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The Chapter “Sheng Zhi” Of The Xiaojing and The Jiajing Emperor’S Ritual Reform
No full textEver since the Han dynasty, the Chapter “Sheng zhi” of the Xiaojing has been the fundament to justify the way the ritual for the emperor’s ancestors was performed in the Hall of Enlightened Rule. As a consequence, every change in this ritual necessitated a reinterpretation of this chapter. Such a reinterpretation was even unavoidable when it happened to be so that a new emperor was not the natural son of the previous emperor — as was the case for the Ming dynasty Jiajing Emperor. In all cases a reinterpretation of the chapter “Sheng zhi” was thought necessary, and (at times heated) debates ensued among Confucian scholars. This article focuses on the specific case of the Jiajing Emperor’s reinterpretation of the chapter “Sheng zhi” and on the concomitant debate in the Ming dynasty
Mediaeval Arabic love theory between dissonance and consonance: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā˒ al-Rāzī and his argument against ˓Ishq
No full textThis article deals with Chapter V of Kitāb al-Ṭibb al-Rūḥānī of Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) which is concerned with ˓ishq (love) and entitled Fī al-˓Ishq wal-Ilf wa-Jumlat al-Kalām fī al-Ladhdha or “On Love and Intimacy and a Summary Account of Pleasure”. In this chapter, al-Rāzī propounds the idea that love is an unfortunate condition that leads to subservience and surrender, madness and enervation. Previous studies on Kitāb al-Ṭibb al-Rūḥānī show that al-Rāzī based his work on the maladies of the self on Plato, Galen and the tradition of Hedonism. In this article, however, I intend to explore al-Rāzī’s views on ˓ishq and aim to contextualise them within the framework of mediaeval Arabic love theory. I propose to show, moreover, that al-Rāzī’s psychology, or more specifically his argument over ˓ishq, is based not only on “a blend of materialistic and Platonic elements”, as Lenn Evan Goodman asserts, and on “lively debates typical of Hellenistic philosophy”, as Thérèse-Anne Druart claims, but his contemplation which derives from his perception of the vicissitudes of the society and his endeavours to demolish what he considers mistaken ideas of love which were promulgated by some works of mediaeval Arabic literature. By doing so, Chapter V could be considered an exemplar of a form of mediaeval applied ethics which “addresses the moral permissibility of specific actions and practices” as it occurred in the society
Notes on the letter of dedication and the proem of Kritobulos’ Historiai*
No full textKritobulos of Imbros is known to us as the author of one of the most important sources of the Halosis. However, his historical work covering the period from 1451 to 1467 can be regarded not only as an important source of information, but due to its author’s literary talent, as a momentous work of late Byzantine historiography. It has been long acknowledged that Kritobulos was influenced to a great extent by classical authors, in particular Thucydides. Nevertheless, relatively little research has been carried out concerning the manner in which these classical notions reappear in the Historiai. Revealing some new parallels, the present paper explores the commonplace themes present in the proem and the letter of dedication, as well as the most significant features of Kritobulos’ literary imitatio
Osservazioni su Hegem. fr. 1, 1s. Br. e sulla sua collocazione incipitaria
No full textThe article takes into account the first couplet of fr. 1 Br. by the Greek parodic poet Hegemon of Thasos. Through linguistic considerations and an analysis of several loci similes, the article will demonstrate that the couplet probably belongs to the first part of the fragment which itself was presumably the beginning of a longer composition
Bryennios’ Hyle historias: The good ruler, the tyrant and their confidants
No full textContrasting the character traits and the behaviour of a good ruler and a tyrant is one of the traditional motives of Byzantine literature. Essential constituents of this comparison were four cardinal virtues (temperance, prudence, justice, and fortitude), philanthropy, piousness, accession to the throne, concern for subjects, and choice of confidants. Each writer did not necessarily discuss all the elements mentioned; he simply chose those that corresponded to his intention and his conception of his literary work. The same writing strategy was used by Nikephoros Bryennios, a Byzantine military commander and historiographer of the 12th century, in his work titled Hyle historias, in which he depicted in detail the reigns of three emperors: Romanos IV Diogenes, Michael VII Doukas, and Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Bryennios ascribed to each of them some typical traits of a tyrant; Romanos lacked prudence, Michael fortitude, and Botaneiates temperance. Furthermore Romanos listened to flatterers, Michael was manipulated by the eunuch Nikephoritzes, and Botaneiates consulted the dishonest barbarian Boril and trusted the perfidious eunuch John. The examples given imply that, from the list of characteristic mentioned above, Bryennios focused on the choice of confidants and used depictions of the emperor’s confidants to complete the portrayal of the emperor himself. The aim of this paper is to analyze the application of this technique in Hyle historias, which created negative portrayals of former emperors and paved the way for the future emperor Alexios Komnenos, the true hero of Bryennios’ writing
Late Medieval and Early Modern Cloth Seals in the Collection of the Hungarian National Museum
No full textThe small leaden, seal-like objects used to note and testify the origin, type and quality of different sorts of cloth fabrics are almost unknown in the Hungarian scholarly literature. This paper gives the evaluation of the 115 medieval and early modern cloth seals from the Hungarian National Museum.
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Késő középkori és kora újkori textilplombák a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményében. A kisméretű, pecsétszerű, a különböző posztótermékek eredetét, fajtáját és minőségét igazoló ólomplombák a magyar szakirodalomban szinte ismeretlenek. A tanulmány a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményének 115 darab középkori és kora újkori plombájával foglalkozik
Mikro és makro szintetikus szálakkal készített beton próbatestek vizsgálata
No full textHazai gyakorlatban a beton szintetikus szálerősítésről a mérnököknek, kivitelezőknek, de gyakran még a betontechnológusoknak is a szintetikus mikroszál jut eszükbe, habár léteznek makroszálak is, ráadásul a közöttük lévő különbségek jelentősek. Míg a szintetikus mikroszálaknak a repedés után gyakorlatilag nincs statikai hatásuk a szerkezetre, addig a makroszálak hasonlóan viselkednek az acélszálakhoz.A BME Szilárdságtani és Tartószerkezeti Tanszék Laborjában a hazai forgalmazású szintetikus mikro- és makroszálakat vizsgáltam egy előadással egybekötött laborbemutató keretében. Jelen cikkben ennek a kutatásnak az eredményeit közlöm és azok felhasználást a jelenlegi irányelvek szerint.
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Research on concrete beams reinforced by micro and macro synthetic fibres. The synthetic fibre reinforcement for concrete mainly refers to micro fibre in Hungary for engineers, contractors, even for concrete technologists; however, there are also macro fibres and the difference between them is very significant. While synthetic micro fibres have practically no static effect on the cracked structure, the macro fibres act similarly to the steel fibres.I have made a research in the Laboratory of the Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures (Budapest University of Technology and Economics) on synthetic fibres for concrete reinforcing distributed in Hungary, and showed it in a laboratory presentation. This article presents the results of this research and shows how to use them according to the current guidelines