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Toward inclusive cities: exploring migrant participation in Swedish urban planning : a case study of Stockholm’s Hagsätra-Rågsved
Get PDFThe city of Stockholm grapples with significant challenges related to social exclusion and segregation. This particularly affects vulnerable groups such as individuals of migrant background residing in low-income suburbs around the city centre. The comprehensive plan of Stockholm underscores the importance of inclusive planning where inhabitants directly participate in the democratic urban development processes. Ideally, all inhabitants should be able to influence spatial change that affects their local built environment through participatory planning processes. However, studies show that persons of migrant background seldom participate in such processes in Stockholm. This thesis aims to critically examine the theoretical ideals of social inclusion and public participation and compare how these concepts are translated into Stockholm´s city planning documents and how they are implemented in practice in local urban development projects. The study operationalizes right to the city urban theories as analytical tools to investigate three levels of Stockholm´s city planning namely, comprehensive municipal planning, district level planning and their implication on the community level. The thesis employs a case study of Hagsätra-Rågsved, a suburb in the south of Stockholm municipality. Through the study of relevant planning documents and by interviewing appropriate stakeholders, the present study sheds light on the experiences of migrant groups and the barriers they face in participating in Stockholm´s planning processes. This thesis underscores the need to build trust between planning practitioners and underrepresented groups through improved outreach methods as well as tackling possible language barriers. This thesis argues that a right-based approach can provide planning with the necessary tools to overcome participation challenges that hinder achieving inclusion ideals
A playscape named Kingdom of Birds : a design proposal in Northern Stockholm
Get PDFNär man vistas i naturen, framförallt under barndomen, skapar man en relation till den. En tidig och nära relation till naturen leder till att man värderar naturen högre och engagerar sig i miljöfrågor, vilket kan vara positivt i arbetet för att skapa ett hållbart samhälle. För att barn ska vistas i naturen, behöver det finnas platser där barn får utrymme. Begreppet lekotoper är ett svenskt initiativ för att reformera hur lekplatser byggs i Sverige, med naturbaserade lösningar i fokus. En lekotop är en lekmiljö som bidrar med både höga lekvärden och höga naturvärden. Det här arbetet har syftet att undersöka vilka gestaltningsprinciper som kan användas vid gestaltning av lekotoper som erbjuder möjligheter för barn att få lära sig om och skapa en relation till naturen. Gestaltningsprinciperna prövas sedan på en specifik plats i det planerade naturnära bostadsområdet Ormbacka i Järfälla, Stockholm. En förstudie har använts för att undersöka och definiera de gestaltningsprinciper som sedan gestaltningsförslaget bygger på. Förstudien består bland annat av en allmän litteraturöversikt med teorier som berör vetenskapliga och praktiska publikationer om lekotoper och barns lek. För att få en större inblick i lekotoper och hur gestaltningsprocessen för dem ser ut, har intervjuer gjorts med Mimmi Beckman och Emma Simonsson som båda har varit med och utvecklat lekotop som begrepp och som gestaltningspraktik. Redan byggda lekotoper i Örebro och Järfälla har besökts för att analysera lekotoper på plats och för kunskapsinhämtning till gestaltningen av platsen i Järfälla. I arbetet drogs slutsatsen att man vid gestaltning av lekotoper bland annat bör härma naturen, skapa variation i topografi och rumslighet, samt att tillhandahålla löst material. Att vuxna ska uppleva lekotopen som attraktiv och att det finns möjlighet att komma fysiskt nära djur och natur är också viktiga egenskaper för att ge möjlighet till barn att skapa relation till naturen. Gestaltningsförslaget utgår från ett tematiskt koncept med namnet Fågelriket, där parken har delats upp i olika områden som främjar både lek och allmän rekreation.If children spend time in nature during childhood, they have a higher chance of valuing nature and developing a strong relationship to it. A strong relationship to nature can lead to environmentally friendly habits, which is positive for the work against the climate change that the world is facing. For children to be able to spend time in nature, we need to create outdoor spaces for children. The Swedish word “Lekotoper” is a design practice for how to build playgrounds that combine play and ecological values, to reform the way we design spaces for children. The aim of this master thesis is to research and define design principles for Lekotoper, to create possibilities for children to connect to and learn about nature. The design principles are then applied to a site specific design proposal in Järfälla in northern Stockholm, Sweden. A pre-study is used to define the design principles that is later used for a design proposal. The pre-study consists of a literature review, with theories about children's play, learning about and connecting to nature. To get an insight to what is important when working with Lekotoper, interviews have been held with Mimmi Beckman and Emma Simonsson, who both were a part of inventing the word and concept of Lekotoper. Playgrounds that have already been built with the concept of Lekotoper have been visited and analysed, to gain knowledge for the design by experiencing on site projects. The conclusion is that, to design a place where children will learn and connect to nature, you can mimic nature and create variation in topography and spatiality. To provide loose parts is a good way to enhance play. It is important for adults to be attracted to the place, since they decide where children spend their time. To encourage learning and connecting, one can provide possibilities to experience animals and nature from up close. The design proposal has a design theme called The Kingdom of Birds and the park has been divided into different areas that provide both play and recreation
Future challenges of Kalmar City : coastal adaptation strategies design in relation to sea level rise
Get PDFSea level rise has steadily increased and is anticipated to rise further by the end of the century and beyond 2100. Low-lying coastal areas are affected by rising sea levels as they will be more susceptible to flooding and land loss. The main objective of this thesis is to design a holistic future proposal for Barlastholmen and Sylvanderparken in Kalmar City, Sweden. That considers adaptation to rising sea levels and emphasises green and public spaces. The thesis aims to explore how Flexmark coastal adaptation strategy could be utilised in coastal urban areas to adapt to rising sea levels and whether additional strategies would be needed. This is done using the Research by Design method and interactive processes; the work is based on a literature review and a site analysis. The literature review examines coastal adaptation strategies and their principles and structures. The site analysis investigates the current conditions and the identity of the selected areas for future values. The findings from the Literature Review chapter and Site Analysis chapter are the basis for the proposal. The project results show a holistic design proposal for the selected site in 2123. It shows how Barlastholmen and Sylvanderparken could be adapted to sea level rise and how it can create inviting and attractive green and public spaces. The results conclude that the Flexmark strategy can be utilised in the areas designated for recreation, where the site may be susceptible to flooding. However, the result shows that additional strategies are required as the Flexmark strategy was not suitable for the entire selected area. Therefore, additional strategies have been selected as they sufficiently protect specific structures and areas from flooding. The results show a comprehensive proposal combining research with a design to adapt to sea level rise
En hållbar kompost
Get PDFDen här kandidatuppsatsen är gjord för att ta reda på ifall det är möjligt att skapa
en hållbar kompost på Habo gård. Därtill finns stora mängder organiskt material
som inte utnyttjas på Habo gård i näringskretsloppet. Arbetet har bestått i att svara
på frågeställningen: Hur kan kompostering hos en kommunal trädgårdsanläggning
ge ett hållbarare och mer resurssnålt sätt att ta tillvara organiskt material? Syfte
med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för anläggandet
av en hållbar kompost.
En hållbar kompost defineras i denna kandidatuppsats som en kompost som fyller
dagens behov hos Habo gård utan att äventyra nästkommande generationers
möjligheter att fylla sina behov.
Metoden är en fallstudie och informationsinhämtningen skedde på plats på
Habo gård. Efter en inläsning av litteratur kring ämnena kompostering och
nedbrytning samt ekosystemtjänster och hållbarhet. Skapades det en grundlig
platsbeskrivning över Habo gård ur vilken data sammanställdes. Analysen av data
genomfördes som en SWOT-analys. Resultatet blev en förteckning på styrkor och
svagheter hos Habo gård som en plats för kompostering.
På Habo gård konstaterades det att det finns bestånd av parkslide, Reynoutria
japonica, som är en främmande invasiv art som hotar den biologiska mångfalden.
Denna främmande invasiva art måste hållas utanför kompostsystemet.
En kompost hade rätt anlagd gett en ökad ekologisk hållbarhet hos Habo
gård. Därtill fanns att om hästgödseln på Habo gård inlämnades i kompostsystemet
skulle den ekologiska hållbarhetsnivån hos Habo gård öka för att det blir en
bättre komposteringsprocess. Med en mer optimal kol/kvävekvot (C:N-kvot) fås
en bättre och snabbare nedbrytning. En ökad hållbarhetsnivå kan
betyda att ekosystemtjänster stöttas, god näringsrik kompostjord produceras
och näring återförs in i gårdens kretslopp.
I förlängningen betyder det att behovet av inköpta torvblandningar
och gödningsmedel kan minska. Därtill kan det leda till en minskad
förstörelse av torvmarker och våtmarker. Resultatet visar att Habo gård skulle
gynnas av en anläggandet av en kompost ifall det går knyta mer kunskap och
kompetens kring kompostering till gården.This bachelor’s thesis is written to find out if it is possible to create a sustainable
compost on Habo gård. It is because there are large amounts of organic material
that are not used on Habo gård in the nutrient cycle that this work was written.
The work has answered the question: How can composting at a municipal garden
facility provide a more sustainable and resource-efficient way of utilizing organic
material? The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to examine the conditions for the
construction of a sustainable compost.
A sustainable compost is defined in this bachelor's thesis as a compost that fills
the current needs of Habo gård without risking future generations ability to fill
their needs.
My method was a case study and the information gathering took place on-site
at Habo gård. After reading literature on the topics of composting and
decomposition as well as ecosystem services and sustainability a thorough site
description of Habo gård was created from which the data was compiled.
The analysis of the data was carried out as a SWOT analysis. The result was a list
of strengths and weaknesses of Habo gård as a place for composting. It was
established that on Habo gård there are stocks of the Japanese knotweed,
Reynoutria japonica, which is an invasive alien species that threaten biological
diversity. It must be kept away from the composting system.
A properly laid compost would increase the ecological sustainability of Habo
gård. It was found that if the horse manure at Habo gård was submitted to the
compost system, the ecological sustainability level of Habo gård would
increase because there would be a better composting process. With a more
optimal carbon/nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) there will be a better and faster
decomposition.
An increased level of sustainability can mean that ecosystem services are supported,
good nutrient-rich compost soil is produced and nutrients are returned to the
farm's cycle. It also means it can reduce the need for purchased peat
mixtures and fertilizers, which leads to reduced destruction of peatlands and
wetlands which are important for biodiversity. The result means that Habo gård
would benefit from the establishment of a compost if it is possible to link more
knowledge and competence about composting to the facility
Relatedness and diversity in Swedish local chicken breeds using mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences and SNP data
Get PDFGenetic diversity is the variation in genetic information carried by individuals within a species or population. This variability plays a crucial role in enabling species to adapt and survive in changing environments and is essential for evolutionary processes. Additionally, genetic diversity might carry genetic variants that improve resistance to diseases. In this study, a genetic analysis was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity, evolutionary history, and inter-breed relationships of Swedish local chicken populations. The initial 533 base pairs in the hypervariable D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced from 64 individuals representing 13 different breeds, and autosomal SNP data generated from 83 individuals representing eight different breeds was used. The study found that a total of 16 polymorphic sites and 9 distinct genetic sequences (haplotypes) were identified among the 13 Swedish local chicken breeds using the mtDNA data. Clade nomenclature in this study was according to the nomenclature of clades reported in previous studies, where domestic chickens were categorized into nine distinct clades (A to I) based on their association with areas of domestication and geographical dispersal. The majority of the breeds were found to belong to Clade E, while others belong to clades A and B, which suggests that the Swedish local chickens have several maternal lineages that likely originated from the Indian subcontinent, Yunnan province, and the regions of China. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a higher degree of genetic variation between different chicken populations than within the same population. The nucleotide diversity of the studied breeds was found to range from 0 to 0.0169. An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop data using a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicated that the Swedish indigenous chicken breeds share a closer evolutionary relationship with haplotypes present in European chicken breeds, rather than those found in Asian breeds. The principal component analysis of the SNP data revealed a closer genetic relationship among five of the Swedish local chicken breeds (Ölandshöna, Öländsk dvärghöna, Skånsk blommehöna, Äsbohöna, Kindahöna), while the other three breeds (Gotlandshöna, Hedemorahöna, and Svarthöna) were observed to be distinct. This research contributes to the understanding of genetic variation in the indigenous populations, and the findings may be applied to develop appropriate breeding and conservation strategies for the Swedish local chicken breeds. For a more comprehensive understanding of genetic diversity, origin, and relationships, it is recommended to perform analyses using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
Relations between intracellular pH and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, after two types of anaerobic treatment
Get PDFTea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the three major non-alcoholic beverages in the world. In Gabaron tea, the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are more than 1.3 mg/g. In the human body, GABA lowers blood pressure and cholesterol levels. GABA in plants is mainly produced by two pathways:
the glutamate (Glu) decarboxylation pathway (dominated by Glu decarboxylase; GAD), and the polyamine oxidation pathway (dominated by polyamine oxidase; PAO). In previous studies, it was demonstrated that GABA in tea tissue originates mainly from Glu decarboxylation. Intracellular pH is an important regulator of cell physiological activities. Intracellular pH influences enzyme activity and important metabolic processes, including DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis, as well as cell growth.
The purpose of this project was to develop a detection method for intracellular pH of tea leaves, use the method to analyze the relationship between GABA enrichment and pH change during the production of Gabaron tea.
To this end, fresh tea leaves (Longjin 43) were picked and exposed to two kinds of anaerobic treatment (N2, CO2). The intracellular pH of the upper and lower mesophyll cells of the two kinds of anaerobically treated tea leaves was measured by fluorescent dye (BCECF/AM). Combined with the changes of pH and the levels of two amino acids (Glu, GABA), the relationship between N2 and CO2 and intracellular pH during GABA enrichment was followed.
The results showed that after different anaerobic treatments (N2 or CO2), the pH value of cells in the upper and lower mesophyll of tea leaves varied depending on treatment.
For tea leaves treated with CO2, the pH in the upper and lower mesophyll cells increased after 1 h, and returned to normal after 6 h. Combined with the levels changes of the two amino acids, it is speculated that under high concentration of CO2, the stomata of tea leaves were still open, and anaerobic respiration was carried out at this time. Excessive CO2 causes the internal environment of cells to become acidic. At this time, GAD is activated. GAD consumes a lot of protons and produces GABA, which reduces damage of the cell membrane under acidic conditions.
For tea leaves treated with N2, the intracellular pH of the upper mesophyll first increased and then decreased, while the intracellular pH of the lower mesophyll first decreased and then increased. It is speculated that in the high concentration of N2, the stomata of the lower mesophyll are closed, the tricarboxylic acid cycle is inhibited, and protons cannot be consumed, resulting in the acidic
cytoplasm. After 6 h of treatment, GAD is activated, consuming protons and producing GABA.
Future work should focus on pH determination after short-term anaerobic treatment. The GAD activity during anaerobic treatment and the detection of stomatal opening and closing of upper and lower epidermis during different anaerobic treatments are also necessary experiments to verify the
hypothesis
Foliar fungal communities of naturally regenerated and nursery-produced Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings
Get PDFEndophytic fungal communities living in leaves of trees can have a significant impact on their hosts,showing both beneficial and detrimental effects. Some mutualistic fungal species protect the host against pathogens or herbivores, while pathogenic species can increase the vulnerability of the host against biotic and abiotic stresses. The Swedish forestry model consists of planting nursery-produced seedlings after final felling. In the nurseries, the seedlings are grown densely in containers under greenhouse conditions and for disease prevention the Integrated Pest Management strategy is followed, where fungicides are applied to protect the plants. It is known that the intensive nursery production system affect the fungal communities present in the roots of seedlings by making them
less diverse, but the effect in the foliar fungi is still unknown. The main objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of foliar fungal communities in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings produced in the nursery after their transplantation to the forest clear-cuts and to compare them with naturally regenerated seedlings. Needle samples of both types of seedlings were collected from
three different forest clear-cut sites in Uppland, Sweden. The time scale and the exposure time of the needle were taken into account by sampling at 8-time points of the seasonal period and taking one-year old needles and current-year needles. Fungal communities were characterised by high-
throughput sequencing of the ITS2 rRNA region of healthy-looking needles. Sequences were filtered and grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTU). The taxonomic classification of each OTU was determined using the PROTAX-fungi and massBLASTer databases and fungal lifestyle
was assigned using the FungalTraits database. Results show that exposure time and needle age are the main factors affecting fungal diversity in needles, irrespective of whether seedlings are from nurseries or natural regeneration. Overall, fungal communities on needles of Scots pine are similar at different sites. The needle mycobiome was dominated by a fungal species belonging to the family Pseudeurotiaceae (10%), a species of the genus Cladosporium (9%), the species Sydowia polyspora
(4%) and a species of the family Herpotrichiellaceae (2%). Further studies should focus on how colonisation of new needles develops in nursery-produced seedlings and compare this with naturally regenerated seedlings
Toasting of Faba beans
Get PDFI Sverige använder i dagsläget många ekologiska mjölkproducenter sig av soja som huvudprotein i fodret till sina djur. Soja odlas inte i någon större utsträckning i Sverige, det importeras från andra länder. Tillsammans med att produktionen av soja i andra länder har en stor påverkan på miljön bidrar importen av soja till ökade utsläpp. Soja är inte bara ett på många sätt ohållbart foder, utan det är också dyrt. Sammantaget gör det att svensk, ekologisk mjölkproduktion behöver ett substitut till fodersoja. Mycket talar för att svenskodlade rostade åkerbönor med sina fördelar för miljön, nytta för markhälsan, höga fodervärde skulle kunna vara ett bra substitut. Men för att det ska vara ett bra substitut så måste det också vara ekonomiskt fördelaktigt mot soja.
För att kunna svara på det så är arbetets syfte att undersöka den ekonomiska hållbarheten i rostade åkerbönor som foder till mjölkkor med hjälp av en kostnadsanalys. För det behöver data rörande bästa tillvägagångsätt, bästa teknik och kostnader undersökas och användas.
Därför undersöktes äldre studier rörande ämnet. Genom undersökningarna valdes tre bönrostar ut där ekonomiska data och analyser av rostade åkerbönor från dessa sammanställdes. Dataunderlaget bearbetades sedan genom att en driftskostnad innehållande fasta och rörliga kostnader beräknades. En kostnadsanalys med hjälp av ett foderverktyg valdes för att kunna redogöra för den ekonomiska hållbarheten. Genom att föra in de olika driftskostnaderna och fodervärdena i verktyget kunde bästa teknik, bästa tillvägagångsätt och den ekonomiska hållbarheten klargöras.
Resultatet av analysen var att använda rostade åkerbönor som proteindelen i foder till ekologiska mjölkkor är lönsamt i relation till att använda soja. Det bästa tillvägagångsättet är att rosta åkerbönor vid en temperatur på 120-130 C° och den bästa tekniken har Mastertoastern, då den kunde åstadkomma bäst fodervärde och billigast foderstat.
Slutsatsen av arbetet blir att rostade åkerbönor är lönsamt och det bör kunna bidra till en mer lönsam ekologisk mjölkproduktion i Sverige.A lot of organic milk farmers in Sweden today are using soy protein as their main source of protein in the feed for their animals. Soy is not extensively grown in Sweden but is instead imported. The production of soy in other countries is not only bad for the environment but the import also brings emissions. But soy is not only hurtful to the environment, it´s also expensive. This means Swedish organic milk production need a substitute for soy. Many sources say Swedish grown toasted faba beans with their environmental advantages, contribution to the soil health, high feed value, could be that substitute. But to become a good substitute it also needs to be financially better than soy.
Therefore, to figure that out the purpose of this thesis is to investigate if toasting beans is financially viable as protein feed for organic dairy cows using a cost analysis. To be able to answer whether this is the case, data concerning the best way of toasting and best technique, as well as its cost need to be investigated and used.
Older studies concerning the subject were therefore investigated. Through investigating, three different toasters where chosen. These toasters had data concerning cost and nutrient content analyses of its toasted beans. The data where then compiled and processed by calculating operating costs for each toaster. The operating cost contained both fixed and variable cost. The cost analysis was made using a tool for calculating feed rations. By adding the operating costs and feed value of each toaster to the tool, the cost, best technique, and the best way to toast was revealed.
The result of the analysis was that using toasted faba beans instead of soy as the protein fraction in feed for organic dairy cows is profitable. The most effective way to toast faba beans is to toast it at a bean temperature of 120-130 C°. The best technique was that of the Mastertoaster which achieved both the best feed value and the cheapest feed ration.
The conclusion is that toasting faba beans is financially viable and that it could contribute to a more profitable organic dairy production in Sweden
The park in a stressed city : an examination of stress reducing qualities in Stadsträdgården, Uppsala
Get PDFUppsala kommun har ett ökande antal invånare som sjukskriver sig på grund av sjukdomar relaterade till långvarig stress. Samtidigt blir antalet offentliga gröna miljöer färre i Uppsala på grund av förtätning, trots att gröna miljöers stressreducerande och återhämtande effekt varit känd sedan länge. Det närmsta grönområdet med möjlig stressreducerande och återhämtande effekt blir då för många i centrala Uppsala Stadsträdgården. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka Stadsträdgårdens stressreducerande och återhämtande potential genom att identifiera vilka stressreducerande karaktärer (SK) som finns och diskutera hur parken kan utvecklas gällande karaktärerna för att tillgodose stadens behov av stressreducerande grönområden. Uppsatsen tillämpar en metod baserad på verktyget Quality Evaluation Tool (QET) tillsammans med andra teorier inom fältet evidensbaserad design (EBD) för att identifiera och analysera SK i Stadsträdgården. Resultatet visar att parken innefattar ett flertal karaktärer, men få SK. De SK som främst identifierades inom parken var Artrikedom, Sensorisk njutning av naturen samt Säsongsförändringar i naturen. Resterande SK återfinns i en oansenlig mängd. SK som identifieras inom parken framträder svagt och mängden sociala karaktärer, karaktärer som i motsatts till stressreducerande karaktärer ökar stress hos stressade individer, verkar ha en betydande roll i hur SK upplevs i parken. För att Stadsträdgården ska kunna utvecklas gällande SK behöver mängden sociala karaktärer och mängden rumsligheter med endast sociala karaktärer minskas för att förhindra att dessa influerar SK. Utöver detta upplevs parken som trygg i sin helhet, vilket är viktigt för stressade individer, men mängden övergående zoner bör utökas för att skapa trygghet för de mest stressade besökarna. Sammanfattningsvis är Stadsträdgården inte en stressreducerande park, då den har få stressreducerande karaktärer som är svaga samt många sociala karaktärer som försvagar parkens stressreducerande effekt. Parken bör därmed utvecklas för att förstärka de befintliga SK och fler bör introduceras så att parken främjar ett socialt hållbart samhälle och realisering av ett flertal mål inom Agenda 2030.The number of inhabitants of Uppsala municipality that are on sick leave because of illness related to prolonged stress is increasing. In the meantime, the quantity of public green spaces is decreasing because of densification, despite the well-known positive stress-reducing and rehabilitating effect that green spaces have on individuals. For many the closest public green space with possible stress-reducing and rehabilitation effect in the city center is Stadsträdgården. The aim of this study is to investigate Stadsträdgården’s stress-reducing and rehabilitating potential by identifying which stress-reducing qualities that can be found and discuss how the park can be developed regarding stress-reducing qualities to meet the city’s need for stress-reducing green spaces. The study’s approach is based on the tool Quality Evaluation Tool (QET) amongst other theories in Evidence based design (EBD) to identify and analyze the stress-reducing qualities in Stadsträdgården. The results show that the park has a lot of qualities, but a lack of stress-reducing qualities. The stress-reducing qualities that were primarily identified within the park were Rich in species, Sensual pleasures of nature and Seasons changing in nature. The other stress-reducing qualities were found in a small quantity. Most of the identified stress-reducing qualities appear faintly and the amount of social qualities, qualities that in contrast to stress-reducing qualities increase stress in stressed individuals, seems to have a significant role in how stress-reducing qualities are perceived in the park. In order for Stadsträdgården to be able to develop regarding stress-reducing qualities, the amount of social qualities and the amount of spatialities with only social qualities need to be reduced to prevent these from influencing stress-reducing qualities. In addition to this, the park is perceived as safe in its entirety, which is important for stressed individuals, but the amount of transition-zones should be increased to create security for the most stressed visitors. In conclusion, Stadsträdgården is not a stress-reducing park because it only has a few stress-reducing qualities that are perceived as weak and too many social qualities. The park should therefore be developed to strengthen the existing stress-reducing qualities and more should be introduced so that the park promotes socially sustainable society and lead to the realization of several goals within Agenda 2030
How does the horse respond to the choice of bit : the impact of the equipment on riding and well-being
Get PDFVal av utrustning i form av bett och nosgrimmor är av stor betydelse för såväl ridningen som hästens välbefinnande. Val av bett och nosgrimmor påverkar hästens svar på utrustningen. Det är också viktigt att den valda utrustningen individanpassas och används på rätt sätt, allt i syfte att minska risken för skador på hästen och uppnå en bra grundutbildning och ridning. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att sammanställa och diskutera delar av forskningsläget kring nyttjande av bett och bettlösa träns samt andra utrustningsdetaljer till tränset i form av nosgrimmor.
Litteraturstudien belyser valet av bett och hur annan utrustning påverkar hästens respons samt vilken betydelse använd utrustning har för grundutbildning och ridning. Även betydelsen av ryttarens sits, position och tygelkraft för att maximera effekten av ridningen respektive grundutbildningen behandlas. Elva olika studier redovisas där sammantaget ett stort antal hästar utvärderats under både träning och tävling. Jämförande undersökningar gjordes mellan vanliga bett och bettlösa träns samt nosgrimmor, elastiska tyglar och hjälptyglar. Tygeltryck mättes och relaterades till ryttarens muskelaktivitet. Några av studierna redovisade särskilt förekomst av bettskador förorsakade av den använda utrustningen. Resultaten visade att bettlösa träns var att föredraga då de gav en bättre ridupplevelse och hästhälsa samt mindre skador. Nosgrimma och hjälptyglar påverkade negativt, särskilt för oerfarna ryttare. Bettskador var vanliga och tycktes förekomma oftare på grund av bett och nosgrimmor. Mätning av tygeltryck gav ej tydliga resultat men elastiska tyglar tycktes öka prestationen hos hästarna. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att negativa effekter i form av t. ex andningssvårigheter eller skador kan minskas genom rätt val av utrustning samt korrekt användning av denna. Val av utrustning påverkar på många olika sätt hästens respons. Det gäller särskilt bett och bettlöst träns. Med bettlöst bett är hästarna mer tillfreds och färre skador uppkommer. Det finns inte någon genväg till bättre grundutbildning eller ridning genom val av särskild utrustning; medvetna och genomtänkta val av utrustning är viktigt såväl för grundutbildningen som för ridningen. Ryttare, hästägare och tränare rekommenderas söka råd från kvalificerade experter vid val av utrustning.
En mjuk och följsam sits där ryttaren håller en låg spänning i sina muskler är fördelaktigare både för ryttare och häst, medan en hög grad av muskelspänning och stelhet kan vara kontraproduktivt. Elastiska tyglar med mindre tygelkraft kan vara att föredra då de ökar välbefinnandet hos hästarna.and the horse's well-being. Choice of bit and nose halter affects the horse's response to the equipment. It is also important that the selected equipment is individually adapted and used correctly, all with the aim of reducing the risk of injury to the horse and achieving good basic training and riding. The purpose of this literature study is to compile and discuss parts of the research situation regarding the use of bit and bitless bridles as well as other equipment details for the bridle in the form of nose halters.
The literature study highlights the choice of bit and how other equipment affects the horse's response, as well as the importance of used equipment for basic training and riding. The importance of the rider's seat, position and rein force in order to maximize the effect of riding and basic training is also covered. Eleven different studies are reported in which a large number of horses were evaluated during both training and competition. Comparative studies were carried out between regular bits and bitless bridles as well as nosebands, elastic bridles and auxiliary bridles. Comparative studies were carried out between regular bits and bitless bridles as well as nosebands, elastic bridles and auxiliary bridles. Rein pressure was measured and related to the rider's muscle activity. Some of the studies specifically reported the occurrence of bite injuries caused by the equipment used. The results showed that bitless bridles were preferable as they provided a better riding experience and horse health as well as less injuries. Nose halter and auxiliary reins had a negative effect, especially for inexperienced riders. Bite injuries were common and seemed to occur more frequently due to bites and nosebands. Measurement of rein pressure did not give clear results, but elastic reins seemed to increase the performance of the horses. In summary, it can be concluded that negative effects in the form of e.g. breathing difficulties or injuries can be reduced through the right choice of equipment and correct use of it. Choice of equipment affects the horse's response in many different ways. This especially applies to bit and bitless bridles. With a bitless bite, the horses are more at ease and fewer injuries occur. There is no shortcut to better basic training or riding by choosing specific equipment; conscious and well-thought-out choice of equipment is important both for basic training and for riding. Riders, horse owners and trainers are advised to seek advice from qualified experts when choosing equipment. A soft and compliant seat where the rider maintains a low tension in their muscles is more beneficial for both rider and horse, while a high degree of muscle tension and stiffness can be counterproductive. Elastic reins with less rein force may be preferred as they increase the well-being of the horses