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Non-universal flipped trinification models with arbitrary β
Full text linkExploramos la simetría de norma recientemente propuesta SU(3)C ⊗ SU(3)L ⊗ SU(3)R ⊗ U(1)X, la cual incorpora de manera natural tanto el modelo izquierda-derecha como el modelo 3-3-1 como subgrupos. Dentro de este marco unificado, proponemos cuatro familias de leptones y quarks. Se realiza un análisis detallado de sus contribuciones a la cancelación de anomalías de norma para un valor general del parámetro β.
A partir de este análisis, se identifican ocho modelos de tres familias no universales y libres de anomalías, así como cuatro conjuntos de dos familias no universales también libres de anomalías. Los modelos de tres familias constituyen extensiones realistas del Modelo Estándar, manteniendo varias características atractivas de los modelos 3-3-1, mientras que los conjuntos de dos familias ofrecen flexibilidad para construir modelos con un número par de familias.
Asimismo, se reportan límites del LHC sobre la masa del bosón Z′ para el caso particular β = −1/√3, considerando todas las posibles combinaciones de familias de leptones y quarks. Estos límites muestran una fuerte dependencia respecto al parámetro de mezcla θ, que interviene en los acoplamientos de los fermiones del Modelo Estándar con el bosón Z′
Capital simulation tools in educational and financial institutions
Full text linkIntroduction: This research article explores the perception of the need to manage a simulation software or tool that allows for the improvement of skills in planning and decision-making from a financial management perspective. Objective: The main goal is to analyze the importance of financial simulation applications that professionals learn to use to improve personal and business finances. Methodology: The research was of a mixed type and approach, with a quasi-experimental design, a descriptive, cross-sectional, and field study scope, and the Delphi method was used. Results: The findings were established through the applied instrument, which was a structured interview with 25 financial experts based on two theoretical variables: the first is software application, and the second is management. Although some applications are used, experts tend to create their own tools to contribute to effective decision-making from basic to advanced levels. Conclusions: Based on this, it is concluded that decision-making by professionals, with or without postgraduate studies, is deeply influenced by their expertise and the effective handling and analysis of results obtained from free software, Excel add-ons, and paid applications, both at the personal and business levels
Pedagogical strategies in the training of agricultural engineers
Full text linkStudies on pedagogical strategies in agricultural higher education programs in Colombia are limited; hence, the need to identify the pedagogical strategies used by teachers in the training of agricultural engineers at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Nariño. To do so, information on the 54 subjects of the study plan was analyzed in the form "Thematic Programming by Subject" prepared by the teachers, and descriptive statistics were applied with a deductive approach. The investigation allowed the identification of the following variables: first, pedagogical strategies for knowledge transfer; second, forms of evaluation; third, origin of the bibliography recommended by teachers. The predominant strategy in the training of agricultural engineers is identified with the traditional paradigm in 36 subjects (66.7%), which correspond to the technical disciplines of the curriculum, and where the practical instruction of know-how and field research predominate. In addition, the close relationship between the programmatic contents and the development of competences in the practical field is confirmed. All the faculty in their pedagogical work still resort to the master class, a situation that demonstrates the prevalence of behavioral pedagogical strategies; likewise, most courses favor mixed evaluation; meanwhile, the individual evaluation is applied to a lesser extent, and most professors recommend bibliographical sources of foreign origin. The results constitute valuable information for the formulation of strategies aimed at strengthening the teaching-learning processes and improving the quality of Higher Education
Fertilization levels with NPK in bush pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes under Andisol soil
Full text linkPea (Pisum sativum L.) farmers in Colombia, especially in Nariño, lack knowledge about the appropriate fertilizer dosage needed to achieve optimal crop yields, resulting in reduced product competitiveness in the market. The objective was to evaluate the effect of six levels of NPK fertilization on yield components of four promising lines of bush pea with the afila gene in four municipalities in the Nariño department. A split-plot design with three replications was used in the experiment. The principal plot corresponded to the four promising lines of bush pea with the afila gene, and the subplot corresponded to six levels of fertilization. The results showed differential responses of the genotypes to different levels of fertilization. Based on the number of pods per plant, within the ARB15 line in Yacuanquer and ARB16 in Pasto, the result of the 120-16-56 fertilization level was higher than the recommended level based on soil analysis. In number of grains per pod, fertilization based on soil analysis showed similar results to the other five fertilization levels that were evaluated within the four pea lines in the different locations, except in Pasto within the ARB12 line, where 7.45 grains per pod were obtained, being lower than that obtained by the 120-6-56 level, which was 9.02. In terms of yield, the lines ARB2, ARB12, and ARB16 did not present a superior response to the fertilization level applied based on soil analysis. The best yield for ARB15 was obtained with a fertilization level of 90-12-42 in two locations
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for vegetation index analysis in traditional agriculture
Full text linkThe use of spectral remote sensing in agriculture allows the obtaining of relevant and accurate data on crop vigor in in a short time. This makes it possible to make decisions that improve farmers' profitability. This study defines the use of remote sensing devices that capture electromagnetic regions represented in multispectral images from the visible red (RED) and near-infrared (NIR) bands to evaluate the spectral response in a potato crop. The images obtained allowed the calculation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) to compare spectral responses in different phenological stages of a potato crop. These results were verified in the field to establish the causes of the negative and positive values in the calculation of the indices. In the early stages of crop development, there were areas with NDVI and SAVI values (-0.3 and -0.4) corresponding to the reflectance in bare soil. In later stages, such as flowering and filling, there were positive values of NDVI and SAVI (0.06 and 0.1) in most of the areas studied; negative values (-0.2 and -0.4) were also found, indicating problems of vegetative development associated with the presence of invasive plant species, highlighting the correction of reflectance between the two indices. The results obtained show that the vegetation indices allow the identification of characteristics and conditions in the potato crop, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of this technological tool in production systems in the region
Development of an agroecological strategy with rural women based on a food consumption score
Full text linkIn rural Colombia, female-headed households represent a vulnerable group regarding food insecurity, highlighting the need for strategies to improve the diversity and volume of cultivated food. This study aimed to develop an agroecological strategy using the Food Consumption Score (FCS) as an indicator. To achieve this, we worked with 38 participants from the Obonuco district in the department of Nariño, conducting an initial characterization through a semi-structured survey and applying the FCS methodology to identify at-risk food groups that could be managed. This information served as the foundation for the participatory design of two gardens based on agroecological principles, and over a year, the contribution of these gardens to the prioritized food groups was evaluated. The results revealed that age, education level, and land access increase vulnerability in this population. Based on the FCS results, the gardens were designed to positively impact five food groups by integrating 15 plant species and two animal protein sources (guinea pigs and eggs). The project enhanced food security among rural women heads of households through participatory strategies, the FCS indicator, and agroecological production processes, creating a methodological framework that can be replicated in similar initiatives
Analysis of the business strategies of crowdfunding platforms in Colombia
Full text linkIntroduction: Crowdfunding is a collective financing mechanism that democratizes access to capital, highlighting the need for new platforms to drive this constantly expanding sector. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the characteristics and strategies of twelve active platforms in the country to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that would guide the development of a portal focused on entrepreneurship and
strengthen the national collaborative ecosystem. Methodology: A qualitative-descriptive approach was used through positioning analysis, social media management, business models, document review, and non-participant observation of digital interactions. Results: The ability
to foster local communities and trust between creators and investors stands out. Weaknesses were detected in post-campaign advice, high costs, limited customization, and limited revenue diversification. Opportunities include international expansion, innovation in payment methods, public partnerships, and creator training. Threats include growing competition, mistrust due to failed projects, regulatory restrictions, and difficulty standing out; financial transparency remains crucial. Conclusions: Platforms should prioritize regional expansion, technological automation, user connection, and educational tools, integrating artificial intelligence and reputation to increase investor confidence and long-term sustainability
Application of the Treynor index in SMEs in the Colombian logistics sector period: 2019-2023
Full text linkIntroduction: In Colombia, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operate in a volatile economic environment, which exposes them significantly to systematic risk. Therefore, it is crucial to have tools to evaluate their risk-adjusted financial performance. Objective: To analyze the viability of the Treynor index as a tool for measuring risk compensation in SMEs in the freight forwarding sector. Methodology: through a quantitative approach, financial data from 59 representative companies were examined, using regression models with fixed and random effects, as well as hypothesis testing. Results: the results indicate that, on average, the profitability of these SMEs does not adequately compensate the systematic risk to which they are exposed. However, it was found that the Treynor index can be adapted to the specific characteristics of the logistics sector, suggesting its usefulness as a risk management tool. Conclusion: Moving the use of the Treynor index from market finance to corporate finance constitutes a valid alternative to improve the financial competitiveness of Colombian logistics SMEs, by providing an objective way of evaluating the relationship between risk and profitability