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Analysis of Minimal Boolean Circuits
No full textTrabajo de Fin de Máster en Métodos Formales en Ingeniería Informática, Facultad de Informática UCM, Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Computación, Curso 2024/2025.
El trabajo realizado se puede consulta en la siguiente dirección: https://github.com/blcksy/ bca.Circuit complexity, a branch of computational complexity theory, has seen limited progress in establishing lower bounds for the minimum size of circuits that solve NP-complete problems. Existing bounds primarily apply to
restricted families of circuits, such as constant-depth or monotone circuits. Identifying an NP problem that requires superpolynomial-size circuits would imply that P ̸= NP, highlighting the difficulty of this challenge.
In this work, we propose metrics for analyzing Boolean functions and the circuits that implement them. We apply these metrics to complete sets of minimum-size circuits, with the aim of studying their structure and understanding
what makes a function require large circuits.La complejidad de circuitos, una rama de la teoría de la complejidad computacional, ha mostrado avances limitados en la obtención de cotas inferiores para el tamaño mínimo de circuitos que resuelven problemas NP-completos.
Las cotas existentes se aplican principalmente a familias restringidas de circuitos, como los circuitos de profundidad constante o monótonos. Identificar un problema NP que requiera circuitos de tamaño superpolinómico implicaría
que P ̸= NP, subrayando la dificultad de este desafío. En este trabajo proponemos métricas para el análisis de funciones booleanas y los circuitos que las implementan. Aplicamos estas métricas a conjuntos completos de circuitos de tamaño mínimo, con el objetivo de analizar su estructura.Depto. de Sistemas Informáticos y ComputaciónFac. de InformáticaTRUEunpu
Effective corporate taxation of cooperatives: assessment and quantification of tax benefits for the Spanish case
No full textLas sociedades cooperativas, como principales entidades de la Economía Social, cuentan con un tratamiento fiscal específico, teóricamente diseñado para favorecer su desarrollo y expansión. Este trabajo analiza si los beneficios fiscales actuales cumplen su propósito de fomentar el crecimiento y la competitividad de estas entidades, identificando las limitaciones existentes y proponiendo recomendaciones para la mejora de su régimen fiscal.
Para ello, se revisan los beneficios fiscales aplicables (reducción de la base imponible, bonificaciones en la cuota y tipos impositivos reducidos), se cuantifica su impacto y se comparan los resultados con los de otras estructuras empresariales mediante indicadores como el Tipo Impositivo Efectivo. Los resultados muestran que estos beneficios están desigualmente distribuidos, favoreciendo principalmente a las cooperativas de mayor tamaño, mientras que las más pequeñas apenas se ven beneficiadas. Además, el impacto global del régimen fiscal es modesto y no constituye un elemento significativo para mejorar la competitividad del sector.
El artículo concluye con la necesidad de iniciar un debate sobre la validez y el alcance del régimen fiscal diferenciado, recomendando su reforma para que sea más efectivo en el apoyo a las sociedades cooperativasCooperative societies, as the main entities within the Social Economy, benefit from a specific tax framework theoretically designed to support their development and expansion. This study examines whether the current tax benefits fulfil their purpose of fostering the growth and competitiveness of these entities, identifying existing limitations and proposing recommendations to improve their tax regime.
To this end, it reviews the applicable tax benefits (such as tax base reductions, tax credits and reduced tax rates), quantifies their impact and compares the results with those of other business structures using indicators such as the Effective Tax Rate. The results reveal that these benefits are unevenly distributed, mainly favouring larger cooperatives, while smaller cooperatives hardly benefit at all. Moreover, the overall impact of the fiscal framework is modest and does not serve as a significant driver of the sector's competitiveness. The article concludes by calling for a debate on the validity and scope of the differentiated tax regime, recommending its reform to make it more effective in supporting cooperative societiesEscuela de Estudios CooperativosFac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEpu
Suspicious minds: exploring the commonalities and differences among conspiracy beliefs, paranoid beliefs, and conspiracy mentality in a nationally representative sample
No full textThis research was supported, in part, by grants from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [PSI2016-74987-P] and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants [COV20/00737-CM] and funds from the UCM for consolidated research groups [GR29/20]. Almudena Trucharte had a UCM doctoral fellowship [CT42/18] and Vanesa Peinado had a Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness doctoral Fellowship [BES-2017082015].Background: Despite the theoretical overlap between conspiracy beliefs, paranoid beliefs, and conspiracy mentality, their distinctions remain insufficiently understood. This study explored these constructs and their clinical significance within a nationally representative sample (N = 1497).
Methods: We measured sociodemographic and psychological variables early in the COVID-19 pandemic (T1) and assessed conspiracy beliefs, paranoid beliefs, and conspiracy mentality one year later (T2), during a period of heightened visibility of these beliefs. This longitudinal design allowed us to analyse how early factors shaped these belief systems. We conducted factor analyses and regression models to disentangle their relationships and identify distinct predictors.
Results: Conspiracy beliefs, paranoid beliefs, and conspiracy mentality emerged as distinct constructs. We found that paranoid beliefs were more strongly associated with psychological factors (e.g. anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty), whereas conspiracy beliefs were driven by sociopolitical variables (e.g. income, political ideology). We identified external locus of control as the sole predictor of conspiracy mentality. Few participants showed strong endorsement of coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, which followed a skewed distribution similar to paranoid beliefs in the general population.
Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of tailored interventions targeting specific predictors, with critical implications for mental health and public health strategies.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIDepto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología ClínicaFac. de PsicologíaTRUEpu
Androgen receptor activation promotes tumor progression in canine and human triple negative breast cancer cell lines
No full textAuthor contributions
SC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. BC: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. MH: Writing – review & editing. MP: Writing – review & editing. CD: Writing – review & editing. AA-D: Writing – review & editing. MI: Writing – review & editing. JI: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editingIntroduction
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that lack of expression of hormonal receptors and HER-2 that limits the approach of effective therapies. Currently, the expression of the androgen receptor (AR), and its prognostic potential are being explored in these tumors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mechanisms of action of AR in TNBC and the potential of AR antagonists as treatment in canine (IPC-366) and human (SUM149) TNBC cell lines.
Methods
To achieve this, AR silencing assays were performed to determine evaluate the changes in AR signaling and the role of AR in cellular processes. Also, the effect of different AR-antagonists was evaluated on both cell lines.
Results
The findings showed that AR promotes tumor progression by upregulating EGFR expression, which drives cell proliferation through the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. Additionally, AR downregulated Src expression, preventing the antiproliferative effects of ERβ, thus ensuring cancer cell survival. The study found that AR activation in TNBC is largely dependent on hormonal signals, highlighting the importance of the balance between androgen and estrogen levels.
Discussion
Finally, results revealed that ailanthone acted as a potent AR antagonist, effectively blocking AR and Src expression in both canine and human cell lines, reducing significantly cell proliferation. The study concludes that AR and the tumor’s hormonal environment are critical for TNBC progression and that ailanthone could be a beneficial treatment for both human and canine TNBC.Ministerio de Ciencias, Innovación y Universidades ( España)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIEuropean CommissionDepto. de FisiologíaDepto. de Medicina y Cirugía AnimalDepto. de Anatomía y EmbriologíaFac. de VeterinariaFac. de MedicinaTRUEpu
Science fiction and the sublime in “The Hero”, by David Rubín
No full textRESUMEN: En «El héroe», de David Rubín, los arquetipos heroicos se deconstruyen en contra de los valores trascendentes tradicionales, a favor de lo democrático y lo material. En esta línea, la obra representa la lucha entre un paradigma clásico y uno moderno. Esta dicotomía queda especialmente retratada desde un nóvum característico de la ciencia ficción: la ucronía, cuyo punto jonbar ―aquel donde se produce un cambio entre nuestra causalidad histórica y la de la ficción― es la existencia de nuestra tecnología en la Grecia clásica. Lo ucrónico permite a Rubín explorar la dicotomía desde dos líneas diferentes de la ciencia ficción: la prospectiva y el pulp, que a su vez relaciona con lo moderno y lo clásico respectivamente. Además, la diferencia entre la línea prospectiva y la línea pulp se relaciona con lo cotidiano ―la primera― y lo sublime ―la segunda―. Para el análisis parto de trabajos de Hannah Arendt, María Pía Lara, Immanuel Kant y Friedrich Schiller, entre otros.ABSTRACT: In David Rubín's “The Hero”, heroic archetypes are deconstructed against traditional transcendent values, in favour of the democratic and the material. In this line, the work represents the struggle between a classical and a modern paradigm. This dichotomy is especially portrayed through a characteristic science fiction nóvum: the uchronia, whose jonbar point - where a shift occurs between our historical causality and that of fiction - is the existence of our technology in classical Greece. The uchronic allows Rubín to explore the dichotomy from two different strands of ciencia ficción: the prospective and the pulp, which in turn he relates to the modern and the classical respectively. In turn, the difference between the prospective line and the pulp line relates to the everyday ―the former― and the sublime ―the latter―. For the analysis I use works of Hannah Arendt, María Pía Lara, Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schiller, among others.Depto. de Lengua Española y Teoría de la LiteraturaFac. de FilologíaTRUEpu
Reimagining equality in EU higher education and research policies: insights from Black feminism
No full textThis article critically examines the European Union’s (EU) higher education and research (HE&R) policies from a Black feminist perspective that seeks transformative change. It employs an adapted Critical Frame Analysis (CFA) to understand current EU HE&R gender and race equality frames. These frameworks are then contrasted with a Black feminist perspective, based on the works of Philomena Essed, Akwugo Emejulu, and Nilma Lino Gomes, which identifies four inequality dimensions: access and representation, curriculum and research agendas, everyday discrimination, and equality as a democratic imperative. The findings reveal that EU HE&R policies fall short in addressing intersectional, structural, and institutionalized discrimination and the epistemic exclusion of marginalized groups, particularly the racially minoritized. The article argues that these policies reflect a colonial and race-evasive discourse, treating inequality as a numerical problem rather than a systemic issue rooted in gender and race power imbalances. By integrating a Black feminist framework to ‘reforest our imaginaries’ and expand EU equality frameworks, the study contributes to a decolonial critique of European universities and simultaneously advances feminist epistemic justice.Depto. de Ciencia Política y de la AdministraciónFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu
Effectiveness and safety of remdesivir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in mild to moderate COVID-19 in spanish hospital emergency departments
No full textRemdesivir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (NTV/r) are the antiviral drugs available in Spain to prevent progression of mild-moderate COVID-19 in vulnerable populations. The pivotal clinical trials of both were conducted under different epidemiological conditions than the current ones. Therefore, their effect in the current setting is uncertain. A retrospective, multicentre, observational cohort study was conducted in 16 Spanish hospital emergency departments (ED). Data were collected from all patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who presented to an ED in the first seven days after symptom onset between 1st January and 31st August 2022. The incidence of hospitalisation or death from any cause at 30 days (composite endpoint) after discharge from the ED was assessed, as was the occurrence of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Data were analysed using Cox multiple regression and standardised survival curves. A total of 2533 patients were included. The use of NTV/r was associated with a reduced risk of the combined endpoint compared to standard of care (SOC): adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.528, 97.5% confidence interval (97.5%CI): 0.330-0.845; number of patients to treat to avoid an event, 24 (97,5%CI 13-283). No difference was detected between remdesivir and SOC: aHR 0.835: 97,5%CI: 0.524-1.394. No serious ADRs were identified. Early use of NTV/r was associated with less risk of progression of mild to moderate COVID-19 in vulnerable patients, while no differences were found between remdesivir and SOC. Their use was safe.Remdesivir y nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (NTV/r) son los fármacos antivirales disponibles en Espana para evitar la progresión de la COVID-19 leve-moderada en la población vulnerable. Los ensayos clínicos pivotales de ambos se realizaron en unas condiciones epidemiológicas diferentes a las actuales. Por tanto, su efecto en el escenario actual es incierto. Se realizó un estudio observacional multicéntrico retrospectivo de cohortes en 16 servicios de urgencia hospitalaria (SUH) espanoles. ˜ Se recogieron los datos de todos los pacientes con COVID-19 leve-moderada que consultaron en un SUH durante los 7 primeros días de clínica del 1 de enero al 31 de agosto de 2022. Se evaluó la incidencia de ingreso o muerte por cualquier causa a 30 días (evento combinado) tras el alta del SUH, así como la aparición de reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) graves. Los datos se analizaron mediante la regresión múltiple de Cox y las curvas de supervivenciaestandarizadas. Se incluyeron 2.533 pacientes. El uso de NTV/r se asoció con una disminución del riesgo de evento combinado respecto a cuidados habituales (SOC): hazard ratio ajustado (HRa): 0,528; intervalo de confianza al 97,5% (IC 97,5%): 0,330-0,845; número de pacientes a tratar para evitar un evento, 24 (IC 97,5%: 13-283). No se detectó diferencia entre remdesivir y SOC: HRa: 0,835; IC 97,5%: 0,524-1,394. No se detectó ninguna RAM grave. El uso precoz de NTV/r se asoció con una menor progresión de la COVID-19 leve-moderada en la población vulnerable, mientras que no se encontraron diferencias entre remdesivir y SOC. Su uso fue seguro.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, EspañaHospital Universitario Infanta SofíaHospital Universitario del HenaresDepto. de Estadística y Ciencia de los DatosFac. de Estudios EstadísticosTRUEpu