size and was mainly undertaken as an exploratory pilot study. Results from the ASQ and ECR-R questionnaires found no significant differences between dyads defined as companion-only dogs (N=7) and dyads defined as undergoing some form of formal activity (N=7). No significant differences in the behaviours exhibited by the dogs during the departure, separation and reunion phases of the SRT were found to occur when companion-only dogs were compared with dogs undergoing formal activity.
The study indicated that owner perception of certain aspects of their relationship with their dog was influenced by the types of activity they do together as well as the amount of time spent on the activity, when utilising the MDORS. However, no differences in the dog’s attachment behaviour were observed related to whether or not the dyad participated in any activities, indicating that the dog’s experience of the relationship to the owner was unaffected by the amount of activities. Further analysis would be required to more fully elucidate the underlying factors and motivations involved in the development of the dog-human relationship and the resultant bond formed
Vegetationens funktion på förskolegårdar
Get PDFForskning visar att tillgång till gröna miljöer har en positiv inverkan på barns hälsa, lärande och naturkontakt. Trots att medvetenheten och kunskapen om fördelarna är stor så minskar tillgången till gröna miljöer i städerna, i takt med urbaniseringen. Denna studie undersöker vegetationens kvaliteter och vilka funktioner de har som bidrar till att skapa en miljö som främjar barn i en förskolemiljö. Arbetet grundas i en litteraturstudie samt två platsanalyser som utförts på två förskolegårdar i Göteborg.
Resultaten visar att vegetation stödjer barn genom att erbjuda funktioner som ger möjligheter till fysisk aktivitet, lärande och naturkontakt till exempel genom klätterträd, sensoriska växter och en varierad växtlighet. Utöver detta bidrar även vegetationen till ett hälsosamt lokalklimat genom att reglera temperatur och hantera regnvatten. För att skapa förskolegårdar som erbjuder nämnda viktiga funktioner för barn behövs en mångsidig och funktionell vegetation.Research shows that children’s access to green environments has a positive impact on their physical health, learning and interaction with nature. Despite awareness and knowledge of these benefits, access to green spaces in cities is decreasing due to urbanization. This study examines the qualities of vegetation and their functions in forming a green environment that supports children in a preschool setting. The research is based on a literature review and site analyses of two preschool outdoor environment in Gothenburg.
The results show that vegetation supports children by providing functions that enable physical activity trough climbing trees, learning by sensory plants and nature interaction by vegetation that attracts insects. In addition, vegetation contributes to health beneficial local climate by regulating temperature and by managing rain water. To enable preschool yard that offer these essential benefits for children a diverse greenery needs to be implemented
Supragingival microbiota in dogs with and without periodontitis
No full textParodontit som är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna på hundar, är en inflammatorisk sjukdom i tan-dens stödjevävnad. Stödjevävnaden består av parodontalligament, cement, alveolärt ben och gin-giva. Inflammationen som uppstår är en reaktion på bakterier som finns i plack. Många tidigare studier som undersökt mikrobiotan i plack hos hundar med och utan parodontit har kommit fram till att det finns skillnader beroende på sjukdomsstadie. Bakterier som har visats vara relevanta för parodontit enligt tidigare studier och som analyseras i denna studie är bland annat Porphyromonas sp., Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eikenella corrodens, Pasteurella canis, Campylo-bacter sp., Neisseria animaloris, Neisseria weaveri och Neisseria zoodegmatis medan Moraxella sp. och Capnocytaphaga sp. varit vanligare hos hundar utan parodontit. I den här studien provtogs supragingivalt plack från 69 hundar i Uppsala. Från dessa prov extraherades DNA och 16s PCR metabarcoding användes för att kunna analysera mikroberna. Sekvenseringen gjordes med illu-mina, next generation sequencing. Resultatet visade en högre andel av Porphyromonas gulae och Treponema porcinum hos hundar med parodontit. Medan hundar utan parodontit hade en högre andel av Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Moraxella cuniculi, N. weaveri och N. zoodegmatis. Totalt påvisades 414 bakteriearter. Antalet arter skiljde sig inte mellan de olika grupperna och inte heller diversiteten av arter inom varje prov. Pseudomonadota, Bacillota och Bacteriota var de tre van-ligaste fyla och hos hundarna med grav parodontit påvisades en lägre andel Pseudomonadota och en högre andel Bacillota jämfört med hundarna utan parodontit. Denna studie ger viktig insikt i den orala mikrobiotans förändring hos hundar med parodontit och med hjälp av denna studies resultat kan förhoppningsvis diagnostisering och förebyggande av parodontit hos hund förenklas i framtiden.Periodontitis, which is one of the most common diseases in dogs, is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the tooth. This supporting tissue consists of periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone and gingiva. The inflammation that occurs is a reaction to bacteria found in plaque. Many previous studies that have examined the oral microbiota in dogs with and without perio-dontitis have shown that there are differences depending on the stage of the disease. Bacteria that have been shown to be relevant to periodontitis according to previous studies and that are analyzed in this study include Porphyromonas sp, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema sp, Eikenella corrodens, Pasteurella canis, Campylobacter sp and Neisseria sp, while Moraxella sp and Capnocytaphaga sp were more common in dogs without periodontitis. In this study, supragingival plaque was sampled from 69 dogs in Uppsala. DNA was extracted from these samples and 16s PCR metabar-coding was used before analyzing the microbes. The sequencing was done with illumina, next generation sequencing. The result showed a higher proportion of Porphyromonas gulae and Tre-ponema porcinum in dogs with periodontitis. While dogs without periodontitis had a higher pro-portion of Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Moraxella cuniculi, Neisseria weaveri and Neisseria zoodegmatis. A total of 414 bacterial species were detected. The number of species did not differ between the different groups, nor did the diversity of species within each sample. Pseudomona-dota, Bacillota and Bacteriota were the three most common phyla and in dogs with severe perio-dontitis a lower proportion of Pseudomonadota and a higher proportion of Bacillota were detected compared to dogs without periodontitis. This study provides important insight into the changes in the oral microbiota on species level in dogs with periodontitis and with the help of this study's results, the diagnosis and prevention of periodontitis in dogs can hopefully be simplified in the future
Prevalens och klinisk relevans av Haemonchus contortus-infektioner hos getter i Zambia
No full textZambia is home to 5.5 million goats, owned by 700,000 households, making them the most widely owned livestock in the country. Nearly 90% of these goats are raised by small-scale farmers that own fewer than fifteen goats per household. For many of these households, goats represent their sole source of income, leaving them vulnerable to unpredictable challenges. Among these challenges, disease is the highest reported threat facing goat-farmers in Zambia, leading to high economic losses. Internal parasitism is the most significant health issue amongst goats, with Haemonchus contortus in the leading role.
Globally, Haemonchus contortus is recognized as the parasite with the greatest economic impact. Its clinical signs include high mortalities, reduced production, weight loss and edema resulting from anaemia and hypoproteinaemia. While primarily considered a tropical parasite, H. contortus has through its high biotic potential and ability to ecological adaptation developed mechanisms to expand into arid environments. Zambia’s tropical to subtropical climate, with extended droughts that are exacerbated by climate change, creates a suitable environment for this parasite. Although H. contortus is prevalent in other African countries, its presence and relevance have not recently been studied in Zambia. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in Zambian goat herds.
A total of 195 faecal samples were collected from goats across the Southern Province (100 samples) and the Central Province (95 samples). The samples were obtained from 20 randomly selected farms in various villages within these provinces. Each sample was pooled with groups of 3-4 individuals from the same herd, then analysed using the McMaster egg count technique and cultivated for ten days before microscopic identification. All goats included in the study were over one year old and of a local mixed breed.
The results revealed a prevalence of H. contortus of 17% in the Southern Province and 85% in the Central Province, with an overall prevalence of 49% among pooled samples. Parameters such as body condition score (BCS), anaemia score (using the FAMACHA scoring system), age and sex were documented, but no significant difference were observed between the two provinces. The average BCS was 2.67 (all BCS summarized/number of individuals) and average FAMACHA score was 3.5 across all goats studied.I Zambia finns över 5,5 miljoner getter, ägda av över 700 000 djurägare. Majoriteten utgörs av småskaliga bönder med färre än 15 getter per ägare. För många djurägare och deras familjer är getterna den enda inkomstkällan och fungerar som en ekonomisk buffert vid krissituationer. Zambia är ett land som präglas av långa torrperioder, vilka förvärras årligen på grund av klimat-förädningar. Getter är både billiga och tåliga under knapra förhållanden och är därför de mest använda boskapet i landet. Den största utmaningen som getägare rapporterat är sjukdom hos djuren. Trots detta finns det ett talesätt i Afrika som lyder ”getter blir inte sjuka”, vilket bidrar till att många sjukdomssymptom förbises och leder till onödiga dödsfall. Det största sjukdoms-problemet hos getter i Zambia är interna parasiter. Detta beror på flera faktorer: det tropiska till subtropiska klimatet som gynnar parasiternas livscykel, brist på möjlighet till profylaktisk alter-nering av beten, begränsad tillgång till eller kunskap om avmaksningsmedel, samt att getterna är mer känsliga för interna parasiter än andra idisslare. Parasiten med störst global ekonomisk påver-kan är Haemonchus contortus. Frågeställningen i denna studie är därför vilken förekomst och betydelse H. contortus har i Zambiska getbesättningar. Infektion med H. contortus kan leda till anemi och hypoproteinemi, vilket yttrar sig som plötsliga dödsfall, nedsatt produktion, minskad tillväxt samt utveckling av ödem. Parasiten har påvisats ha hög prevalens i samtliga afrikanska länder där studier genomförts och mycket tyder på att den även förekommer i Zambia. I småska-liga studier för ca 30 år sedan påvisades förekomesten av H. contortus i Zambia, men förekomsten i dagsläget är okänd.
I denna studie analyserades 195 träckprover från getter i södra (n=100) och centrala (n=95) provinserna i Zambia. Först utfördes en McMaster äggräkning och sedan odling för att artbestämma larverna i mikroskop. Proverna poolades med material från 3-4 individer från samma besättning. Resultatet visade att 17 % av de poolade proverna från den södra provinsen (n=30) och 85 % av de poolade proverna från den centrala provinsen (n=27) var positiva för H. contortus. Totalt sett var 49 % av de analyserade poolningarna (n=57) positiva. FAMACHA-score, ålder och kön noterades för samtliga individer, men ingen tydlig koppling mellan dessa faktorer och förekomsten av H. contortus kunde observeras. Det sågs heller ingen tydlig skillnad mellan de två provinserna
Genomic architecture of seed weight and progeny germination under contrasting maternal environments in common bean
Get PDFDrought is a leading constraint to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production, yet the genetic basis of drought‐resilient seed weight and progeny vigor remains incompletely resolved. This study integrated phenotyping of seed weight (GW100) and germination traits with genome-wide association (GWAS), and candidate-gene curation in a structured panel. Seeds originated from plants grown under either terminal drought or well-watered conditions (“maternal environments”). In this 38-accession germination subset, maternal drought reduced seed mass by ~15.3% on average, with strategy-dependent magnitudes, whereas within-environment correlations between GW100 and germination index (GI), synchrony (T80T20), or final germination rate (GR) were small and non-significant; pooled models indicated no global maternal-environment × weight interaction, pointing to predominant genotype effects on germination dynamics.
Across the harmonized panel (n = 170), GWAS identified 13 lead SNPs spanning GW100 under reference and drought conditions, GI_drought, GR_drought, and T80T20, with nine genome-wide and four suggestive signals. LD inspection motivated uniform ±150 kb core windows for downstream interpretation. Candidate mining within these windows (Phaseolus vulgaris v2.1; Arabidopsis orthologs via UniProt) yielded >130 genes overall, of which 36 were stress-related (e.g., receptor-like kinases, redox enzymes, transcription factors), alongside genes implicated in seed/reproductive biology. Colocalization supported biological plausibility, including overlaps with classic seed-size QTL (SW2.1; SL8.1), drought-yield regions on Chr09, a domestication/shattering interval around PvPdh1, and seed-quality (cooking-time) QTL plausibly linked to seed-coat properties.
Collectively, the results indicate that maternal drought commonly reduces seed mass but that progeny germination responses are genotype-structured and not well predicted by seed weight alone. The mapped loci, compact LD-anchored candidate sets, and QTL overlaps provide tractable entry points for fine-mapping and validation toward breeding for drought-resilient seed quality and yield
Gotland och Peak Water
Get PDFSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur de gotländska aktörerna ställer sig till vattensituationen på Gotland och hur olika aktörer tänker och agerar utifrån deras upplevda handlingsutrymme för att säkerställa Gotlands vattenförsörjning. Vatten är en vital resurs som många delar av samhället behöver för att fungera. Idag har Gotland problem med sin vattentillgång, främst på grund av sitt tunna jordlager och kalkstensbergrunden som gör att man endast kan magasinera en mindre mängd vatten. Ytterligare förstärks detta problem med ändrade nederbördsmönster, klimatförändringar, befolkningstillväxt, ökad turism, ändrade jordbruksförhållanden och en utökad verksamhet hos den lokala kalkindustrin.
Denna studie genomfördes med kvalitativa intervjuer med individer som arbetar med vattenfrågor. De är representanter från länsstyrelsen, Regionen, privata företag och ideella föreningar. Intervjuerna har sedan sammanställts och analyserats med hjälp av teorier som Ostroms principer och Giddens struktureringsteori där man får begreppet handlingsutrymme.
De åtgärder som aktörerna har använt sig utav för att säkerställa vattentillgången har skilt sig mellan dem, främst för att de har haft olika stort handlingsutrymme för att lösa problem eller genomföra projekt. Exempel på åtgärder som Region Gotland har genomfört är att förstärka vattentillgången genom att bygga två bräckvattenverk och samtidigt minskar Regionen vattenförbrukningen genom att införa bevattningsförbud under sommaren. Andra lokala åtgärder är att lantbrukare bygger egna bevattningsdammar och att privata företag har etablerats för att erbjuda lokala vatten- och avloppstjänster. Det handlar även om att hitta nya vattenkällor eller återställa våtmarker som kan hjälpa Gotland att genom naturliga metoder öka återfyllningen av sina grundvattenmagasin.
Denna studie har även undersökt hur informanterna förhåller sig till om Gotland har uppnått peak water. Svaren varierar där vissa anser att Gotland har uppnått eller är på väg att uppnå peak water medan andra inte håller med utan argumenterar att det handlar mer om att effektivt hantera det vatten som finns och minska förbrukningen på Gotland.The purpose of this study is to investigate how actors on Gotland stand to the current water situation on Gotland and how different actors think and act from their own experienced room for maneuver to secure Gotland’s water supply. Water is a vital resource that many parts of society need to function. Today, Gotland has a problem with its water supply, mostly due to its thin layer of soil upon its limestone bedrock that is only able to hold a limited amount of water. This problem is further reinforced by changing precipitation patterns, climate change, population growth, increased tourism, changed practices in agriculture as well as the local limestone industry.
This study was conducted with qualitative interviews with individuals that work with water, they are from the local administrative board, the municipality, private companies and non-profit organizations. The interviews have been summarized and analyzed with the help of theories such as Ostroms principles and Giddens structuration theory where concepts such as “room for maneuver” is derived from.
The actions of these actors have used to ensure the water supply have differed between them, mostly as they have had a different range for their room of maneuver to solve their problem or complete projects. Some examples of actions that the municipality has taken to increase the water supply are by constructing two desalination plants and at the same time lowering the water consumption by implementing irrigation bans during summer. Another action is that farmers have constructed their own irrigation damns and private companies have been established to provide local water- and sewage treatment services.
It is also about finding new water sources or restoring wetlands that can help Gotland by natural means to increase its replenishment of its groundwater magazines.
This study also has investigated whether the informants agree that Gotland has reached peak water. The answers have varied as some see it that Gotland has reached or is about to reach peak water and other disagrees and argues that it is about to effectively manage that water that exist on and is added to Gotland