18101 research outputs found
Sort by
Insects in conifer logs
Get PDFA large number of insects are associated with polypores. They can be monophagous, polyphagous and use several fungal hosts, or be parasites on the insects utilize the fungus. The insect assemblage for some polypores is well investigated but there is still a lack of knowledge for many species. The aim with this study was to bring further knowledge of the insect fauna associated with the widespread, resupinate polypore species Amyloporia sinuosa, A. xantha and Neoantrodia serialis. Another aim is to investigate how the spatial distribution of dead wood impact the occurrence of the species. The distribution of dead wood has earlier been shown to be an important factor for some saproxylic insects.
A total of 101 conifer log samples (A. sinuosa (n=36), A. xantha (n=14), N. serialis (n=51) were collected in Uppland, Sweden for rearing. At each sampling site the volume of dead wood was noted in three different scales (10, 30 and 50 m). From the end of April to middle of September 2022 in
total 2510 insect individuals emerged belonging to more than 116 species (Nematocera and most Hymenoptera species were not identified). The two Amyloporia polypores shared many insect species, with Peltis ferruginea, Cixidia lapponica and C. confinis as the most frequent. The insect community of N. serialis was very different from that of Amyloporia, with Montescardia tessulatella and Cis dentatus as the most frequent insects. The difference in species assemblage is likely explained by the distant phylogenetic relationship between the polypore genera.
Two unexpected findings were the Tineidae moths Nemapogon fungivorellus (9 individuals in 3 N. serialis samples) and Agnathosia sandoeensis (2 individuals in an A. xantha sample). N. fungivorellus is not previously known for that host and A. sandoeensis was found in mainland Sweden for the first time and was previously only known from three locations in the world. The impact of dead wood volume was not clearly visible, with a possible exception for the Ptinidae beetle Stagetus borealis. A likely explanation for this result is a small sampling size and the few occurrences of many species
Kostigen mellan Bryssel och Jämtland
Get PDFDenna uppsats undersöker implementeringen av EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) i en svensk kontext. Syftet är att utröna vilka effekter EU-finansierade jordbruksstöd har på jordbruket och huruvida det skapas några motsättningar mellan svensk jordbrukspolicy och CAP. Svensk jordbrukspolicy visar genom statliga jordbruksstöd sina mål om att stärka inhemsk livsmedelsproduktion. På samma gång råder tydliga objektiv inom CAP med mål om att minska jordbrukets negativa klimatpåverkan. Uppsatsen har undersökt huruvida jordbruksstöd påverkar förutsättningarna att nå målen om en stärkt livsmedelsproduktion och ett minskat klimatavtryck. Insamlandet av empiri har gjorts genom deltagande observationer samt en litteraturstudie. De deltagande observationerna har genomförts tillsammans med tre rådgivare från Hushållningssällskapet Jämtland. Rådgivarnas erfarenhet av hur CAP påverkar jordbruket utgör en betydande del av uppsatsens empiri och analys. De deltagande observationerna har alla gjorts i Jämtland och rådgivarnas erfarenhet är baserade utifrån en jämtländsk kontext. Det teoretiska ramverk som används i denna uppsats berör förhållandet mellan policy och praktik samt begreppet blueprints. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av Carol Bacchi´s WPR-approach. Uppsatsen påvisar att det EU-finansierade kompensationsstödet skapar negativa effekter i jordbruket då det möjliggör inlåsning av mark, underutnyttjande av odlingsmark samt ett ineffektivt resursutnyttjande som i sin tur leder till ett sämre foder och negativ klimatpåverkan. Det möjliggör också stödoptimering som i sin tur skapar ett ökat stödberoende bland lantbrukare. Resultatet visar också att det skapas motsättningar mellan svensk jordbrukspolicy och CAP. Ersättningarna för kompensationsstödet och det nationella stödet baseras på olika grunder, men båda möjliggör ett stödoptimerande vilket innebär en resursineffektiv mjölkproduktion. Det skapas också motsättningar i EU-finansierade projekt, dels då dessa är begränsade till att omfatta småskaligt jordbruk, dels att projektbudgeten inte är anpassad för en svensk kontext. Båda försvårar förutsättningarna för en stärkt inhemsk livsmedelsproduktion.This essay examines the implementation of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in a Swedish context. The aim is to find out what effects EU-funded payments has on agriculture and whether there are any contradictions between Swedish agricultural policy and CAP. Swedish agricultural policy aim to strengthen domestic food production and at the same time there are clear objectives within CAP with goals of reducing agriculture's negative climate impact. The essay has investigated whether the CAP-payments affect the possibilities for reaching the goals of strengthened food production and at the same time a reduced climate footprint. The collecting of empirical evidence has been done through a participant observation and a literature study. The participant observations have been carried out together with three advisors from the Jämtland Advisory Association. The advisers' experience of how CAP affects agriculture makes a significant part of the essay's empirical work and analysis. The participant observations have all been made in Jämtland and the advisers' experience is based in a Jämtland context. The theoretical framework used in this essay concerns the relationship between policy and practice as well as the concept of blueprints. The analysis has been carried out using Carol Bacchi´s WPR approach. The analysis shows that the payments for areas of natural constraint creates negative effects in agriculture as it enables the locking up of land, underutilization of arable land and inefficient resource utilization. This in turn means low quality feed and, in the end, an increased negative climate impact. It also enables payment optimization, which in turn creates an increased dependency on financial support among farmers. The result also showed that contradictions are created between Swedish agricultural policy and CAP. The payments for areas of natural constraint and the national dairy support are based on different grounds, but both enable optimizing financial support. This in turn creates a resource-inefficient milk production. Contradictions are also created in EU-funded projects, partly because these are limited to small-scale agriculture, partly because the project budget is not adapted to a Swedish context. Both complicates the strengthening of domestic food production
Is omega-3 from algae a good substitute to fish oil – in human nutrition?
Get PDFPolyunsaturated fatty acids have been proven to be important for human health, especially the omega 3 and 6. Humans cannot synthesise these fatty acids by themselves and need therefore to get them from external sources. Omega-6 is found in many different foods, such as flaxseeds, walnuts, and vegetable oils. In the modern diet, where vegetable oils are used frequently there is no issue in consuming enough omega-6. Consequently, it is creating health problems as the ratio between the two omegas become unbalanced. The optimal ratio should lie between (omega-3: omega-6) 1:3 to 1:5, however this is rarely the case. Studies have shown that high intake of omega 6 and little omega-3 influences the chances of inflammation disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and mental illness, to mention a few.
Discoveries have been made since the 60’s showing the health benefits of omega-3, along with the increase of risk for chronic illnesses when there is a lack of this omega. Therefore, the recommendation to consume 250 mg a day has been highly intensified. The demand of omega-3 has been increasing for decades and since fish oil is the main source, it does not have a sustainable future. Thus, there has been a high interest in finding alternatives.
There are different types of omega-3, the three main ones are ⍺- linoleic acid (ALA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). ALA is found in many plants on land, whereas DHA and EPA come from marine animals such as fish, krill and algae. ALA can metabolise to DHA and EPA, however, the process is slow and it doesn’t reach the levels needed for optimal health. Therefore, direct sources of these two fatty acids are valuable. Algae is a favourable discovery, as it contains high amounts of DHA or EPA, in some cases it can contain both, although it’s not often the case.
Several studies have been made to compare the effects of DHA and EPA from algae oil and fish oil in human nutrition. The studies reviewed in this thesis have proven to show that algae oil has similar effect as fish oil. More studies need to be made, to find the ideal species of algae, as there is a huge variety. Identifying more algae species will help to find higher concentrations of DHA and/or EPA, as well as increase the productivity. So far, these are some of the issues that seem to limit this supplement to grow commercially
Mapping of prevalence, diagnostics and treatments of orthopedic injuries in Swedish trotting horses
Get PDFEquine sport is the third largest sport in Sweden with an estimated number of
350,000 horses in the country. Trotting racing is the biggest branch in the Swedish
equine industry, around 80,000 out of the horse population are trotting horses.
Sweden is ranked to be among the top three leading countries in the world holding
trotting races. The horses are trained intensely to run at high speed and perform at
maximum capacity. The athletic performance can cause injuries and orthopedic
problems are seen as the most prevalent type of injuries in racehorses. There is a
wide range of pharmaceuticals available to treat orthopedic injuries as well as many
diagnostic methods. The knowledge about the prevalence, diagnostics and treatments of orthopedic in the Swedish trotting horse population is not known.
It is rare that racehorses are insured to cover the cost of injuries caused by athletic
use and therefore no insurance data is available on orthopedic diagnostics and
treatments in trotters. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, diagnostics
and treatments of orthopedic injuries in trotting horses in Sweden. As far as the
author is aware of, this is the first study that has attempted to execute a mapping of
such. This study was done by two different surveys aimed to trotting horse trainers
and racehorse veterinarians. In-depth interviews with professional trotting horse
trainers were also performed and included in the results. Medical records from some
trainers who participated in the in-depth interviews were used in the study. The
surveys as well as the interviews contained questions about prevalence of diagnosed
injuries, methods to diagnose and what pharmaceuticals that were used as
treatment. The surveys were web-based and performed through Netigate
(www.netigate.com), the data was also processed in Netigate.
The results showed that carpitis was the most prevalent diagnosis and that cortisone
was the most commonly used drug for treatment of orthopedic problems. Some
diagnoses seemed to popular and performed by specific veterinarians, as well as
certain treatments. Results indicated that particular diagnostic methods and pharmaceuticals used deviated from treatment guidelines established by the Swedish
Veterinary Association (SVF). In order to reach more precise results and
comprehend the motivation of treatments and diagnostic methods, more
veterinarians would need to participate in the survey and adding in-depth interviews
of veterinarians could also provide additional insights
Platsen och byggtiden
Get PDFJärnvägsbyggande är ett stort ingrepp som tränger sig på i människors vardagsmiljöer. Miljöer
anpassas för att genomförandet ska gå så snabbt och smidigt som möjligt. Vad får det för
konsekvenser på de funktioner som en miljö bestått av och hur påverkas människors upplevelser
av platser som genomgår långvariga byggskeden?
Detta arbete utforskar potentialen till upplevelser i det temporära rum som bildas när platser
byggs om. Fokus för arbetet är på järnvägsbyggande som med sin komplexitet medför en
långvarig och stor påverkan på de offentliga miljöer som vi rör oss i. Arbetet har två
utgångspunkter – plats och process. Platsbesök och observationer har genomförts på tre platser
i Sundbybergs stadskärna som är under byggnation. Genom besöken och analysen har förståelse
skapats för de kvalitativa brister som finns på dessa platser. Utifrån platsanalysen, med
bakgrunds- och teorikapitlet som lins, listas ett antal rumsliga rekommendationer för ökade
upplevelsevärden under byggskedet i Sundbybergs stadskärna.
Arbetet har även uppmärksammat att byggskedet är ett processteg som saknar tydliga riktlinjer
och vägledning gällande miljöerna utanför byggstängslet. De lågt ställda kraven gällande
vistelsevärden på dessa platser korrelerar inte med Politiken för gestaltade livsmiljöer, vilken
är styrande på statlig nivå. Utifrån studie och analys av dagens process och handledningar ges
ett antal rekommendationer och motiv till hur upplevelsevärden kan omhändertas i
järnvägsplaneprocessen. Temporär urbanism ges en särskild fördjupning då den långvariga
temporära byggtiden är en förhållandevis outnyttjad potential för just sådana här typer av
insatser. Temporär urbanism kan både gynna det specifika projektet likväl bidra till framtida
forskning och utveckling.
Arbetet har gett mig insikter om järnvägens byggskede och hur det påverkar miljön och de
människor som använder platsen. Genom de samtal jag haft har det blivit tydligt att vi som
samhällsbyggare behöver bli bättre på att nyttja dessa långa skeden och skapa platser som inte
stänger ute människor. Det har varit ett utforskande och lärande som jag tar med mig in i de
tidiga skedena där jag har min huvudsakliga tyngdpunkt. Dessa tillsynes stökiga platser kan
också innehålla funktioner som engagerar och inspirerar.Railway construction is a major intervention that intrudes on people's everyday environments.
Environments are adapted to benefit a quick and cost efficient construction process. What does
this do to the former functions of places and how does it affect people's experiences during long
construction phases?
This work explores the potential to improve experience in the temporary space that is created
when places are rebuilt. The focus of the work is on railway construction that, with its
complexity, has a long-lasting and significant impact on the public spaces in which we spends
time. The work has two focuses - place and process. Site visits and observations have been
carried out at three construction places in the city centre of Sundbyberg. Through the site visits
and analysis, I have gotten an understanding of the qualitative deficiencies of these places.
Based on the site analysis, having the background and theory chapter in mind, a number of
spatial recommendations to improve the experience during the construction phase in
Sundbyberg are listed.
The work has also highlighted that the construction phase is a process stage that lacks clear
guidelines regarding the environments outside the construction area. The low requirements for
amenity values in these places do not correlate with the Policy for Designed Living
Environments, which steers central government initiatives. Based on the study and analysis of
the current process and guidance, a number of recommendations and motives are given for how
amenity values can be addressed in the railway planning process. Temporary urbanism is given
special emphasis, as the long-term temporary construction period is a relatively unused
potential. Initiatives as temporary urbanism can benefit the specific project, as well as future
research and development.
The work has given me insights of how the railway construction phase affects the environment
as well as the users. Through the conversations I have had, it has become clear that as urban
planners and landscape architects there is a need to better use these long stages and create places
that don't shut people out. It has been an exploration and learning process that I will carry with
me into the early planning stages. These seemingly messy places can also contain features that
engage and inspire people
Flodnära utveckling i en social kontex
Get PDFI denna uppsats har flodnära platsers utvecklingspotential för rekreationsvärde undersökts för
att få en större förståelse för flodens roll i staden, hur projekt som främjar rekreation kan se ut
och vilka rekreationsvärden som ingår, och hur erfarenheter från internationella projekt och
vägledande dokument skulle kunna appliceras i en svensk kontext med en tillämpning i
Göteborg. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge ett underlag som planerare kan använda sig av när
de undersöker olika möjligheter i städer som har en låg andel parkmiljöer, men som har
tillgång till flodnära mark med potential att utvecklas till urbana parker. Målet är att
undersöka hur vattennära trafikinfrastruktur har omvandlats till rekreativa rum och sedan
föreslå hur erfarenheter från dessa projekt kan tillämpas med svenska förutsättningar. De
metoderna som valts i denna uppsats är dokumentstudie och referensstudie. Dokumentstudien
behandlar tre olika texter som är framtagna för att agera underlag till flodnära utveckling,
River restoration: a strategic approach to planning and management skriven av WWF och
GIWP, Rivers by Design: rethinking development and river restoration skriven av RESTORE
and Urban rivers - vital spaces: Manual for urban river revitalisation skriven av REURIS.
Referensprojekten som valts till denna uppsats är Cheonggyecheon River Restoration Project
i Seoul, Sydkorea och Madrid Río i Madrid, Spanien. Tillämpningen i en svensk kontext görs
genom en analysmodell skapad av Stockholms stad som heter friyteguiden. Analysen
appliceras på en utvald plats i centrala Göteborg, Göta älvs södra strand. Resultatet av
dokumentstudien och referensstudien visar att det finns likande sätt man talar om fördelarna
med rekreation och hur gestaltningen realiseras med gångstråk och rekreationsmöjligheter.
Resultatet av friyteanalysen tillsammans med hur Göteborg stads översiktsplan beskriver mål
för att öka andelen grönyta i staden och koppla staden till vattnet ger en indikation på att det
skulle kunna vara lämpligt att göra ett liknande projekt i Göteborg som i Madrid och Seoul,
och att det skulle höja andel sociotop per person i området som undersökts till
rekommenderade nivåer.In this essay the recreational development potential of riverside areas have been investigated
to gain an understanding of the rivers role in the city, how projects that support recreation are
planned internationally, and how these findings could be applied in a Swedish planning
context. The findings were applied by studying the municipal overview plan together with a
guide for finding and categorizing public open space created by Stockhom stad called
Friyteguiden. The aim of the essay is to give a groundwork for planners in Sweden to use
when they are investigating the different possibilities that there are in cities with a low
amount of park spaces, but has riverside areas available with potential to evolve into urban
parks. The purpose of the investigation is to see how riverside traffic infrastructure can be
turned into recreational spaces, and then suggest how experiences from previous projects can
be applied with Swedish prerequisites. The methods used are document study and reference
study. The document study uses three different texts that are created with the purpose of
being the basis for riverside development for the investigation, River restoration: a strategic
approach to planning and management written by WWF and GIWP, Rivers by Design:
rethinking development and river restoration written by RESTORE and Urban rivers - vital
spaces: Manual for urban river revitalisation written by REURIS. The result from the
document and reference study shows that there are similar ways of speaking about recreation
in documents and reference projects, especially concerning how recreation has been
embodied by walking paths and other possibilities for recreation. The result of the analysis
together with the municipal overview document suggests that there are goals to increase the
amount of green space in the city and to connect the city with the river further. This indicates
that it could be suitable to create a similar project in Gothenburg as in Madrid and Seoul if
the aim is to increase recreation and the amount of sociotope that is available for the public
up to the levels that are suggested as a minimum in Friyteguiden
Increased carbon sequestration of actively restored tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia
Get PDFAs restoration with assisted natural regeneration and enrichment planting becomes a more important and popular method to restore ecosystem services and mitigate negative climate effects, these treatments and their effectiveness is heavily debated. There are three main groups of opinions regarding restoration, one is that humans actively need to help nature recover and the second is that nature itself does a better job without our help and the third is somewhere in between. In my study, I compared active and passive restoration in degraded tropical forests within the INIKEA project in Sabah, Malaysia. Along with previously collected data from 2017, I used my own data collected in 2022 to investigate the effects of active restoration with focus on enrichment line-planting followed by continuous maintenance for 10 years. My result showed that some control plots were still almost completely bare of trees, even 40 years after the last severe disturbance. This indicates that heavy degradation sometimes hinders natural regeneration for decades, whereas no such delayed regeneration was found in actively restored forests. In contrast, after 23 years actively restored forests had 41.8 Mg C ha-1 higher carbon storage (p=0.015) compared to naturally regenerated control plots. However, the increase in carbon sequestration cannot be attributed to planted trees since only 30 trees per hectare out of 300 planted had grown into the measurable diameter size (dbh ≥ 10). The average diameter of these planted trees was still low, 17.4 cm, which contributes 4.4 % or 1.84 Mg C ha-1 of the added carbon sequestration as a result from active restoration. I conclude that most of the additional carbon sequestration from active restoration came from the continuous maintenance where lianas, climbers and other competing vegetation is removed which led to an increased growth of the already established and naturally regenerated trees. Consequently, knowledge like this could be useful in decision-making concerning restoration methods to maximize benefits in a cost-effective way
Growing on the roof
Get PDFUrban Rooftop Agriculture (URTA) is a novel field within urban vegetable
production, which can help create access to local food in a rapidly urbanizing world.
For these systems to succeed, it is vital to implement a proper choice of
substrate/growing medium (SGM). This study uses a literary synthesis, to analyze
URTA SGM by investigating three of its key features, namely components, depth,
and organic matter (OM) type and amount, with the intention of facilitating
thoughts for future research and providing URTA-stakeholders with guidelines for
choice of SGM. Results indicate that leafy vegetables and tomatoes can be
cultivated in URTA-systems, potentially delivering yields comparable to
conventional in-ground farming, using a wide range of SGM-substances, depths,
and OM sources. It is not advisable to advocate for one specific SGM-substance.
Instead URTA-farmers should strive to integrate locally produced light-weight
material with numerous internal pores into their SGM. Shallow depths,
corresponding to those found in extensive green roof systems (<15 cm) suffice for
satisfactory URTA-yields. Continuous OM-/compost addition is a necessity for
URTA-systems and consequently the proportion of OM/compost exceeds
guidelines for more conventional green roof systems. More research is needed to
understand the behavior of specific compost components in relation to density and
URTA-crop production. An advanced knowledge of soil science is vital for
engineering an URTA SGM that is light-weight simultaneously providing for
sufficient cation exchange capacity (CEC), aeration, plant available water (PAW)
and permeability. Therefore professionals, such as landscape engineers play a
central role in URTA-SGM implementation
Komplement, ersättning eller bonus?
Get PDFSamnyttjan mellan allmän parkmark och skol-
eller förskolegård är ett fenomen som blivit
vanligare i Sverige i takt med att konkurrensen
om stadens marker har ökat. Med samnyttjan
som strategi kan det bli enklare för skolor
och förskolor att nyttja gröna ytor utanför
skol- eller förskolegården. Samtidigt riskerar
verksamheternas egna gårdar att bli mindre till
följd av dess samnyttjan med allmän parkmark,
vilket kan innebära negativa konsekvenser för
barnens kognitiva och fysiska utveckling.
Föreliggande studie undersöker skolans och
förskolans samnyttjan med allmän parkmark.
Arbetet syftar till att bredda kunskapsunderlaget
kring fenomenet och vidare att ta fram ett
gestaltningsförslag av gården till Frejas förskola
i Malmö, där samnyttjan är aktuell. Detta görs
med utgångspunkt i hur gårdarna och samnyttjan
fungerar vid Hyllievångsskolan och Iduns förskola i
Malmö idag.
Landskapsarkitektens arbetsmetod, som innefattar
en rad olika sätt att samla kunskap, prövas i arbetet
för att finna svar och ta fram en gestaltning som
bottnar i och löser de problem som uppdagats.
Metoden är subjektiv såväl som iterativ. För detta
arbetet har litteraturstudier, intervjuer, platsbesök
och utvärderingar varit de största källorna till
empiri. Även skissen har varit ett väsentligt
verktyg för gestaltningsarbetet och bearbetning av
information.
Resultatet visar på att god planering från ett
tidigt skede såväl som en mer eller mindre öppen
avgränsning mellan verksamhetens gård och
grönytan som ska samnyttjas är avgörande för att
samnyttjan ska fungera tillfredsställande.Vidare
uppmärksammas en rad begränsande faktorer med
samnyttjan, som gör att barnen inte kan leka på
samma fria vis på de allmänna grönytorna som
inom de egna gårdarna. Skol- och förskolans
samnyttjan med allmän parkmark bör därför ses
på som ett komplement eller bonus till de egna
gårdarna, snarare än en ersättning.
I fallet med Frejas förskola innebär
förskolebyggnaden och en korsande väg
betydande hinder för verksamhetens framtida
samnyttjan. På förskolegården, som inte kommer
leva upp till de rekommendationer om friyta
som Malmö stad föreskriver, blir det även svårt
att rymma alla de funktioner som enligt studien
är betydelsefulla på en förskolegård. Detta är
brister som dock visar på värdet av att planera för
samnyttjan i ett tidigt skede.Shared use between public parks and schoolyards
or preschoolyards is a phenomenon that is getting
more common in Sweden as the demand of the
city’s land is rising.With shared use as a strategy, it
can get easier for schools and preschools to access
and use green spaces outside their own yards.
However, the yards of the schools or preschools
risk getting smaller as a result of their shared
use with public parks, which can mean negative
consequences for the children’s cognitive and
physical development.
This study examines shared use between schools
or preschools and public parks.The work aims
to broaden the knowledge base around the
phenomenon as well as to develop a design
proposal for the yard of Freja’s preschool in Malmö,
where shared use of public parkland will be
relevant.The work is based on how the yards and
shared use of a public park is working at a school
named Hyllievångsskolan and a preschool named
Iduns förskola in Malmö today.
The landscape architect’s working method, which
includes a number of different ways of gathering
information, is tested in the study in order to find
answers and produce a design that is rooted in and
solves the problems that have been discovered.The
method is subjective as well as iterative. For
this work, literature studies, interviews, site visits
and evaluations have been the biggest sources of
empirical data. Sketching has also been an essential
tool during the design process and a key to process
all of the gathered information.
The results show that good planning from an early
stage as well as a more or less open demarcation
between the shared green space and the school
or preschoolyard is a key for the shared use to
function successfully. Furthermore, there is a
number of limiting factors with shared use, which
mean that the children cannot play in the same
free way on the public green spaces as in their own
school or preschoolyards.Thus, the study proposes
that shared use between public parks and schools
or preschools should be seen as a complement or
bonus to the school or preschoolyards, rather than
a replacement.
In the case of Freja’s preschool, the preschool
building and a crossing road make two significant
obstacles that will have a negative effect on the
future shared use of the closely located park.
On the preschoolyard, which will not live up
to the recommendations on size prescribed by
the municipality of Malmö, it is also difficult to
accommodate all the functions that, according to
the study, is desirable on a preschoolyard
Användandet av medborgarinflytande i planskedet inom svenska kommuner
Get PDFSamhället står inför stora förändringar till följd av globalisering och urbanisering. Det innebär att en förändring och utveckling av samhället måste ske där inte minst planprocessen är aktuell. Medborgarinflytande har i planprocesser genom tiderna ansetts vara en demokratisk process och en balansgång mellan makt och inflytande.
Medborgarinflytande har i teorin delats in i olika typer baserat på makt och inflytande, kontinuitet och typ av dialog, bland annat i Arnstiens Ladder of citizen participation. Trappan illustrerar olika typer av inflytande från manipulation till total medborgarkontroll. Sveriges kommuner och regioner, SKR, har tagit fram sin egen trappa vid namn Delaktighetstrappan. Delaktighetstrappan har till skillnad från Arnstiens trappa reviderats för att passa det svenska samhället och politik där bland annat de yttersta stegen tagits bort helt.
Syftet med detta arbete är att redogöra hur medborgarinflytande kan användas praktiskt i svenska kommuner som en del av planprocessen samt hur detta stödjs av Delaktighetstrappan. Utifrån Boverkets sju föreslagna metoder för medborgarinflytande har fjorton praktiska exempel från svenska kommuner tagits fram och analyserats genom att utifrån Delaktighetstrappa och därefter placerat in de praktiska exemplen på trappans steg.
Boverkets sju metoder har alla olika inriktning där resultatet varierat mellan de olika praktiska exemplen. Några av exemplen hade inte tillräckligt med underlag för att placeras in på något trappsteg. Detta kan dels bero på underlaget som använts från kommunerna eller på variationen i underlag från Boverkets föreslagna metoder. Men av de exemplen som kunnat analyseras placerades alla in i mitten av Delaktighetstrappan under stegen Dialog eller Inflytande – Delaktighet. Detta då de alla haft en initierande dialog med medborgarna på olika sätt. Därefter har det skiljt sig i hur kommunen arbetat vidare och om ytterligare möjlighet för medborgarinflytande i samma process funnits eller om processen stannat vid endast ett tillfälle för dialog. Det har också varierat stort i hur de olika dialogerna genomförts och hur mycket kommunerna valt att arbetat med metoderna.The society is standing in front of big changes as a result of globalisation and urbanisation. This means that a change and development of the society must happen where the planning process is highly current. Citizen participation has through time been considered as a democratic process and a balance between power and influence and as a natural part of the planning process.
Citizen participation has in theory been divided into different types based on power and influence, continuity, and type of dialogue, for example in Arnstiens Ladder of citizen participation. The ladder illustrates different types of influence from manipulation to total citizen control. Sveriges kommuner och regioner, SKR, has created their own ladder by the name Delaktighetstappan that, unlike Arnstiens ladder, has been revised for the Swedish society and politics where the utmost steps have been removed completely.
The aim with this paper is to exhibit how citizen participation can be used practically in Swedish municipalities as a part of the planning process and how this is supported by the theory of Delaktighetstrappan. Based on the seven provided methods for citizen participation from Boverket, fourteen practical examples from different Swedish municipalities have been presented and analysed based on the different steps of the ladder.
Boverkets seven methods has different focus where the results have varied between the practical examples. Some of the examples did not have enough support or context to be placed at a certain step. This may be due to the information provided by the municipality or due to the variation of information provided by Boverket for each method. But the examples that was able to be analysed and placed on a certain step, all placed on the two middle steps Dialogue and Influence – Participation. This due to the fact that they all had an initial dialogue with the citizens in some way. Thereafter they differ in how the municipalities choose to continue working and if there was any more opportunity for a dialogue in the same process. It has also varied in how the different dialogues was carries out and how much the municipality has worked with the method