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Pszichológusok és történészek. A pszichológiatörténet művelésének két célcsoportja és két műfaja = Psychologists and historians: Two target groups and two versions of writing history of psychology
No full textAz utóbbi negyed században a pszichológiatörténet művelésének is két jellegzetes attitűdje alakult ki. A hagyományos, klasszikus pszichológiatörténet-írás első lépéseitől (Dessoir, Baldwin) kezdve klasszikusaiig (Boring, Fraisse) szakmai önbemutatási célokat követ. Nem véletlen, hogy művelői is többnyire kiváló pszichológusok, s célja a szakmai szocializáció elősegítése pszichológusok számára. Az új történetírás, Ben-David, Kurt Danziger, Mitchell Ash, Martin Kusch munkáitól kezdve a pszichológiát mint tudományt s hivatást is hagyományos történeti módszerekkel s keretekben kezeli. Levéltári feltárást kombinál nagy léptékű társadalmi elemzéssel, s mindenképpen sine ira et studio a dolgot magát nézi: milyen részlépések vezetnek például a hipnózis sikereihez, milyen társadalmi kontextusban jelenik meg az alaklélektan „értelemkeresése” stb.A tanulmány amellett érvel, hogy a két hozzáállás nem kizárja, hanem kiegészíti egymást. A szakmán belüli és a történészi pszichológiatörténet-írás egyaránt felteszi, hogy az eszmék s gyakorlatok alakulásának három kontextusa s érintkezési felülete van: gondolatainkat mások gondolatai alakítják, de természetesen mások s az egész társadalom gyakorlata s elvárásai is, s eközben a változás az azt képviselő egyéni sorsok dinamikájában jelenik meg.Példákat mutatok be a magyar pszichológia történetéből a két megközelítés és a három terep alkalmazására. A kísérleti pszichológia megszületését kísérő, sőt Ben-David elemzésében megalapozó egzisztenciális feszültségek (a tudós orvosok álláskeresése) nálunk is megjelentek 100 éve, sőt ugyanez az attitűd alkalmazható a pszichológia, a magatartástudomány és a kognitív tudomány mai viszonyára. Az átfogó társadalmi tényezők megjelenésére a „belső pszichológiatörténetben” hazai példa is a gyermeklélektan s az iskolázás kapcsolata, melynek mai hullámai is jól láthatóak. A személyes sorsokat tekintve pedig a magyar pszichológia az életutak drámái közepette megőrzi a személyes és szakmai identitást a politika viharai közepette. Fontos emberi mondandója ez a látszólag intimkedő pszichológiatörténetnek a társadalom egésze számára.
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During the last quarter of century two characteristic forms of doing history of psychology have taken shape. Traditional history writing in psychology from its firsts steps (Dessoir, Baldwin) to its classics (Boring, Fraisse) followed purposes of professional self consciousness raising. Its promoters not accidentally have been outstanding psychologists themselves, and their aim has been o assist the professional socialization of would be psychologists. The “New History writing” from the works of Ben-David, Kurt Danziger, Mitchell Ash, Martin Kusch on, treats psychology both as a science and as a profession with the traditional methods and frames of history writing. Archival research is combined here with a large scale social history analysis, and in any case sine ira et studio it takes a look at the historical issue itself, independently of its later fate within the profession: what social factors were facilitating e.g. the success of hypnosis, what is the social context of the ‘search for meaning’ in Gestalt psychology and so on.The paper argues that the two attitudes do not exclude each other. Rather, they do complement each other. History writing done by psychologists and by historians both assume that the formation of ideas and practices has three contexts and points of contacts: our thoughts are shaped by the thoughts of others, but they are also shaped by the practices and expectations of the entire society, and meanwhile changes appear in the dynamics of the individual actors’ life.I shoe some example form the history of Hungarian psychology for the use of these two approaches and three domains. Existential tensions around the birth of experimental psychology which even had a foundational role according to Ben-David (medical researchers looking for jobs) did appear in Hungary a good hundred years ago as well, and the same attitude can be applied when analyzing contemporary relations between cognitive psychology, behavior science and cognitive science today. An example for the appearance of comprehensive social factors in the “inner history of psychology” the example of relations between schooling and educational psychology also holds in Hungary as well, with its fluctuations up to our days. Regarding personal lives, Hungarian psychology shows good examples for the preservation of personal and professional identity amongst the storms of political and social life. This has important human messages for the seemingly intimate history of psychology for the entire society
Interjú Daniel Sperberrel, az MTA tiszteleti tagjával
No full textA Magyar Tudományos Akadémia 184. közgyűlése 2013. május 6-án olyan új tiszteleti tagot választott, aki, ha nem is pszichológus, a kognitív tudomány, antropológia és pragmatika képviselőjeként lett a II. (Filozófiai és Történettudományi) Osztályának tagja, Kiefer Ferenc, Pataki Ferenc és Pléh Csaba ajánlásával. Spreber székfoglaló előadását Rethining reasoning címmel 2014. február 20-án tartotta meg az MTA székházában.Szerkesztőségünk — szokásának megfelelően — a gratulációnak azt a formáját választotta, hogy a szakmánk megbecsültségét mutató és tekintélyét növelő új taggal rövid személyes (elektronikus levelezésen alapuló) interjút készítettünk
Roma in Central and Eastern Europe: Ethnicising, performing, and commodifying social differences
No full textRoma art: Theory and practice
No full text“Reading the texts of Frantz Fanon, bell hooks, Walter Mignolo, Gayatri Spivak, Peggy Piesche and relating their ideas to the current state of capitalism, migration, racism, class, gender, etc., it became necessary to reform and re-formulate our existing vocabulary for the description and representation of Roma.”1 This essay applies these new frameworks of understanding to the interpretation of works by Roma contemporary artists. The artistic careers mentioned in the essay demonstrate the operation of structural oppression towards the Roma, and offer models on how to revolt against this oppression and on how to reject the majority’s dominance in order to construct new Roma identities. The Roma artists appear in contemporary art (canon) as incoherence, threat or a dangerous element hindering its systematic operation. Their art is organized around the question of visibility; and on how they can rewrite or modify the mainstream discourse once they arrive at the position of visibility
Sesŭmmu. Distinction, debate and features of hereditary mudang in Korea
No full textCurrent results in both theoretical and fieldwork in shamanism in Korea are getting closer to the unity about origins and state of kangshinmu and sesŭmmu, the two types of mudang. Our aim is to specify the differences based on the latest research results and to show the development of overlapping between them through the changing process of their position in today society. We emphasize the characteristics of the sesŭmmu which is disappearing or melting into a modern mixed mudang form. From a historical perspective differentiation could have evolved because of a kind of syncretism as a consequence of the different cultural traditions’ meeting thus modern situation can be seen as the sequence of historical process
Is there a trade-off between the predictive power and the interpretability of bankruptcy models? The case of the first Hungarian bankruptcy prediction model
No full textIn our work, we compare the predictive power of different bankruptcy prediction models built on financial indicators calculable from businesses’ accounting data on the database of the first Hungarian bankruptcy model. For modelling, we use data-mining methods often applied in bankruptcy prediction: neural networks (NN), support vector machines (SVM) and the rough set theory (RST) capable of rule-based classification. The point of departure for our comparative analysis is the practical finding that black-box-type data-mining methods typically show better classification performance than models whose results are easy to interpret, i.e. there seems to be a kind of trade-off between the interpretability and predictive power of bankruptcy models. Empirical results lead us to conclude that the RST approach can be a competitive alternative to black-box-type SVM and NN models. In our research, we did not find any major trade-off between the interpretability and predictive performance of bankruptcy models on the database of the first Hungarian bankruptcy model
Waterlogging and nitric oxide induce gene expression and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
No full textThe effects of waterlogging (WL) and WL plus nitric oxide (WL+NO) were investigated in seedlings of one wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum cv. Dogankent) and one wheat line (Triticum aestivum cv. Ducula-4). Under WL conditions, catalase activity was greater in Ducula-4 than in Dogankent. Glutathione reductase activity increased in Ducula-4 seedlings under WL+NO conditions, especially at 48 and 72 hours of treatment. Myb2 expression increased during the early hours of treatment in both wheat varieties exposed to WL, with 40-fold higher levels in Ducula-4, gradually decreasing to control levels. Under WL+NO treatment, Myb2 expression increased 44-fold at 12 hours and high levels of expression were still observed at 72 hours. When Ducula-4 seedlings were subjected to WL+NO treatment, PDPK expression increased approximately 15-fold at 3 hours and decreased to control levels at 72 hours. Under the same conditions, SST1 expression increased 3-fold at 3 and 12 hours and reached control levels during the subsequent hours. Among the genes studied, the highest level of expression was observed for Myb2. Moreover, gene expression was altered most by waterlogging in Ducula-4 seedlings
PCR-based identification of Adriatic specimen of three scorpionfish species (Scorpaenidae, Teleostei)
No full textThe identification of three scorpionfish species, the black scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758), the large-scaled scorpionfish (S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) and the small red scorpionfish (S. notata Rafinesque, 1810) is possible in adults by morphometry, but often problematic in juveniles due to their similar phenotypes. To develop a molecular species identification tool, first, we have analyzed the genetic similarity of the three species by a PCR-based ‘blind method’ that amplified bands from various locations of the genome. We found high levels of nucleotide similarity between S. porcus and S. scrofa, whereas S. notata showed a higher level of divergence from the other two species. Then, we have searched these patterns for differences between the genomes of Adriatic specimen of these three species and identified several species-specific products in two of them. For the third one a species-specific primer pair amplifying from the 16S ribosomal DNA was designed. One marker for each species was cloned, sequenced and converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers amplified by specific primer pairs. The SCAR markers amplified robust bands of limited variability from the target species, while no or only occasional weak products were obtained from the other two, proving that they can be used for molecular identification of these three species. These markers can help the conservation and future analysis of these three species as well as their possible selection programs for aquaculture purposes
A preliminary report on the genetic variation in pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA
No full textPointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) is an economically important cucurbit and is extensively propagated through vegetative means, viz vine and root cuttings. As the accessions are poorly characterized it is important at the beginning of a breeding programme to discriminate among available genotypes to establish the level of genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of 10 pointed gourd races, referred to as accessions was evaluated. DNA profiling was generated using 10 sequence independent RAPD markers. A total of 58 scorable loci were observed out of which 18 (31.03%) loci were considered polymorphic. Genetic diversity parameters [average and effective number of alleles, Shannon’s index, percent polymorphism, Nei’s gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC)] for RAPD along with UPGMA clustering based on Jaccard’s coefficient were estimated. The UPGMA dendogram constructed based on RAPD analysis in 10 pointed gourd accessions were found to be grouped in a single cluster and may represent members of one heterotic group. RAPD analysis showed promise as an effective tool in estimating genetic polymorphism in different accessions of pointed gourd
Immunohistochemical staining reveals C-reactive protein existing predominantly as altered conformation forms in inflammatory lesions
No full textC-reactive protein (CRP) is an established marker of inflammation and has been proposed to play a proinflammatory role in pathologies of several diseases. CRP is primarily produced by the liver and released into circulation as a pentameric molecule composed of five identical subunits. It has been suggested that the activation of the proinflammatory actions of CRP requires sequential conformational changes triggered by local inflammatory conditions. These include the dissociation into the subunit form (monomeric CRP, mCRP) and further reduction of the intra-subunit disulfide bond of mCRP. This model predicts that mCRP is the primary isoform present in inflamed but not healthy tissues, however the supporting evidence is lacking. Herein, we stained tissue samples across multiple anatomical locations from several types of human diseases with highly selective monoclonal antibodies that can differentiate CRP and mCRP. The results indicated that mCRP is the predominant form existing in the lesions. Further immunoblotting of the patient tissue samples revealed the potential presence of reduced mCRP. Together, we conclude that mCRP but not CRP is the major isoform present in local inflammatory lesions, supporting the so-called cascading model of CRP function and regulation