Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

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    Certifierat lantbruk

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    Idag finns flertalet sätt att driva ett lantbruksföretag, varav två generella sätt är enligt ekologiska eller konventionella metoder. Sedan 2005 har andelen ekologiskt odlad åkermark ökat radikalt, däremot har denna ökning stannat av de senaste fem åren. Efterfrågan på ekologiska produkter har inte ökat i samma utsträckning som utbudet och ekologiska producenter får inte lika mycket betalt för sina produkter som tidigare. Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om svenska lantbrukares inställning angående omställning till ekologiskt eller konventionellt lantbruk. Genom utformandet av lönsamhetskalkyler undersöks det även om särskilda parametrar kan bidra till att ett visst produktionssätt är mer eller mindre lönsamt. För att genomföra arbetet har tidigare forskning inom ämnet studerats med utgångspunkt ur relevanta teorier. De teorier som använts i studien är motivationsteorier, beslutsteorier samt flertalet investeringsteorier. Det har även gjorts fördjupningar inom dessa i form av att särskilt se de ur lantbrukarnas perspektiv. Studien är gjord genom en abduktiv metod, vilket innebär användandet av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. I detta fall är den kvantitativa delen utförd i form av lönsamhetsberäkningar för lantbruksföretag, och den kvalitativa delen i form av intervjuer med lantbrukare för att få en förståelse för beslutsfattande gentemot en eventuell omställning. I studiens empiriska del har bakgrund till certifieringar inom lantbruket presenterats för att ge en övergripande inblick i hur ekologiskt respektive konventionellt lantbruk fungerar i praktiken. Den största skillnaden är att ekologiskt lantbruk inte tillåter några kemiska tillsatser. Det presenteras uppgifter för EU-ekologiskt produktion, samt KRAV-märkt produktion. Certifieringen KRAV innefattar samtliga regler som EU-ekologiskt, och en del ytterligare restriktioner inom värdekedjan. Utifrån studiens intervjuer med lantbrukare, vilket var fyra stycken, fann författarna att vinst och ekonomiska resultat var den främsta faktorn för beslutet om en omställning av produktionssätt skulle göras eller inte, däremot var det endast en av de intervjuade som aktivt arbetade med budget, uppföljning och att kalkylera organisations olika delar. Vidare hade ingen av de intervjuade lantbrukarna någon ideologisk inställning gentemot varken ekologisk eller konventionell produktion. Utifrån tidigare teori, samt insamlad empiri är det inte alltid att lantbrukarnas beslut är strikt ekonomiskt rationella, utan det finns andra faktorer som också spelar roll, även rörande investeringsbeslut. Utifrån studiens genomförda beräkningar fanns ingen direkt skillnad i resultat gällande ekologisk eller konventionell växtproduktion. Däremot visades ett aningen högre resultat för ekologisk mjölkproduktion jämfört med konventionellt om knappt 400 000 kr årligen.Today there are several ways of running a company within the agricultural sector, where two general ways are whether to produce by organic or conventional means. Since 2005, the amount of arable land cultivated with organic means has increased. Although, seen to merely the past years, this increase has slowed down. Which also applies to the previous increase in demand of ecological produced products. This has led to an unbalanced market, and organic producers no longer get paid as much as before for their products. This study aims to contribute to knowledge regarding conversion towards organic or conventional agriculture. By the design of profitability calculations, the study also contains results on whether some factors can make one way of production more or less profitable. To realize the study, previous research within the area has been studied. Theories used are motivational theory, decision theory and different investment theories, together with special focus on the farmers perspective. The study is made with mixed methods, since both quantitative and qualitative approaches have been used. The quantitative part contains profitability calculations, and the qualitative part contains interviews with farmers in order to contribute an understanding to conversion of production methods. The background towards certifications within the agricultural sector is presented in the empirical chapter, in order to give an overview regarding organic and conventional agriculture. The main difference is the prohibition towards chemicals within organic production. Both rules and information about EU-organic as well as KRAV-labeled production is presented, where KRAV contains the same rules as EU-organic plus additional restrictions within the value chain. From the four interviews being made, the authors found that profit and economic results were the main factor regarding a conversion of production methods. However, merely one of the farmers actively worked with budget, follow-up and calculations of the organization's different parts. Further, the study showed that none of the interviewed farmers had any ideological opinion regarding either organic or conventional production. Previously mentioned theories together with the studies empirical data showed that other factors than economic rational ones played a role when making decisions, including investment decisions. The studies' calculations did not show any significant difference in profit for crop producers. Regarding dairy producers, on the other hand, a difference of about 400 000 SEK was shown in favor of organic production, compared to conventional production

    Tree origin or traits? : what makes a tree suitable as an urban habitat for insect fauna?

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    A global decline in diversity of plants and animals, has led to an increased focus on the topic of biodiversity. The trend of urbanisation can be a facilitator for biodiversity loss, and cities generally have lower densities of species compared to non-urban areas. This has made biodiversity in cities an important concept. Cities can support both people and biodiversity, but knowledge is required by the professions working with planning and managing urban parks and green spaces. Trees are a vital component of urban parks and green spaces and have great importance for biodiversity in cities. Knowledge of how plants and trees interact with other species is thus important when aiming to improve biodiversity, and some research on the subject suggests that native plants are better for biodiversity while other research claims the benefits of non-native plants in urban areas for both biodiversity and other ecosystem-services. Most trees, regardless of species, share similar characteristics such as bark, branches, flowers, and leaves that could be important habitats for insects, an invertebrate group that is a prerequisite for biodiversity on higher trophic levels. This thesis is a part of a longer research project from SLU regarding biodiversity in urban environments. The data collected is intended for further studies regarding biodiversity in urban trees and greenspaces. The research question for this thesis is: Does geographical origin or tree morphological traits affect a tree’s suitability to act as a host for local insect fauna? The aim is to gain an understanding of the complex interplay between species interactions regarding trees and insects. Such understanding could be used in different fields and disciplines for planning and maintaining a biodiversity-friendly urban forest. The main method has been a field collection of insects from trees in the central Malmö area with a supporting literature study of trees as insect habitats. The criteria for trees inventoried was: old age, geographical origin and presence in both park and street environments. This resulted in 42 trees evenly divided on 6 species, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus intricata and Crataegus orientalis. The result from literature and field method indicated that insect abundance varies between native and non-native trees without any correlation regarding geographical origin or morphology. Crataegus monogyna had a significantly higher number of larvae than other Crataegus species and Acer pseudoplatanus had a higher number of aphids than other Acer species. According to literature and field observations, non-native trees have the same morphological prerequisites as native trees to act as habitat, which indicates that more factors than geographical origin or morphological components affects the insect abundance in a tree. These findings may give an insight into the understanding of trees as urban habitats. The information might prove useful to greenspace planners, managers, urban ecologists, and urban foresters working to improve biodiversity in cities

    Att särskilja sig genom grön marknadsföring : en flerfallstudie på modebranschen

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    I dagens samhälle har den gröna marknadsföringen blivit allt vanligare, det beror på att konsumenter har blivit medvetna om klimatförändringar som modeindustrin står för. Modeföretagen har stor påverkan på klimatet samtidigt som konsumtion av kläder har ökat den senaste tiden. Därför spelar modeföretagen en stor roll i omställningen till en mer hållbar konsumtion av kläder, detta har lett till att företag konkurrerar om en position på marknaden med hjälp av en grön marknadsföring. Att den gröna marknadsföringen har ökat leder i sig till att konsumenter måste sålla mellan alla budskap som förmedlas i företagens marknadsföringskampanjer. Denna studie ämnar att bidra med kunskap genom en flerfallsstudie på modeföretags kommunikation med hjälp av en grön marknadsföring. För att analysera empirin har författarna använt sig av teorierna; grön marknadsföring, marknadskommunikation, AIDA-modellen, positionering och legitimitetsteorin. Insamling av empiri har skett via en kvalitativ flerfallsstudie innehållande en analys av tre marknadsföringskampanjer. Resultatet av studien visar på att det finns en tydlig skillnad hur modeföretag utformar sin gröna marknadsföring för att förmedla ett budskap om miljö och marknadskommunikationen viktig för att minska risken för grönmattning. Studiens slutsats visar på att det finns ett samband mellan företags marknadskommunikation och dess legitimitet, som tillsammans bidrar till att företaget erhåller en gynnsam position på marknaden.In today's society, green marketing has become increasingly common, this is because consumers have become aware of the climate change that the fashion industry is responsible for. Fashion companies have a major impact on climate change, while consumption of clothing has increased recently. Therefore, fashion companies play a major role in the transition to a more sustainable consumption of clothing, this has led to companies competing for a position in the market with the help of green marketing. The increase in green marketing in itself means that consumers have to sift through all the messages that are conveyed in the companies' marketing campaigns. This study aims to contribute knowledge through a multiple-case study of fashion company communication using green marketing. To analyze the empirical data, the authors have used the theories; green marketing, marketing communication, the AIDA model, positioning and the theory of legitimacy. Collection of empirical data has taken place via a qualitative multi-case study containing an analysis of three marketing campaigns. The results of studies show that there is a clear difference in how fashion companies design their green marketing to convey a message about the environment and market communication is important to reduce the risk of “grönmattning”. The study's conclusion shows that there is a connection between companies' market communication and its legitimacy, which together contribute to them obtaining a favorable position in the market

    To what extent are Hungarian farmers willing to cooperate on agri-environmental schemes? : experimental evidence from a public goods game

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    European Union agri-environmental measures fail to deliver expected benefits despite playing a central role in mitigating the negative effects of agriculture on biodiversity and the environment. Implementing agri-environmental contracts following a landscape-scale rather than an individual�farm level approach could potentially contribute to improving their environmental performance. We conducted a public goods game experiment with 406 Hungarian farmers to investigate their willingness to cooperate as a pre-requisite for the successful implementation of novel agri�environmental contracts. Participants were divided into treatments to analyze how variations in three characteristics of collective contract design (namely group size, threshold, and endowment) can impact farmers’ attitudes towards collaboration. The results show that unequal endowments have a large statistically significant negative effect on farmers’ average contributions. Variations in group size and threshold levels have a statistically insignificant effect on contribution levels. We conclude that Hungarian farmers’ propensity to cooperate is higher than expected considering their past experiences with collectivization and that strong economic heterogeneity can significantly impede their collaboration levels

    Höga och långvariga antikroppsnivåer hos hästar efter utbrott av ekvint herpesvirus typ 1 (EHV-1)

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    EHV-1 och EHV-4 är vanligt förekommande bland hästar världen över. De orsakar främst respiratorisk sjukdom men infektion med EHV-1 kan också leda till abort och neurologisk sjukdom. EHV4 har endast sporadiskt sett orsaka abort. Ett stort problem med bägge virusen är deras förmåga att orsaka latent infektion, som kan reaktiveras senare i livet och hästen kan utsöndra och sprida virus till mottagliga hästar. Immuniteten mot återinfektion anses vara kort (veckor-månader) men det finns ett par studier där antikroppar har kunnat detekteras upp till år efter utbrott av EHV-1. Syftet med den här studien var att mäta antikroppsnivåer vid ett akut utbrott och därefter undersöka nivåerna sex respektive 30 månader efter att hästar exponerats för EHV-1. Genom att jämföra analysresultat kan man dels få en uppfattning om hur smittspridningen skedde under det akuta utbrottet, dels undersöka om antikroppar kan detekteras vid sex respektive 30 månader. Proverna analyserades med två olika serologiska metoder, komplementbindningstest och en indirekt ELISA. Komplementbindningstest mäter IgM-antikroppar mot EHV-1/EHV-4. ELISA mäter IgG-antikroppar och kan skilja på IgG specifika för EHV-1 respektive EHV-4. En hög seropositivitet mot EHV-1 observerades bland de 55 hästar som provtogs under det akuta utbrottet, där både symtomfria (n = 19) och sjuka (n = 34) samt två okategoriserade hästar ingick. Fler hästar var seropositiva vid analys med komplementbindningstest (72,7 %, n = 55) än vid analys med ELISA (69 %, n = 55) vid detta tillfälle. Vid analys hade även hästar (nio av 19) som inte uppvisat symtom, serokonverterat i ELISA och dessa individer var sannolikt smittade under utbrottet och bidrog till att smittspridningen fortsatte i stallet under flera veckor. IgG-antikroppar kunde detekteras hos sju av 12 hästar som varit kliniskt sjuka sex månader innan provtagning och hos 17 av 34 hästar vid provtagning 30 månader efter utbrottet. Bland de 17 hästarna fanns både individer som varit kliniskt sjuka under utbrottet och individer som förblev symtomfria. Det observerades ingen skillnad i hur höga antikroppsnivåer som de kliniskt sjuka hästarna hade vid det akuta utbrottet, sex och 30 månader efter exponering. Resultatet från studien visar att det kan vara fördelaktigt att utföra serologiska analyser under ett akut utbrott av EHV-1, som komplement till PCR-test, eftersom antikropparna är mätbara under en längre tid. Tidsfönstret för PCR är betydligt kortare än tiden som antikroppar kan detekteras, vilket gör att man riskerar att missa smittade hästar, speciellt om de är tysta smittbärare.Infection with EHV-1 and EHV-4 are common in horses all over the world. Both viruses usually cause respiratory disease, but EHV-1 is also known to cause abortion and neurological disease. EHV-4 can also cause abortion, but more seldom. A major issue with the viruses is their ability to cause latency in neurons. The latent infection can be reactivated later in life and be the source of infection to other horses. Infection with EHV-1 leads to a short-lived immunity (weeks-months), but some studies have shown persisting antibodies after years from the outbreak. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibody-response after an acute outbreak of EHV-1 and observe if antibodies could be detected six respectively 30 months after an outbreak. By comparing the results, conclusions about the spread during the acute outbreak could be made. The samples were analyzed with two serological methods, complement fixation test and an indirect ELISA. The complement fixation test measures IgM for EHV-1/EHV-4 and the ELISA measures IgG which is specific for EHV-1 respectively EHV-4. The results showed a high seropositivity for EHV-1 during the acute outbreak, a little bit higher when analyzed by complement fixation test (72,7%, n = 55) than with the ELISA (69%, n = 55). After analysis of the samples, it was clear that a few horses (nine of 19) had seroconverted despite absence of clinical signs, and it is likely that these horses were silent carriers of the virus and contributed to the spreading of the virus. The study was able to detect antibodies of IgG-type in seven out of 12 horses, that all had shown clinical symptoms, six months prior to sampling. IgG was detected in 17 out of 34 horses that was tested 30 months after the outbreak, among these 17 horses there were both horses that remained asymptomatic and horses with clinical signs during the outbreak. Statistical analysis did not show any difference in the antibody response of the different groups during the acute outbreak, after six month or 30 months. The conclusion of this study was that serological testing of horses suffering from an outbreak of EHV-1, is a useful complement to PCR-testing, since the antibodies are detectable for a longer time. The diagnostic window of PCR is much shorter than antibody detection, which can lead to silent carriers remains undetected

    Ultrasound pre-treatment of wheat bran to improve arabinoxylan extraction

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    With increasing amounts of food waste and diet related diseases, the need to utilize our by-products of food for its health benefits and to limit the food waste has never been more prevalent. Wheat bran is a by-product from the wheat flour industry and contains a lot of dietary fibres which has a beneficial effect on human health. One of these dietary fibres is arabinoxylan (AX). The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect ultrasonic pre-treatment has on arabinoxylan alkaline extraction from wheat bran. In parallel also evaluate the alkaline extraction process. Ultrasound can be applied in multiple ways with different power inputs, frequencies, and time durations. In this thesis, the studied parameter was time with 0.5-, 1-, 5-, and 10-minute-long treatments at 400 W power input. With the hypothesis that a longer treatment will give higher yields. The extraction process, including the destarching, delignification and the alkaline extraction of the wheat bran, worked successfully. The destarching removed high amounts of starch while the delignification could have been more efficient. The alkaline extraction isolated both water extractable AX and water unextractable AX, which was determined by the high arabinose to xylose (A/X) ratio. Ultrasound showed potential to increase the total solid yield and total carbohydrate content, but was not statistically significant. Ultrasound did not seem to affect the monosaccharide composition or the A/X ratio to any greater extent.Det blir allt mer vanligt med hälsoproblem kopplade till fettma och dibetes och mängden matsvinn ökar i världen. För att både minska på matsvinnet och öka folkhälsan kan vi använda oss utav bi-produkter som annars hade gått till spillo för deras hälsosamma egenskaper. Kruskakli är en biprodukt från vetemjölsproduktionen och innehåller stora mängder kostfibrer, som har en positiv inverkan på människors hälsa. En av dessa kostfibrer är arabinoxyan (AX). Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka effekterna ultraljudsförbehandling har på en alkalisk extraktion av arabinoxylan från kruskakli. Parallellt evaluerades också den alkaliska extraktionen. Ultraljud kan appliceras på flera sätt med olika styrkor, frekvenser och tidsperioder. De studerade parametrarna var 0.5, 1, 5 och 10 minuters behandling med 400 W styrka, med hypotesen att en längre ultraljudsbehandlig ger en högre extraktionsavkastning. Extraktionsprocessen, inklusive en stärkelseextraktion, delignifiering och alkalisk extraktion av AX var framgångsrikt. Stärkelseextraktionen utvann mycket av stärkelsen från kruskakliet medan delignifieringen kunde varit mer effektiv. Den alkaliska extraktionen extraherade både lösliga och olösliga AX, vilket man kunde uttyda i det höga arabinos till xylos (A/X) förhållandet. Ultraljudsförbehandlingen visade potential att öka extraktionsavkastningen och den totala kolhydrats mängden, dock så backades detta inte upp av den statistiska analysen. Ultraljud påverkade inte det kemiska förhållandet av sockerarter eller A/X förhållandet något märkbart

    An early study on the potential of landscape and geographical variables to reduce bias in forest forecast planning in Ireland

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    At a time when data are an integral part of many industries and the world as a whole, driven by a digital dominant era, there is an emerging discussion surrounding the level of value captured. Using data accumulated in the forest management system and the surrounding databases of the forestry semi state Coillte, my aim was to research if there was any type of data that could potentially be used to identify and understand inaccuracy in long- and short-term forecasting. The Company’s Tactical and Strategic forecast volumes for 2018 were used in conjunction with the actual harvest volume from weigh-bridge measurements and roadside stocks in order to understand the current extent of over- and under-estimation. To achieve this, the methods of linear and stepwise backwards logistic regressions were used. The linear regressions based on the percentage of difference of the forecast volumes towards the actual harvested volumes were inconclusive. The logistic regressions were produced using eight binary response variables based on over-and under-estimation. For each forecast type they included, a dataset with all species and product volumes, a dataset with only the dominant species volume (Sitka Spruce/Picea Sitkensis), and datasets using the most valuable product (large sawlog) with total volumes and volumes of the primary species only. The predictors consisted of landscape and geographic variables; namely elevation, slope, aspect, country segment, distance from coast, latitude, soil type and roughness. The results showed that over-estimation is the most common form of forecast bias with the tactical forecast models being the most accurate using the predictor variables, Elevation, Roughness and Soil Type. The variables, Aspect, Segment within country and Slope were shown to be the least valuable for prediction. Thus, these aspects should be taken into account when researching forecast bias at the planning level

    Impact of light quality on leafy green vegetables

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    Fruits and vegetables are a vital part of the human diet, and their consumption is on the rise because they are considered as a healthy intake. However, ingredients of fruits and vegetables are vulnerable in postharvest handling like moisture loss, wrong handling, physical damage, and microbial contamination. Postharvest moisture loss in fruits and vegetables affects weight, texture, appearance, acridness, vitamins, sugar and phenolic. Outbreaks of food borne related illnesses have been increasing during the last two decades. Many of the diseases have been associated with leafy green vegetables contaminated with human pathogens such as shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. To eradicate the pathogens from the surfaces of vegetables and fruits in postharvest handling, chlorine-based sanitizers treatments are widely used. But there are some complications of using chlorine-based sanitizers for example, producing harmful compounds like chloroform and its residual toxicity supposed to have negative repercussions on human health. Therefore, researchers are looking for alternative safe and less expensive methods for sanitization, one of which is the use of blue light. In the field of microbiology recent studies showed the potential of influencing the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 by using a certain wavelength of light within the visible spectrum can help to kill the bacterial pathogens with a positive effect on maintaining quality. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of blue light dose on spinach baby leaves in terms of freshness and weight retention during shelf life. To conduct this study, spinach leaves were exposed to blue light with a wavelength of approximately 460 nm for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours intervals. The weight and leaf firmness were measured after each time interval. In the control samples, the same methodology was applied on spinach leaves without being exposed to blue light dose. The results have shown no significant effect on spinach leaves weight and hardness under blue light dose exposure. However, a significant loss in weight was observed when spinach leaves were not exposed to blue light. This study has shown that there is a possibility of using blue light as a disinfectant, but more research is needed to optimize the dose and exposure duration of blue light so that the product itself is not damaged in terms of quality and freshness taking into account various factors such as growing conditions, logistics and storage climate conditions etc. The combined effect of blue light with other light spectrums such as green and red could be a future action point

    Den fysiska aktivitetens påverkan på hundägarens uppfattning om hull, kroppsform och aktivitetsnivå

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    Övervikt och fetma är vanligt hos både hundar och människor i vår del av världen. Dessa problem ökar risken för att drabbas av sjukdomar och försämrad livskvalitet för såväl hund som människa. För båda gäller att en normaliserad kroppsvikt och/eller hull leder till en förbättrad hälsa och livskvalitet. Många hundägare är omedvetna om sina hundars överviktsproblematik. I flera studier har det setts att hundägare ofta underestimerar sina hundars hull. Detta är problematiskt eftersom ett problem som hundägaren inte ser inte heller har lika stor chans att upptäckas av djurhälsopersonal. Det finns heller inte lika stora incitament för en hundägare att minska hundens fodertillgång eller öka dess motion om inte hundägaren ser problemet. Detsamma gäller hos människor. Människor är generellt inte så duktiga på att uppskatta sin kroppsvikt eller kroppsform. Om en inte upplever att en är överviktig finns förstås inget motiv att göra de livsstilsförändringar som krävs för att förbättra sin hälsa och livskvalitet. Vid viktnedgång är träning en faktor och kosthållning en annan. Ofta kan båda behöva förändras för största effekt vid viktminskning, men i den här studien fokuserar vi endast på de förändringar som sker i kroppen när deltagarna utfört ett 8 veckor långt träningsprogram. Hundägare och hundar undersöktes innan och efter träningsprogrammet för att bedöma kroppsliga förändringar. Utöver detta besvarade deltagarna enkäter där vi med hjälp av frågorna bland annat bedömde förmågan att estimera sin egen kroppsvikt och kroppsform samt sin hunds BCS. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur fysisk aktivitet förändrar synen på den egna kroppen och sin hunds kropp samt förmågan att estimera sin egen och sin hunds aktivitetsnivå. I vår studie fann vi att hundarnas ”body condition score” (BCS) och människornas ”body mass index” (BMI) och kroppsvikt minskade signifikant efter träningsprogrammet. Vi fann också att den estimerade aktivitetsnivån ökade signifikant efter träningsprogrammet jämfört med före. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader i förmåga att estimera kroppsvikt, BMI eller hundens BCS efter träningsprogrammet jämför med före eller mellan grupperna baserat på målsättningsnivå. Däremot sågs att hundägarna i större utsträckning överestimerade sina hundars BCS efter träningsprogrammet. Detta skulle kunna bero på att hundarnas BCS hade minskat och hundägarna inte hade uppfattat denna skillnad. I studien fanns det även tecken på att ägare som överestimerade hundens hull generellt sett hade smalare hundar. Detta tyder på att hundägarens uppfattning om hullet spelar roll och att om hundägarna blir mer medvetna om korrekt hullbedömning bör prevalensen av övervikt hos hundar i Sverige minska. Slutligen visar studien att fysisk aktivitet är förenligt med viktminskning och/eller minskning i hull. Skillnader mellan grupper och över tid i förmåga att estimera BCS, kroppsform och kroppsvikt hade sannolikt blivit tydligare med en större studiepopulation.Overweight and obesity are widely spread problems in our part of the world in both dogs and humans. Both these problems cause disorders and a deteriorated quality of life for humans as well as for dogs. Both parties would benefit from at normalised body weight and body condition score (BCS), that would improve health status and quality of life. Many dog owners are unaware of their dog’s overweight. The phenomenon that dog owners underestimate their dog’s BCS has been observed in several studies, which causes an issue in lack of motivation for change of behaviour. It may appear unmotivated to try to solve a problem that the owner does not see exists. The same issue can be observed in humans. A lot of people are not good at estimating their own body weight or nutrition status. If one does not see oneself as overweight, there is of course no incentive to do necessary lifestyle changes to improve health and quality of life. Training and physical activity are two factors in weight loss, diet is another. Both are often needed for a positive result, but in this study we put focus on the parameters that change due to physical activity and training only. The participants (dog owners and dogs) went through an 8 week long training program and were examined before and after to evaluate their changes in body composition. They also answered surveys before and after the 8 weeks so that we, among other things, could evaluate their ability to estimate their own body weight, nutrition status and their dog’s BCS. The result showed that both dogs and owners significantly reduced their body mass index (BMI) and BCS and the owners lost body weight. We also found that the self-reported physical activity significantly increased after the training program. There was no significant difference in the dog owner’s ability to estimate BMI, BCS or body weight before and after the 8-week training program and no significant difference in the estimating-ability between the two groups based on activity level. What could be seen was that more owners overestimated their dog’s BCS after the training program than before. This could be due to the dogs’ decrease in BCS that the owners were not aware of. In the study, more of the owners that overestimated their dog’s BCS had thinner dogs. This might mean that the dog owner’s perception of the dog’s body condition is a factor in if the dog gets overweight or not. Awareness of how a BCS assessment is correctly done could therefore be one way to a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity among dogs. As a conclusion the study shows that physical activity is a way to lose weight and/or body fat. Differences in the ability to estimate BCS, nutrition status and body weight over time and between groups would probably have been more distinct if the study population had been larger. Keywords: body condition score, body mass index, overweight, physical activity, trainin

    Wool you look at that? Sheep wool pellets as fertilizer in container-grown crops with short cultivation time

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    Sheep wool pellets (SWP) is an organic fertilizer that capitalizes an excess waste product of sheep husbandry, providing a way to reduce the environmental impact of wool and recycling it back into the production cycle. With a NPK of 10-0,1-4,5 and other trace elements, the pellets are considered a well-rounded fertilizer, but with a long degradation time. To investigate if sheep wool pellets can be used in shorter cultivation times, a container experiment was conducted to test if the pellets have an effect on 5-week cultivation of basil. Treatments were 0 (control), 5, and 10 g SWP/L in peat, compost, and mixed substrate of peat and compost. The result of this experiment indicates that the added amounts of sheep wool pellets does not have any effect on growth or final yield in short duration container cultivation. Sheep wool pellets might however have other properties that still make it an interesting substrate amendment for crops with short cultivation time, such as providing higher water use efficiency and a swelling effect that results in airier substrates, facilitating better gas exchange.Fårullspellets är ett organiskt gödningsmedel som nyttjar en restprodukt från fårproduktion och möjliggör en minskad miljöpåverkan från ullrester genom att återvinna den tillbaka in i produktionscykeln. Med ett NPK på 10-0,1-4,5 och även höga nivåer av mikronäringsämnen anses pelletsen vara ett allsidigt gödselmedel, men med lång nedbrytningstid. För att undersöka om fårullspellets kan användas under kortare kulturtider genomfördes ett containerförsök för att se pelletsen effekt efter 5 veckors odling av basilika. Behandlingarna var 0 (kontroll), 5 och 10 g SWP/l i torv, kompost och blandat substrat med torv och kompost. Resultatet indikerar att de undersökta mängderna fårullspellets inte har någon effekt på tillväxt och slutlig skördemängd vid kortvarig krukodling. Fårullspellets kan dock ha andra egenskaper som gör dem till intressanta substratförbättrare även för kortare kulturtider, exempelvis högre vattenanvändningseffektivitet och luftigare substrat

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