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Household livelihoods and food security in jeopardy
Get PDFLand scarcity is a global challenge that has implications for rural household livelihoods. This study explores how land scarcity impacts not only rural livelihoods, but also food security for smallholder farmers and their households in Rwanda. Empirical data was collected for this project through four focus group discussions with smallholders, and 20 semi-structured interviews with individuals in order to detail the causes and effects of land scarcity, as well as the strategies devised to overcome these problems. The research for this study was carried out in the Southern Province, in the villages of Kimina and Kanyampongo. The findings of this research show that land scarcity resulted from land subdivisions due to inheritances over a long period of time, and that the shrinking of arable land has affected food security and livelihoods of rural households. The status of food security is undermined because small farms do not generate enough food. Household livelihoods are also impacted because agriculture as a source of income is less productive. Most households use crop production for home consumption because they cannot eat and sell at the same time. The study revealed that rural households use various mechanisms to deal with the issue of land scarcity and associated constraints. Diversification of livelihoods is found to be an important mechanism that is used by most households but still with some limitations to poor households. Non-farm and off- farm activities help smallholders to obtain some additional incomes that can be used in the households. Moreover, migration and selling assets are also used as a mechanism to overcome shocks. But, all of these diversification strategies first require capabilities to do so. The study shows how cultural capital, social capital and economic capital enable rural households to undertake responses to land scarcity and food security challenges. As poor smallholder farmers are more vulnerable, this study reveals how support from the state to transform the structure of rural livelihoods, could help create more favorable conditions and increase resilience towards land scarcity problems
Sheep rearing in Sweden
Get PDFSheep production in Sweden is an agricultural sector that today exists merely as a small niche, despite its agroecological potential. Through literature research, a survey and 18 semi-structured interviews, this paper defines the sector’s marginality and attempts to explain it. The effects of the sector’s marginality on the sustainability of Swedish sheep farming and agriculture as a whole are evaluated. Finally, desirable directions for development of the Swedish sheep sector are suggested. The findings showed that the marginality of the Swedish sheep sector to a large extent is a product of socio-cultural factors that affect the structure of the sheep sector. Not least, the sector’s marginality reinforces itself. In addition, bio-physical, historical and political circumstances have played a role in marginalising the sector. Several weaknesses and strengths regarding sustainability were recognized within the current, small-scale structures of Swedish sheep farming. Opportunities were identified through which the sheep sector could actually contribute to agricultural sustainability precisely through its marginality. Equally, threats to sustainability that arise from the sector being limited to its niche were acknowledged. Overall, the findings suggest that it would be beneficial for the Swedish sheep sector to grow if agroecological, sustainable farming is the ultimate goal. Whether this growth can and will be achieved, however, is questionable
Berättelser från ett kulturlandskap
Get PDFSamernas traditionella marker, Sápmi, har en lång historia av kolonialism och förtryck. I bygget av den svenska nationella identitet har fjällen ofta porträtterats som en orörd natur, vars storslagenhet symboliserade nationens storhet. Idag upprätthålls bilden av fjällen som en vildmark genom representationer från turistindustrin och sociala medier. Spåren av den samiska kulturen i fjällen är ofta diskreta och besökare kan enkelt missa dem. Detta medför en risk för oavsiktlig vandalism och att bilden av fjällen som en vildmark befästs.
Det här arbetet är ett försök att genom landskapsarkitektur belysa de kulturella aspekterna av fjällandskapet kring byn Nikkaluokta i norra Sápmi. Syftet är att bidra till att överbrygga skillnaden mellan uppfattningen av fjällen som en vildmark och som ett kulturlandskap. Frågeställningen lyder: Hur kan kulturlandskapet kring Nikkaluokta förmedlas genom en gestaltning av Nikkaluokta Sarri AB:s utemiljö? Begreppet landskapsnarrativ grundar sig i att landskap är fyllda med berättelser. Här har berättelser från Nikkaluoktas landskap - med fokus på dess kultur – sammanställts till ett landskapsnarrativ, som sedan blivit vägledande i gestaltningen.
Gestaltningsförslagets kan i stora drag sammanfattas i fem typer av strukturer: Samlingsplatser, där utrymme lämnas för konst, föreställningar och lek som knyter an till landskapet. Vägledande element, som leder besökarna till samlingsplatserna och ämnar begränsa slitaget. Narrativa element, som belyser kulturlandskapet, antingen genom att framhäva befintliga strukturer i planområdet, eller som referenser till det omgivande landskapet. Nya strukturer, i form av småskaligt boende och väderskydd med utrymme för utställningar om landskapet. Slutligen, tillägg i landskapet, som belyser kulturellt signifikanta platser utanför planområdet.
Som slutsats dras att det är inte är möjligt att effektivt förmedla hela landskapet i ett koncentrerat format, likt förslagets planområdet. Däremot finns det stor potential att väcka ett intresse för kulturlandskapet hos besökare. På så vis kan de börja lära sig läsa det samiska kulturlandskapet och låta det ta större plats i förhållande till bilden av den orörda vildmarken under deras fortsatta vandringar.The traditional lands of the Sámi people, Sápmi, has a long history of colonialism and oppression. In the creation of the Swedish national identity, the alpine region of Sápmi has often been portrayed as a pristine natural environment. Its grandeur became a symbol for the nation’s greatness. Today, the image of the region as a wilderness is maintained by representations from the tourism industry and social media. The traces of the Sámi culture in the fells are often subtle and can be easily missed by visitors. This entails a risk for unintentional vandalism and that the image of an untouched nature is confirmed.
This thesis is an attempt to, through a landscape design, shed light on the cultural aspects of the landscape around the village of Nikkaluokta in northern Sápmi. The aim is to bridge the gap between the perception of the fells as a wilderness and that of a cultural landscape. The primary question is: How can the cultural landscape surrounding Nikkaluokta be communicated through a design of the Nikkaluokta tourist centre’s outdoor environment? The term landscape narrative is based on the fact that landscapes are filled with stories. Here, stories from Nikkaluokta's landscape - with a focus on its cultural aspects - have been compiled into a landscape narrative, which has served as guide in the design.
The design proposal can be broadly summarized in five types of structures: Gathering places, where there is space for art installations, performances and play, relating to the landscape. Guiding elements, which lead visitors to the gathering places and are intended to limit wear on the site. Narrative elements, which emphasize the cultural landscape, either by highlighting existing structures within the site, or as references to the surrounding landscape. New structures, in the form of small-scale housing and weather shelters with space for exhibitions about the landscape. Finally, additions to the landscape, which accentuate culturally significant places in the surrounding landscape.
In conclusion, it is not possible to effectively convey the entire landscape in a concentrated format, like the site of the proposal. However, there is great potential to pique the interest for the cultural landscape among visitors. In this way, they can begin to learn to read the Sámi cultural landscape and allow it to take greater emphasis in their perception of the region, in comparison to the image of a pristine wilderness
Effekter av markstruktur på tryckutbredning och packningsbenägenhet i åkermark
Get PDFAtt gårdar blir större är en tydlig trend inom det svenska lantbruket. Med det följer även en större efterfrågan på större maskiner och redskap. Denna rationalisering medför en ökad risk för att åkermarken blir kraftigt packad och därigenom skadad, vilket på sikt kan leda till försämrad bördighet. I detta arbete har två identiska jordbearbetningsförsök legat till grund för arbetets mätningar. Eftersom jordarten skiljde på de två försöksplatserna kunde även den skillnaden jämföras. På respektive försöksplats har två olika odlingssystem jämförts och undersökts hur de påverkas av kompaktion. Det ena odlingssystemet som jämförts var konventionell jordbearbetning med årlig plöjning. Det andra var ett odlingssystem bevuxen med ett permanent växttäcke med vall. Permanent vall användes i jämförelsen för att simulera ett direkt sått odlingssystem. Det för att markstrukturen i ett direkt sått odlingssystem och permanent bevuxen gräsmark med vall ska i teorin ha en liknande struktur.
Både hållfasthet och tryckutbredning i marken i respektive jord och odlingssystem testats. För att testa hållfastheten togs sammanlagd 108 cylinderprover. Orörda markstrukturprover togs ifrån tre olika djup för varje markprofil, för att sedan testa provernas hållfasthet på labb med hjälp av en kompakteringsmaskin. Tryckutbredning testades genom att nergrävda trycksensorer passerades av en tung traktor med högt ringtryck. Sensorerna var placerade på tre olika djup i alla av försöksleden. Även här togs sammanlagd 108 cylinderprover före och efter överfarterna med traktorn för att undersöka skrymdensitet. Dessa prover analyserades också i labb. I samband med överfarterna mättes även spårdjupen som orsakats av traktorn.
Resultaten visar att markens bindningstryck dvs fuktighet är det som påverkar hållfastheten mest,till skillnad från struktur och textur. Av struktur och textur så var texturen mer bidragande till provernas hållfasthet. Strukturen i proven bidrog alltså minst till hållfastheten. Den permanenta vallen hade högre hållfasthet än det plöjda ledet för den styva lerjorden. I det fallet hade alltså strukturen en avgörande roll för hållfastheten på alla djup som testades. I proven som togs i den lättare jorden sågs ingen skillnad i hållfasthet mellan vall ledet och det plöjda ledet.
Däremot vad gäller tryckutbredning som testades i fält fanns tydliga skillnader mellan leden i den lättare jorden. Trycket som uppmättes var lägre för ledet med permanent vall jämfört med ledet som plöjs årligen. Marken med ett permanent växttäcke kan alltså fördela trycket bättre med hjälp av strukturen som ett välutvecklat rotsystem ger. Gällande tryckutbredning i jorden med styv lera sågs ingen skillnad mellan leden. Den potentiella skillnaden i struktur var alltså inte avgörande för tryckutbredningen i markprofilen. Jordens fysikaliska egenskaper som textur och bindningstryck var det som påverkade truckutbredningen mest. Såvida stämmer den äldre tesen om att styva leror är mera packningsbenägna än lättare jordar. Att en god struktur skapad av rotsystem hade störst effekt på den lättare jorden var väntat, men att det inte fanns någon skillnad på den styvare jorden var oväntat. En potentiell bieffekt av det permanenta växttäcket är att det välutvecklade rotsystemet har en uttorkande effekt på jorden vid fuktiga förhållanden, då markfukten respireras bort eller hålls i rotsystem och i växterna. Det samma gäller torra förhållanden. Rötterna håller fukten då den andra jorden, som är mera homogen i sin struktur snabbt torkar ur. Denna vattenbuffrande effekt som rotsystemen ger i ett orört odlingssystem med permanent växttäcke är det som till störst del svarar för hur påfrestningarna den utsätts för.Farms getting bigger is a clear trend in Swedish agriculture. With that comes a demand for larger machines and implements. This rationalization entails an increased risk that the arable land will be heavily compacted and thereby damaged, which in the long run may lead to reduced soil fertility. In this thesis, two identical tillage field trials have formed the basis for the thesis. Since the soil type differed at the two experimental sites, the soil differences could also be compared. At each field trial site, two different cultivation systems have been compared and investigated on how they are affected by compaction. One of the cultivation systems was conventional tillage with annual mouldboard ploughing. The other cultivation system consisted of a permanent grassland. The permanent grassland was used in the comparison to simulate a directly sown cultivation system. This is because the soil structure in a directly sown cultivation system and permanent grassland should in theory have a similar structure.
Both tension strength and pressure distribution where tested and compered. To test the strength, a total of 108-cylinder samples was taken. Intact soil structure samples were taken from three different depths for each soil profile. Samples where then tested to determine strength in lab using a compaction machine. Pressure propagation was tested by passing over buried pressure sensors in each field trial lot, with a heavy tractor with high tire pressure. The sensors were placed at three different depths in each of the experimental test lot. Another batch 108-cylinder samples were taken before and after the crossings with the tractor to examine bulk density changes, before and after the passes. These samples were analysed in the lab. In connection with the crossings, even the track depths were measured.
The results show that the tension pressure of the soil, is what affects the strength the most, in contrast to structure and texture. Texture was more contributing to the strength of the samples. The structure of the samples contributed the least to the strength. The permanent grassland had higher strength than the annually tilled soil, for the heavy clay soil. In that case, the structure played a decisive role in the strength at all the depths tested. In the samples taken in the silty soil, no difference in strength were seen between the grass lot and the ploughed lot. However, in terms of pressure propagation tested in the field, there were clear differences between the slots in the silt soil. The pressure measured was lower for the joint with permanent grass compared to the lot that is ploughed annually. The soil with a permanent grass cover can distribute the pressure better with the help of the structure, which the well-developed root system provides. Regarding pressure distribution in the soil with heavy clay, no difference was seen between the plots. The potential difference in structure was not decisive for the pressure distribution in the soil profile.
The soil profiles physical properties such as texture and tension strength affected the pressure distribution the most. Old results stating that heavy clays are more prone to compaction than lighter soils are conforms with the findings from this thesis. It was expected that a good structure created by root systems would have a greater effect on the lighter soil. However, it was unexpected that there was no difference in this matter in the heavy soil. A potential side effect of the permanent grass lots is that the well-developed root system had a drying effect on the soil in wet conditions. Whereas soil moisture is respirated by the grass or kept in the root system of the plants. It’s the same in dry conditions, the roots will retain moisture, while a tilled soil which is more homogeneous in its structure, dries out more quickly. This water-buffering effect that the root systems provide in an undisturbed cultivation system responds for how the stress propagation will be distributed
Gestaltning av Ebbamölla
Get PDFExamensarbetet undersöker möjligheten att gestalta ett område på en privattomt i Skåne som upplevs
som ett problemområde. Detta eftersom stora delar av området beter sig som en våtmark under stora
delar av året. Uppdraget var att förvandla ett problemområde till en parkliknande tilltalande miljö. Området har en bred fuktighetsgradient från frisk till blött där både rinnande och stilla vatten finns att tillgå.
Med inspiration från platsens unika ståndort och utformning formades frågeställningen.
Frågeställningen undersöker hur kan platsen gestaltas naturalistiskt för att uppfylla önskemål från
beställarna och för att passa in i rådande ståndort samt vilket växtmaterial passar till rådande
ståndort och gestaltning. Arbetet har två utgångspunkter:
» att via naturalismen utgå från naturliga växtsamhällen, med liknande ståndort som projektplatsen. Som mall för växtkompositionen användes ett modulsystem med olika växtmixer
utifrån ståndort.
» att tillmötesgå tomtägarnas önskningar och tankar.
En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att förstå och tolka ståndorten. En djupdykning i vilka metoder
som kan användas för att få en naturalistisk känsla gjordes där en specifik modulmetod valdes för
att gestalta med perenner.
Arbetet resulterade i en samling sektioner och planer för att kunna förmedla gestaltningen till
läsare och tomtägare. Utöver detta presenteras fyra olika perennmixer samt förslag på lignoser till
platsen i Ebbamölla.This thesis examines the possibility of designing an area on a private plot in Skåne, the area in
question is perceived as a problem area. The reason being that large parts of the area behave like
a wetland during considerable parts of the year. The assignment was to turn a problem area into
a park-like and appealing environment. The area has a wide moisture gradient from fresh to wet
where both running and still water is available.
With inspiration from the place's unique location and design, the research questions were created.
The questions examine how the place can be designed in a naturalistic way to fulfill the wishes
of the clients and how the place can be designed to fit into the prevailing location and what plant
material is suitable for the prevailing location and design. The work has two presuppositions:
» with a starting point in natural plant communities with a similar location as the project site
apply naturalism as a template for the plant composition. A system with different plant mixes
based on similar locations was used.
» to accommodate the clients wishes and thoughts.
A literature study was conducted to understand and interpret the site. A deep dive into which
methods could be used to get a naturalistic feel was made where a specific modular method was
chosen to make a design with perennials.
A collection of sections and plans is shown to convey the design to readers and clients. In addition
to this, four different perennial mixes are presented as well as tree- and shrub suggestions for the
site
Alriksgårdens trädgård
Get PDFArbetet syftar till att ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag inför ett återställande av en trädgård.
Trädgården tillhör gården Alriksgården som ligger i Kulturens Östarp i Sjöbo kommun. Kulturens
Östarp är en del av Kulturens museiverksamhet och drivs av Kulturhistoriska föreningen för södra
Sverige. Kulturens Östarp drivs som en lantbruksmiljö från 1800-talet med bland annat en 1800-
talsgård. Kulturens Östarp är ett kulturreservat och på reservatet ligger ytterligare en gård,
Alriksgården, som är på väg att bli en del av museiverksamheten. Gården ska ha ett fokus på 30-tal
och i samband med att gården ska bli en del av verksamheten ska trädgården återställas och bli en
del av besöksmålet. Det här arbetet är ett första steg och syftar till att vara ett underlag att arbeta
utefter i återställandet av trädgården. Underlaget bygger på en dokumentation av trädgården så
som den ser ut idag och på källmaterial som berör Alriksgårdens trädgård.This paper aims to produce a base for a restoration of a garden. The garden belongs to the farm
Alriksgården and is located in Kulturens Östarp in Sjöbo kommun. Kulturens Östarp is a museum
and a part of Kulturen, run by the Cultural History Association in Southern Sweden. Kulturens
Östarp operates as an agricultural environment from the 19th century with, among other things, a
19th century farm. Kulturens Östarp is a cultural reserve and on the facility is another fram,
Alriksgården, going to be a part of the museum. As a part of this the garden belonging to
Alriksgården will be restored to what it looked like in the 1930s and be a part of the museum.
This paper is a first step and aims to be a basis in which to continue the work to restore the garden.
The work is based on a documentation of the garden as it looks today and on source material
belonging to Alriksgården
Stadsbruk
Get PDFTitle: Urban farming- To what degree can Malmö compensate for destroying
arable land
Seminar date: 2022-03-xx
Course: EX0845: Bachelor thesis in Landscape architecture,
Undergraduate Level, 15 Credits
Advisor: Love Silow
Authors: Izabelle Borg Nilsson, Madeleine Funck
Keywords: Urban farming, sustainability, urbanization, agriculture
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is that through qualitative research contribute
the reader with information about how and if cities can compensate for the arable
land it uses for expanding and urbanization and if it can be done through urban
farming. Furthermore, we intend to investigate if and what urban farming can
offer a city.
Methodology: The thesis has a qualitative approach where the empirical findings
have been collected through three semi-structured in-depth interviews.
Theoretical perspectives: The thesis is mainly based on theory from several
research papers about self sustainable cities.
Conclusions: In this thesis after collecting information both through literature and
interviews we have come to the conclusion that it is difficult for cities to
compensate for the destruction of arable land. Urban farming cannot be compared
to arable land, but brings many positive aspects to the city anyway. Cities can
compensate the destruction of arable land to some degree in various ways, but
only to a small extent. Urban farming can not in its current form produce enough
to make a city self-sustained on vegetables but it can cover if one is optimistic
around 20% of its consumption and it could have covered it fully if the cities
made major investments and restructures. But after discussing it with city officials
it seems to be an unlikely scenario since other areas of interest would be given
priority
Towards (re)generative agriculture
Get PDFThe challenges of adapting farming in response to climate change, degraded soils, depleted natural resources and an increasing population have created new agricultural concepts with focus on an environmentally long-term sustainable way of producing food. One possible solution presented is regenerative agriculture, an alternative form of food production that focus on building and re-forming resilient ecological systems supported by ecosystem processes. Regenerative agriculture works with various agricultural practices and management techniques and focus on the entire ecosystems to be able to establish a selfsustained well functional system. Techniques and practises used within the concept also contributes to building carbon in the soil, which leads to less impact on the climate. - However, the concept lacks a formalized definition and critical voices have been raised regarding its presumed positive impact on soil health, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. This study thus aims to investigates farmers and gardeners currently practise regenerative agriculture on Gotland, Sweden’s largest island, to enabling future studies. A mixed method was used to enabling both collection of data in terms of management practises and techniques through a questionnaire and investigating thoughts and ideas about the concept with semi-structured interviews. The results illustrated regenerative agriculture as a flexible concept both in terms of practises and techniques used on the farm and gardens and as well the ideas and thoughts expressed
The ability to create mixed stands by planting Norway spruce and Scots pine every second row
Get PDFSwedish forests primarily consist of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies
(L.) Karst.). Scots pine grows in stands with lower site index and Norway spruce in stands with
higher site index. Despite the differences both tree species can co-exist naturally in Sweden. Pine
and spruce mixed stands have a higher biodiversity than monocultures. Pests and pathogens usually
spread from one tree to another of the same species. A mixed forest is more resistant to pests and
pathogens due to the mix of tree species, making it more difficult for pests and pathogens to spread
through the stand. The disadvantages with mixed stands could be the decrease in volume production
and increase of cutting costs. Important to remember is that mixed stands can spread financial risks
and help forest managers move decision making into the future depending on the development of
the stand.
The main purpose of the thesis was to examine if Scots pine and Norway spruce planted every
second row could be a way to create mixed stands in central Sweden. Ten stands owned by Sveaskog
planted every second row with 2 000-2 300 pine and spruce seedlings haˉ¹ were examined. The
stands were planted 2009-2012 in Hälsingland and Dalarna, the site index varied from T19 to T24
and G18 to G27. A goal was set to reach 2 000 stems haˉ¹ after pre-commercial thinning. A
regression analysis showed that the number of pine stems was gradually decreasing as site index
increased. Spruce stems were gradually increasing as site index was increasing. The correlation was
only 5-10% however the decrease in pine stems and increase in spruce stems was significant for
both tree species. Breaking point seemed to be at approximately T22 and G22 where the number of
pine stems increased below T22, and the number of spruce stems increased above G22.
When site index varied within the stands, it showed in number of stems per tree species selected to
create future stands. Spruce was higher in number of stems in plots with higher site index and pine
was higher in number of stems in plots with lower site index. Height difference between pine and
spruce needed to be less than one meter for one tree species not to take over in the future stand. The
mean height for all stands were within the one-meter span. In summary, planting Scots pine and
Norway spruce every second row in central Sweden to create mixed species stands was successful
within the site index variation in this stud
Växtval för att motverka värmeöeffekten
Get PDFKlimatförändringar har förekommit genom alla tider, men de som ägt rum de senaste
decennierna och förväntas fortsätta i samma riktning i framtiden är mer extrema än alla skådade de
senaste århundradena. Med klimatförändringarna förväntas medeltemperaturerna öka och med dem
ökar även risken för extrema väderfenomen som torka och värmeböljor. Samtidigt sker en konstant
urbanisering med en tillströmning av människor till städerna vilket kräver urban expansion antingen
i form av stadsutbredning eller förtätning.
Stadens hårdgjorda ytor och morfologi har gett upphov till fenomenet kallat värmeöeffekten,
urban heat island (UHI). Fenomenet förklarar hur stadens egenskaper i form och material resulterar
i lokalt högre temperaturer än i de rurala områdena som omger staden. Forskningen kring
värmeöeffekten är omfattande och många studier har visat på olika åtgärder som kan implementeras
för att motverka värmebildningen i staden; ytmaterial med hög reflektionsförmåga (albedo) och
dålig värmehållande kapacitet, vatten och vegetation i parker samt i hårdgjorda ytor.
Studien undersöker, i form av en litteraturstudie, om och vilka egenskaper hos träd som bidrar
till att motverka värmeöeffekten. Vidare studeras sedan vilka av de tio mest planterade träden i
hårdgjorda ytor i Malmö stad som innehar de egenskaperna och därmed motverkar värmebildningen
i Malmös stadsrum. Resultatet visar att flera olika attribut hos träd, som hög leaf area density och
stor kronvolym, bidrar till att motverka värmeöeffekten, särskilt genom att minska yttemperaturen,
lufttemperaturen och förbättra den termiska komforten i trädens omgivning.Climate change has occurred on this planet since its origin, but the changes that have taken place
in the last couple of decades and that are expected to continue in the future are more extreme than
previously recorded in the past centuries. With climate change, the mean temperatures are expected
to increase and with that, the risk of extreme weather phenomena, such as drought and heatwaves,
increases as well. At the same time, the population of cities is constantly increasing with
urbanization which requires urban expansion either through urban sprawl or densification.
The hard surfaces and morphology of the city have given rise to a phenomenon called the urban
heat island effect (UHI). The phenomenon describes how the attributes of the city in terms of form
and material leads to higher temperatures in the city in comparison to those measured in the rural
areas surrounding it. Research regarding the UHI is comprehensive and has revealed plenty of
implementations that can be applied to mitigate heat build-up in the city; surfaces with a high albedo
and low heat-building potential, water, and vegetation in parks as well as on hard surfaces.
The present literature study examines if and which attributes in trees help to mitigate the UHI.
Additionally, the ten most planted trees in Malmö on hard surfaces are examined to determine if
they possess the required attributes to help mitigate heat build-up in the urban spaces of Malmö. The
result shows several traits, such as high leaf area density and big crown volume, having an impact
on the UHI, specifically by lowering surface temperatures, air temperatures and by increasing
thermal comfort in the areas surrounding the trees