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Working environment and animal welfare on small dairy farms
Get PDFDet har setts en tydlig minskning av antalet företag med mjölkkor i Sverige, det är framför allt de
mindre gårdarna som har minskat i antal. Denna minskning skulle kunna påverka Sveriges
livsmedelsförsörjning under krissituationer. En viktig förutsättning för att små mjölkföretagare ska
överleva i framtiden är att det finns en god arbetsmiljö och djurvälfärd på gårdarna. Syftet med
denna studie var att ta reda på hur lantbrukarna upplevde sin arbetsmiljö samt deras definition och
upplevelse av djurmiljön i ett fåtal mindre besättningar. Studien utfördes på sex mindre gårdar i
Jämtland och Uppland. Metoden som användes i detta mastersarbete var kvalitativ med
semistrukturerade intervjuer av lantbrukarna. Svaren från intervjuerna analyserades med en tematisk
analys.
Resultatet från intervjuerna visade att lantbrukarna upplevde att de generellt hade en god
arbetsmiljö. Majoriteten av lantbrukarna hade korna uppbundna, vilket hade en påverkan på både
arbetsmiljön och djurvälfärden. Flertalet av lantbrukarna beskrev god djurvälfärd med välmående
kor som är fina, rena, glada och friska. God djurvälfärd beskrevs även med långlivade och hållbara
kor. Samtliga lantbrukare beskrev att de hade en god djurvälfärd på sina gårdar. Generellt var de
deltagande lantbrukarna i denna studie väldigt positiva till sina liv som lantbrukare. Det fanns dock
vissa faktorer som påverkade lantbrukarna negativt. Dels var det stressen kring det administrativa
arbetet, dels var det påtryckningar utifrån. Lantbrukare beskrev att dessa påtryckningar kom från
mejerierna, myndigheter samt konsumenter och media. Lantbrukarna i studien ansåg även att
djurvälfärden hade en direkt koppling till arbetsmiljön.There has been a clear reduction in number of dairy farms in Sweden, it is mainly the smaller farms
that have decreased in number. This reduction could affect Sweden's food supply during crisis.
Important factors for the survival of small dairy farms in the future is that there are a good working
environment and animal welfare on the farms. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the
farmers experienced their working environment, and their definition and experience of the animal
welfare, at a few small herds in Sweden. The study was carried out on six smaller farms in Jämtland
and Uppland. The method used in this master's thesis was qualitative interviews of the farmers with
semi-structured questions. The answers from the interviews were then analyzed with a thematic
analysis.
The results from the interviews showed that the farmers felt that they generally had a good working
environment. Most farmers had their cows tied up, which had an impact on both the working
environment and animal welfare. Many farmers described good animal welfare with well-kept cows
that are clean, happy, and healthy. Good animal welfare was also described with long-lived and
sustainable cows. All farmers described that they had good animal welfare on their farms. In general,
the farmers who participated in this study were very positive about their lives as farmers. However,
there were certain factors that affected the farmers negatively. Partly, because the stress around the
administrative work, and partly because of external pressures. Farmers described that this external
pressure came from the dairies, authorities as well as consumers and the media. The farmers in this
study also considered that animal welfare had a direct connection to their working environment
Farmers Coping with Market Shock : a multiple case study of Agricultural SMEs
Get PDFThis research explores how agricultural SMEs are coping with the agricultural market shock mainly caused by Russian-Ukraine war outbreak in February 2022. The research paper is guided by three research questions investigating 1) the impacts of the current market shock on farms, 2) the coping strategies and decisional motivation of farmers, and 3) the planned adaptations and learnings of the farmers. A qualitative research methodology was employed, wherein semi-structured interviews were conducted with conventional crop farmers within a multiple case study design framework. Of the five cases, one farmer who farms in Poland was interviewed, while the other four are located in northern Germany.
Key findings revealed that the farms are mainly affected by price volatility, scarcity and unavailability of goods, and rising machinery prices. To navigate these challenges, farmers employed strategies aimed primarily at ‘securing production’, while other strategies aimed at cushioning price volatility. They stocked up on machinery and essential input goods like plant protection chemicals, diesel, and fertilizers. Other strategies include distributed buying and selling of inputs and produce (‘salami tactics’), contractual agreements and forward pricing, and gaining market transparency through networking or contacting several agricultural traders. Farmers' planned adaptations differ among the study cases. While one of the farms plans on increasing input storage possibilities, others plan to use more ‘salami tactics’, and another case plans on constructing silos and a fermentation residue tank for future use of more organic-based fertilizer.
By investigating farmers' responses to the market shock, this study enriches the discourse on organizational resilience and crisis management. It provides policymakers, crisis management researchers, and agricultural economics researchers with unique insights into risk management and adaptation to sudden exogenous market shocks while setting the stage for future research
Jordlöpare som bekämpare av ogräsfrö : påverkan av jordbearbetning på jordlöpares förmåga till reglering av ogräsfrö
Get PDFAs weed seed predators, carabid beetles can regulate the weed seed bank within agricultural fields. Little is anyhow known about how weed seed bank regulation by carabids is affected by different tillage treatments with decreasing intensity, why this was here examined. Data on weed seed bank size, weed seed availability and carabid activity density were collected from field trials in Västergötland, Sweden. A weed seed bank regulation was estimated using the weed seed bank sizes from March and August. Weed seed predation strength was estimated using activity density and data on preferred prey choice. To study any differences over treatments were ANOVA and Tukey’s test used and a piecewise structural equation model (pSEM) was formed and tested for all three tillage treatments separately to see whether any differences within the different treatments were present.
Weed seed bank size and weed seed availability increased significantly in the ploughed treatment, but not in fields with reduced tillage or direct seeding. The pSEM for direct seeding showed that more weed seed resources increase the carabid activity density in July which in turn increases the weed seed bank regulation. For reduced tillage treatment, a correlation between higher carabid activity density in June and lower weed seed availability in July, as well as lower weed seed availability in July compared to ploughing was found. Despite the indications of a greater seed build-up in ploughed and fewer weed seeds in reduced tillage was no difference in weed seed regulation from March to August, nor in weed seed predation strength was found.
The lack of differences in weed seed bank regulation could be caused by a lack of input data to the fields, where the interaction between chemical applications, chiefly herbicide use, would assist in disentangling the effect of the interaction between tillage and chemical herbicide control. Here, weed seed bank regulation was only assessed during the cropping season, while other outcomes would be possible if assessing annual weed seed bank regulation. To be able to use results about weed seed bank regulation by carabids to give clear advice to farmers should long-term effects be examined
Exploring learning processes and social capital in community urban agriculture projects in Bogotá, Colombia
Get PDFAs the world’s population becomes increasingly urban, the social, economic and environmental living conditions of city-dwellers are under pressure. High levels of pollution, lack of transport links, informal housing, unemployment rates and increasing inequalities are just some of the challenges that rapidly urbanising cities face. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is being promoted in many of the world’s cities as a solution to some of these problems. Through case studies of different cities, UPA is proving to be increasingly multifunctional in its ability to tackle a holistic range of economic, environmental and social challenges.
This thesis analyses the capacity-building effect of community UPA projects in Bogotá, Colombia, and aims to give an in-depth insight into the learning and skill-sharing processes at work. In a context where UPA is valued for its ability to provide food security and secondary income to citizens, this thesis takes a different approach and instead sheds light on the potential for UPA projects to empower citizens and develop social capital in disadvantaged communities. The data were collected through a mixed-methods approach with questionnaires, focus group interviews and observations performed in six urban farm projects across Bogotá. These data were triangulated with a semi-structured interview with a technical assistant and literature such as official government documentation, reports and research papers relevant to the thesis topic. An agroecological perspective, a social capital framework and a selection of learning theories were used to structure the investigation, to inform the collection of data and to analyse the results.
The findings reveal that social capital-building and learning processes flourish when farmers, knowledge networks, advisory services, institutions, governments and policies are well-connected and directed towards the same aims. The investigation also reveals the strengths and weaknesses in the capacity-building processes in the context of UPA in Bogotá, which can be used to inform and shape future policy and UPA programs both in Bogotá and in cities across the world. By embracing the potential that community UPA has to build more resilient and empowered communities, cities can shape their UPA programs more around the soft skills needed in such projects to ensure their long-term success and positive outcomes
Kvävegödslingens effekter på bladyta och trädkronor i tallbestånd
Get PDFKvävegödsling är en produktionshöjande åtgärd som varit väl etablerad i Sverige genom åren. På grund av gödslingens miljöpåverkan och allmänt högre kunskap om gödsling så är skötselåtgärden inte lika frekvent utnyttjad som den var runt 70-talet. Men med ett växande behov att ersätta fossila produkter med skogliga produkter kan gödsling börja fylla en viktig roll för att öka årliga avverkningsvolymer. Till följd av Sveriges mål att minska andelen rödlistade arter kan mer skog bli formellt skyddade och då fyller gödsling också en roll att kunna öka produktion på kvarvarande produktionsskogar för att möta samma efterfrågan av råvara.
Syftet med studien är att lära sig mer om hur gödsling påverkar bladyteindex (LAI). Tidigare studier har visat att gödsling kan ha tillväxteffekter på trädvolym på lång sikt medan andra studier visar att effekten avtar efter ca 7 år. Det är därför intressant att se ifall skillnaderna går att urskiljas även i beståndens bladyta. Studien inkluderar olika behandlingar med både kontinuerlig gödsling och en äldre enstaka gödsling på både gallrade och ogallrade ytor.
Resultatet från studien visar inget som tyder på att tillväxtökningen efter kontinuerlig gödsling skulle korrelera med LAI. Inget visade att en kontinuerlig gödsling ger högre totalt LAI, oavsett tillväxt, än den enstaka äldre gödslingen. Däremot har studiens resultat visat att oavsett kontinuerlig eller äldre enstaka gödsling så har LAI generellt ökat. Gödsling i gallrade ytor har visat tydliga skillnader på ökat LAI jämfört med ogödslade gallrade ytor. Medan gödslade och ogallrade bestånd inte kunnat visa tydliga skillnader men att det tenderar till att LAI blivit positivt påverkat. Studien har inte kunnat visa att kronvolymen ökat genom kontinuerlig gödsling. Det finns inga indikationer på att kronvolym och LAI skulle korrelera med varandra. LAI kan i stället visa sig genom högre täthet av barr på grenarna inom den mätta kronvolymen, fler antal grenar inom kronvolymen eller möjligtvis större enstaka barr. LAI-värden skulle också kunna vara olika effektiva i fotosyntes för sin tillväxt.Nitrogen fertilization is a productivity increasing method that has been well established in Sweden
during the past decades. Due to the negative effects on the environment and an overall increase of
knowledge around fertilization, the method isn’t as frequently used anymore. But with a growing
demand of fossil free products this method might be interesting again, to be able to increase annual
harvesting volumes. Sweden also has a goal to minimize the red-listed species and with an increase
of protected forests, the remaining productive forests need to produce more than before to meet the
same demand of raw material.
The purpose of this study is to learn more about how fertilization affects the leaf area index
(LAI). Earlier studies have shown that fertilization have increased growth in the long term, while
other studies showed that it diminishes after around 7 years. Therefore, it’s interesting to see if these
differences can be explained by similar differences in the leaf area. The study includes different
treatments with both active fertilization and older single fertilizations in both thinned and nonthinned
sites.
The result of this study shows nothing that signals that the increase of growth from an active
fertilization would correlate with LAI. The result from the study can’t show anything that the active
fertilization, regardless of tree growth, would generate a higher total LAI compared to an old single
fertilization. However, the study showed that fertilized stands, for both active and older single
fertilization, got a higher LAI value in general. Thinned stands got a clearly higher LAI value than
the non-fertilized thinned stands. Non-thinned stands have not been able to show any clear result on
LAI after fertilization, but it tends to have shown positive effects. The study could not show anything
that indicate that the crown size increased from active fertilization. LAI can instead show itself in a
form of higher density of needles, more branches, or an increase of needle size. LAI-values might
also tend to differ in effectiveness in photosynthesis for growth
Nematoder i skånska morotsfält
Get PDFMorötter utgör en av de mest betydande grönsaksgrödorna i Sverige, och det huvudsakliga produktionsområdet finns i Skåne. På grund av växtparasitära nematoders skadliga inverkan på morötter, där skador på rötterna eller deformation av pålroten kan orsaka betydande skördeförluster och påverka försäljningen, har denna studie syftat till att sammanställa nematodanalyser för tre stora morotsföretag under de senaste tio åren. Målet har varit att ge en översikt över vilka växtparasitära nematoder som förekommer i områden där morotsodling bedrivs, kvantifiera deras förekomst och analysera hur väderförhållanden kan påverka nematodpopulationerna. Studien visade att de vanligaste förekommande växtparasitära nematoderna var rotsårsnematoder och stubbrotsnematoder och att det fanns skillnader i nematodpopulationerna mellan gårdarna trots deras geografiska närhet. Rotgallnematoder, som har potentialen att orsaka betydande skador på morötter, observerades i ungefär en femtedel av alla fält. Analysen pekade på att väderförhållandena inte var den avgörande faktorn, vilket kan betyda att faktorer som förfrukt, odlingsteknik och markförhållanden har haft större inverkan på nematodpopulationerna. Studiens resultat kan användas för vidare analys av nematodförekomst i Sverige och för att undersöka vilka fler faktorer som kan ha påverkat förekomsten av nematoder.Carrots are one of the most significant vegetable crops in Sweden, and its main production area is located in Skåne. Due to the harmful impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on carrots, where damage to the roots or deformation of the tap root can cause significant yield losses and affect sales, this study aimed to compile nematode analyses for three large carrot producers over the past ten years. The goal has been to provide an overview of plant-parasitic nematodes occurring in areas where carrot cultivation is carried out, quantify their occurrence, and analyze how weather conditions can affect nematode populations. The study showed that the most common plant-parasitic nematodes were root-lesion nematodes and stubby-root nematodes, and that there were differences in nematode populations between farms despite their geographical proximity. Root-knot nematodes, which have the potential to cause significant damage to carrots, were observed in approximately one-fifth of all fields. The analysis indicated that weather conditions were not the decisive factor, which may mean that factors such as crop rotation, cultivation techniques, and soil conditions have had a greater impact on nematode populations. The study's results can be used for further analysis of nematode occurrences in Sweden and to investigate what other factors may influence their numbers
Parasitära anmärkningar vid renslakt 2013–2022
Get PDFDet finns idag 240 000 renar i vinterhjorden i Sverige, och renskötsel bedrivs på 55 % av landets yta av urfolket samerna. Renskötsel är en unik djurhållning, där de semi-domesticerade renarna lever fritt i skog och fjäll. Ett ämne som länge varit ett fokusområde inom renskötseln är parasiter, och renägare lägger varje år stora resurser på profylaktiskt åtgärder mot parasiter. Alla renar som slaktas på svenska slakterier besiktigas likt tama klöv- och hovdjur både före och efter slakt, och de parasitära fynd som de besiktande veterinärerna hittar dokumenteras till Livsmedelsverket. Denna data ges inte rutinmässigt ut till renägarna, och sammanställs inte heller av Livsmedelsverket. Detta är en enorm kunskapsbank som har stort potential att både hjälpa renägare i deras arbete, och utöka vår i många fall bristande kunskap om renens parasiter.
Syftet med detta arbete var att sammanställa och analysera Livsmedelsverkets data för de parasitära anmärkningar som registreras vid slakt av ren i Sverige mellan år 2013 och 2022 och ge exempel på hur denna data kan användas i framtiden. Detta gjordes genom att studera två enskilda samebyars parasitdata mellan 2018 och 2022 och genom intervju med officiella veterinärer inom renslakt.
Slaktdata gällande parasitära anmärkningar hämtades från Livsmedelsverket och sammanställdes med datahanteringsprogrammet Excel och R. Data lämnades i två set: Dataset 1 var för 2013–2017, och gavs på länsnivå baserat på samebyns läge för varje slakttillfälle. Dataset 2 var för 2018–2022, och gavs på länsnivå baserat på slakteriets läge för varje månad mellan september och april. Data sammanställdes per slaktsäsong för 2013–2022 och per månad för 2018–2022, samt på länsnivå per slaktsäsong där data från Jämtland/Dalarna och Norrbotten/Västerbotten redovisades tillsammans då de länen ej kunde separeras i dataset 2. Korrelationer mellan parasitära anmärkningar gjordes med Spearman rank korrelationstest i R.
Medianvärdet av andelen fynd per besiktade renar per slaktsäsong mellan 2013 och 2022 var som följande: Korm (27 %), lungmask (9 %), parasitär leverskada (11 %), onkocerkos (4 %) och hjärnhinnemask (1 %). Antalet fynd av bukhinnemask per slaktsäsong varierade från 0 till 211 fynd, av cysticerkos från 0 till 28 fynd, av lilla leverflundran från 0 till 23 fynd, av stora leverflundran sågs totalt 13 fynd och av echinokockos sågs ett fynd. Det sågs en stark korrelation mellan andelen fynd av lungmask och parasitära leverskador. Under året var lungmask, parasitär leverskada, onkocerkos och hjärnhinnemask vanligast från september till oktober medan korm och bukhinne-mask var vanligast från november till februari. Detta beror troligen på en kombination av att vissa parasiter ses hos vuxna djur som slaktas tidigt under året och att vissa parasiter inte utvecklas förrän november. De flesta anmärkningar var vanligare i Jämtland/Dalarna. Ett undantag var bukhinne-mask som registrerades under hela observerade perioden i Norrbotten/Västerbotten och som för första gången i Jämtland/Dalarna år 2017.
Detta arbete har även presenterat exempel på potentiella användningsområden av dessa data. Förutom ökad kunskap om parasiterna kan vi få en översikt om trender av renens parasiter och snabbt se förändringar som kan användas för att identifiera börjande ivermektinresistans och klimatförändringarnas effekter på parasiternas livscykel. För de enskilda samebyarna skulle parasitdata kunna användas för att hjälpa renägare i deras profylaktiska arbete mot parasiter.Today there are 240 000 reindeer in the winter herd in Sweden, and reindeer husbandry is practised on 55% of the county's area by the Sami people. Reindeer husbandry is a unique practice where the semi-domesticated reindeer wander freely by mountains and in forests. A subject that has been a focus for reindeer husbandry is parasites, and reindeer owners put big efforts each year in prophylactic actions against these parasites. The reindeer slaughtered in Swedish slaughterhouses is inspected, as domesticated cattle are, both before and after slaughter. The parasitic findings the inspecting veterinarian registers are documented by the Swedish food agency. This data is generally not given to the reindeer owners, nor is it summarised. This is an enormous source of information about reindeer parasites with a big potential to both assist reindeer owners in their work and broaden the in many cases lacking knowledge of these parasites.
The aim of this essay was to summarise and analyse the data of parasitic observations of reindeer documented by the Swedish food agency in Sweden during the years 2013-2022, and present examples of how this data could be used in the future. This was done by studying the parasitic observations in two separate Sami villages and through interviews with official veterinarians.
The data of parasitic observations was collected from the Swedish food agency and summarised using Excel and R. The data was given in two data sets: Data set 1 consisted of data for 2013-2017 by the county of the Sami village summarised by each day of slaughter. Data set 2 consisted of data for 2013-2022 by the county of the slaughtering house by each month September and April. The data was summarised by slaughtering season for 2013-2022 and by month for 2018-2022, as well as by county for 2013-2022 where data from Jämtland/Dalarna and Norrbotten/Västerbotten were presented together as these counties could not be separated in data set 2. Correlations between parasitic observations were studied with Spearman’s rank order test in R.
The median value of the percentage of findings per inspected reindeer per season during 2013-2022 was as follows: Reindeer warble fly (27%), lungworm (9%), parasitic liver damage (11%), onchocerciasis (4%) and brain worm (1%). The number of findings per season of setaria varied from 0 to 211, findings of cysticercosis from 0 to 28 and findings of lancet liver fluke from 0 to 23 findings. A total of 13 findings of common liver fluke was registered, and a total of one finding of echinococcosis was registered. A strong correlation could be observed between the percentage of observations of lungworm and parasitic liver damage. Over the year lungworm, parasitic liver damage, onchocerciasis and brain worm were most common from September to October, while reindeer warble fly and setaria were most common from November to February. This is most likely due to a combination of a difference in hosts as some parasites predominantly exist in adult reindeer which is commonly slaughtered early in the season and that some parasites have not developed until november. Most of the findings was more common in Jämtland/Dalarna. One exception was setaria that was registered throughout the observed period in Norrbotten/Västerbotten and was registered for the first time in Jämtland/Dalarna in the year of 2017.
This essay also presented examples of potential areas of use of this data. In addition to providing additional knowledge of these parasites it provides an overview of trends of the parasites and the ability to quickly observe changes in patterns. This could for example be used to identify a beginning resistance of ivermectin’s or the impact of climate change on these parasites. For the individual Sami village, the data could be used in the reindeer owners' prophylactic work against parasites
Utveckling av barrträdsföryngringar markberedda med grävmarkberedning kontra harvning på blockrik skogsmark
Get PDFMarkberedning utförs på ungefär 90 % av den föryngrade arealen i Sverige varje år och utförs vanligtvis maskinellt med avsikt att bearbeta marken för att skapa goda förutsättningar för plantetablering. En icke obetydlig del av Stora Ensos markinnehav är på blockrik mark som är tekniskt svår att markbereda.
Tidigare studier kring markberedning i blockrik terräng har mestadels varit inriktade på antal planteringspunkter och dess kvalitet. Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra två markberedningsmetoder, harvning och grävmarkberedning, på blockrik mark ägd av Stora Enso med avseende på naturvärdespåverkan, trädtillväxt och ekonomi. Fyra trakter där respektive markberedningsmetod utförts och efterföljts av plantering för 8–10 år sedan inventerades. Mångfald av trädslag, brösthöjdsdiameter, höjd och toppskottslängd registrerades samt om trädet var en huvudstam eller bistam i en framtida röjning. Skador på lågor, markstörning och vegetationens återhämtning undersöktes också. Beståndens ekonomi simulerades över en hel omloppstid med Heureka Standwise.
Fältstudien visade att harven störde en större andel av marken men grävmarkberedningen resulterade i större andel blottad mineraljord 8 – 10 år efter markberedning. Ingen skillnad i andelen skadade lågor kunde påvisas. Grävmarkberedning visade både en större ackumulerad och löpande tillväxt samt fler huvudstammar per hektar efter röjning. Nuvärdet över en omloppstid i bestånden skiljde sig relativt lite, dock vid normala kalkylräntor (3–5 %) till fördel för harvning.
Studiens slutsatser är att markstörningen är den viktigaste skillnaden i naturvärdespåverkan mellan markberedningsmetoderna. Därtill ger grävmarkberedningen en högre trädtillväxt, dock troligen inte tillräckligt mycket större för att resultera i ett högre nuvärde jämfört med harvning.Site preparation (also termed soil preparation) is carried out on approximately 90 % of the reafforested area in Sweden every year. It is normally done mechanically with the intention to work the soil to create good conditions for seedling establishment. A significant part of Stora Enso´s land holdings is boulder-rich and is technically difficult to prepare.
Previous studies regarding soil preparation in boulder-rich terrain have mostly been focused on the number of planting spots and its quality. The objective of this study was to compare two soil preparation methods, disc-trenching and soil preparation using excavators, regarding their impact on conservation values, tree growth and economics on boulder-rich forestland owned by Stora Enso. Four sites, where both soil preparation methods had been carried out and followed by planting 8-10 years ago, were inventoried. Tree species diversity, diameter at breast height, tree height and top shoot length were recorded as well as whether the tree was a crop tree or secondary tree in a future pre-commercial thinning. Damage to coarse woody debris, soil disturbance and vegetation recovery were also investigated. The net present value was simulated over a full rotation period using Heureka Standwise.
The field study showed that disc-trenching disturbed a larger share of the soil surface, but soil preparation using excavators resulted in a greater proportion of exposed mineral soil after 8 – 10 years. No difference in the proportion of damaged coarse woody debris could be found. Soil preparation using excavator showed both greater cumulative and annual growth as well as more crop-trees per hectare after pre-commercial thinning. The net present value over a full rotation period differed relatively little, however at normal discount rates (3–5 %) the net present value was in favour of disc-trenching.
Conclusions from the study are that soil disturbance is the most important difference between the soil preparation methods regarding the impact on conservation values. In addition, soil preparation using excavators results in higher tree growth, although probably not large enough to render higher net present values compared to disc-trenching
A narration of landscape identity with focus on people’s activities in Uppsala
Get PDFUnderstanding landscape identity. Through understanding the landscape identities and how residents identify their landscape, future plans can be considerably sustainable by preserving and promoting the characteristics of identity of the landscape and conducting the planned changes towards sustaining those values, meanings, and identities that are important for an integrated society. I show that perceiving the distinctive characters and ascribing them as identities occurs through a dynamic interaction with the landscape. I discuss how landscape can be seen as a social product and that the characters by which a landscape is identified can also be cultural and existential apart from being personal and spatial. Spatial refers to visual aspects and spatial characteristics of a place. The meaning and value that the landscape may have for someone, is basically related to personal experiences. When a common value is accepted by a group, they constitute cultural aspects of identity. It can be shaped as landmarks, toponyms, common memories of events, etc. The existential aspect concerns memories and associations and signifies an inherent quality of a landscape perceived by individuals. Taking Luthagen in Uppsala as an example, I demonstrate how a conceptual framework of Stobbelaar and Pedroli (2011) can be applied in understanding landscape identities to know what to protect, strengthen or develop. I run a survey consisting of interviews and a questionnaire to the residents of Luthagen. The four aspects of identity are taken as test variables as categorized by the mutual relations of the four essences of identities. Through data analysis, I present how many times and to what importance each aspect of landscape identity was mentioned by the residents. I developed a method compatible with opinion measurement techniques to infer descriptive information from the multiple-choice-answers to find which aspect of identity was meant using machine learning techniques to handle more extensive data and towards inclusiveness. The results comparability shows that this method can be used in future works using quizzes and questionnaires, which are fast, effective, and can gather a populated dataset for field research. Ethnicity and understanding the landscape identity were mentioned in one of my research questions. I dug in and achieved some points that can help architects and planners design a more meaningful and valuable environment for immigrants. I found that regardless of backgrounds people tend to know their landscape by its spatial identities rather than existential. The attention is gradually drawn from personal toward cultural aspects over time
3-30-300 som metod för en grönare stad
Get PDFUrbaniseringen fortsätter i Sverige och Malmö är den stad där befolkningen ökar mest
i hela landet. Genom ett förtätat stadsplaneringsideal, där fler människor och funktioner
ska få plats, effektiviseras markanvändningen och exploatering på värdefull natur-
och jordbruksmark minskar. I och med förtätningen hotas bevarandet av den befintliga
grönstrukturen inuti i städerna. Det finns inga garantier för att nya former av grönska helt
kan ersätta och kompensera för de positiva effekterna en befintliga grönstruktur kan bidra
med för klimatet. Därav ökar behovet av metoder för grönplanering med riktlinjer att
eftersträva i planeringsskedet.
Under 2022 presenterade Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch en regel med syftet att bygga
hållbarare städer genom att sätta upp kvantitativa mål för stadsgrönska. Regeln kallas 3-30-
300 och innebär att varje invånare ska kunna se tre träd från hem, skola och arbetsplats,
varje stadsdel ska nå en krontäckningsgrad på minst 30 % och slutligen att varje invånare
ska ha nära tillgång (minst 300 meter) till närmsta stora (minst en hektar) grönområde eller
park.
Denna studie syftar till att undersöka 3-30-300-regelns mål i relation till en förtätad stad
och dess ytanvändning. Därför ställer vi oss frågan: Vilka fördelar och nackdelar finns med
3-30-300-regeln som metod för att införa mer stadsgrönska? Genom att undersöka om det
finns skillnader i möjligheten att uppnå regelns mål, i två olika tätbebyggda stadsdelar i
Malmö, diskuteras vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att nå högre andel stadsgrönska samt
hur 3-30-300-regeln mäter sig mot andra riktlinjer och metoder inom grönplanering.
Efter tillämpning av regeln i jämförelsestudien mellan Möllevången väst och Söderkulla
kan vi konstatera att 3-30-300-regeln lämpar sig väl som metod för att på ett övergripande
plan få en översikt av stadens grönstruktur och för att därefter bedöma stadens behov av
ökad grönska. Jämförelsestudien visar att en mindre tätbebyggd stadsdel, Söderkulla,
ligger närmare 3-30-300-regelns mål än en mer tätbebyggd stadsdel, Möllevången väst.
Eftersom behovet av ökad grönska är större i den förtätade staden, blir även behovet av
3-30-300-regeln större i områden som Möllevången väst. För att kunna applicera regeln
i den redan byggda och förtätade staden behövs dock kompletteringar med hänsyn till
platsspecifika förutsättningar. Genom att komplettera regeln med andra metoder inom
grönplanering kan variation och god kvalitet på grönskan uppnås. Att följa regeln slaviskt
kan bli problematiskt och att anpassa tillämpningen motsäger heller inte 3-30-300-regelns
mål.Abstract
The urbanization continues in Sweden, and Malmö is the city with the fastes-growing
popularization in the entire country. Through a compact urban planning ideal, where more
people and functions should fit into the available space, land use is being made more
efficient and exploitation of valuable natural and agricultural land is decreasing. As a result
of this densification, the preservation of the existing green infrastructure within cities
is threatened. There are no guarantees that new forms of greenery can fully replace and
compensate for the positive effects that existing green infrastructure can contribute to the
climate. Hence, the need for methods for green planning with guidelines to strive for in the
planning phase is increasing.
In 2022, Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch introduced a rule aimed at building more
sustainable cities by setting quantitative targets for urban greenery. The rule is called 3-30-
300 and means that each inhabitant should be able to see three trees from their home,
school, workplace and each neighborhood should achieve a canopy cover of at least 30
%, and finally, each inhabitant should have close access (within 300 meters) to the nearest
large (at least one hectare) green area or park.
The aim of the study is to investigate the 3-30-300 rule’s goals in relation to a densified city
and its land use by asking the question: What are the advantages and disadvantages o the
3-30-300 rule as a method for introducing more urban greenery? By examining whether
there are differences in the ability to achieve the rule’s goals in one of Malmö’s denser
neighborhoods compared to a less dens neighborhood, we discuss the conditions required
to achieve a higher proportion of urban greenery, as well as how the 3-30-300 rule measures
up against other guidelines and methods in green planning.
After applying the rule in a comparative study between Möllevången väst and Söderkulla,
we can conclude that the 3-30-300 rule is well-suited as a method for getting an
overview of the city’s green structure on a macro level, and then assessing the city’s
need for increased greenery. The comparative study shows that a less densely populated
neighborhood, Söderkulla, is closer to the 3-30-300 rule’s goals than a more densely
populated neighborhood, Möllevången väst. In order to apply the rule in an already built
and dense city, supplementary considerations with respect to site-specific conditions are
necessary. By supplementary the rule with other methods in green planning, variation and
good quality of greenery can be achieved. Strictly following the rule can be problematic,
and adapting its application does not contradict the goals of the 3-30-300 rule