Technical University of Darmstadt

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    13979 research outputs found

    Air-coupled Lamb Wave Testing of Buried Air-voids in Foam-filled Sandwich Panels

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    Sandwich panels, composed of two steel faces and a rigid foam core, are an inexpensive and lightweight option for construction industry. However, voids can form in the foam core during the manufacturing process. This paper uses ultrasonic testing to detect such voids in the foam core of sandwich panels, buried a few millimeters below the surface. The testing setup employs both air-coupled and non-contact ultrasonic testing. Different frequencies are investigated for their influence on the detection capabilities. Two air-coupled experimental setups are constructed, one at 40 kHz and the other one at 200 kHz. Artificial defects are carved into the sandwich panel at different depths. The results are compared to a simulation. We found that detecting buried voids in these sandwich panels is feasible. The 40-kHz setup has a larger penetration depth of 14 mm, while the 200-kHz setup has a smaller penetration depth of 2.5 mm. The 200-kHz setup shows a better contrast, i.e. the amplitude at the defect increases by 27% compared to 6% with the 40-kHz setup. These methods enable air-coupled, non-contact ultrasonic testing of buried defects in sandwich panels. They have the potential to be integrated into production lines, contributing to improved material efficiency and quality control for these sandwich panels

    The Li stance on precipitation in Al–Li-based alloys: an investigation by X-ray Raman spectroscopy

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    Decomposition and precipitation processes in a binary Al–Li alloy and a technical Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloy were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS). The formation of δ’ and T1 precipitates in the Al–Li and the T8 heat-treated Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloy, respectively, was confirmed using DSC. The XRS measurements complemented by simulated spectra allowed for probing specifically Li and its environment within the Al matrix. Based on linear combination fits of the XRS spectra, the relative contributions of δ′ and T1 precipitates were quantified. These results are in agreement with estimates of the relative amount of Li taking part in the precipitation process. Difficulties and limitations of the application of XRS to Al alloy systems are also discussed

    Nuclear quests for the r-process

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    The astrophysical r-process produces about half of the elements heavier than iron in the Universe and all of the transactinides. Recently neutron star mergers have been identified as one site of r-process nucleosynthesis. Simulations of this site and the associated nucleosynthesis requires essential nuclear input, ranging from the Equation of State (EoS) of nuclear matter at extreme densities and temperatures to the properties of very neutron-rich nuclei. Many of these quantities have to be modeled, however, constrained by a steadily increasing amount of experimental data. This manuscript summarizes the knowledge of nuclear input required for r-process studies in neutron star mergers

    Informationsmenge als Indikator psychischer Belastung

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    Die vorliegende Studie stellt eine Laboruntersuchung an acht Versuchspersonen dar, die mit Hilfe einer Postkorbübung drei unterschiedlichen Belastungsstufen aufgrund von steigender Informationsmenge ausgesetzt werden. Es wird untersucht, ob Informationsmenge ein psychischer Belastungsfaktor ist und wann/ob dieser zu einer Fehlbelastung führen kann. Erhoben werden die Kopf- und Gesichtsbewegungen, die in vorherigen Studien als Indikatoren für Fehlbelastung identifiziert wurden, sowie die Anzahl korrekter Antworten. Die Daten werden mittels Korrelations‑, Regressions- und Varianzanalysen ausgewertet. Es zeigen sich signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen Informationsmenge und richtigen Antworten (τb = −0,43, p = 0.013), Informationsmenge und Kopf‑/Gesichtsbewegungen (τb = 0,43, p = 0.009) sowie richtigen Antworten und Kopf‑/Gesichtsbewegungen (τb = −0,29, p = 0.050). Das Ergebnis der linearen Regression ist signifikant, weil F (1,9998) = 1,577e + 04 und p < 0.001 ist bei R² = 0,612. Somit ist Informationsmenge ein signifikanter Prädiktor für Kopf‑/Gesichtsbewegungen. Auch die zweite Regressionsanalyse ist signifikant mit F (1,9998) = 1,261e + 04 und p < 0.001 bei R² = 0,5577. Somit ist Informationsmenge ein signifikanter Prädiktor für richtige Antworten. Die Ergebnisse der ANOVA zeigen, dass sich Kopf‑/Gesichtsbewegungen signifikant für die verschiedenen Belastungsstufen (p = 0.02) und ebenfalls die Anzahl der richtigen Antworten (p = 0.03) unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Informationsmenge ein psychischer Belastungsfaktor ist und dass innerhalb der zweiten Belastungsstufe (mittlere Informationsmenge) eine Grenze der menschlichen Informationsverarbeitung liegt. Praktische Relevanz: Die Studie bereitet erste Erkenntnisse zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten für Informationsmenge auf und gibt Tipps speziell für den Versand von E‑Mails sowie zu Arbeitsunterbrechungen für die berufliche Praxis

    Sicherheitsherausforderungen für Smart-City-Infrastrukturen

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    Viele Städte entwickeln sich hin zu einer „Smart City“. Der Trend birgt einerseits vielfältige Potenziale für Effizienz, Nachhaltigkeit und Sicherheit. Auf der anderen Seite ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen für den Schutz städtischer Infrastrukturen und der darin befindlichen Daten vor Ausfällen und (Cyber‑)Angriffen, die in ihrer Komplexität bisher nur wenig untersucht sind. Zusammenfassung: -Trend der Digitalisierung städtischer Infrastrukturen hin zu Smart Cities -Großes Potenzial von Smart Cities für Effizienz, Komfort, Nachhaltigkeit und Sicherheit -Herausforderungen für Datenschutz und Sicherheit bei Unfällen (Safety) sowie Angriffsfällen (Security

    Interactive Input and Visualization for Planning with Temporal Uncertainty

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    When planning series of events or processes, everyone has to cope with temporal uncertainty. Popular examples are holiday planning or train trips. There are several approaches to visualize temporal uncertainty when temporal data and events are already defined, but common research usually does not take uncertainty into account, neither as input nor output. To develop our design, we considered a variety of common approaches for uncertainty visualization and used participatory evaluation to validate our concept. Our design aims at using this uncertainty visualization while sketching the plan interactively. The user may draw and connect a variety of activities using different graphical metaphors as hints for uncertainty. The sketches are immediately interpreted and turned into a visualization to check and validate the resulting plan. To evaluate our new visualization and interactive approach, we conducted a quantitative user study. With an average correctness of 81%, the study shows that the visualization and interaction design work well together and that scheduling plans containing temporal uncertainties can be externalized by the majority of participants without major difficulties

    Herstellung und Charakterisierung ligninbasierter funktionaler Papierbeschichtungen

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    Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Herstellung von ligninbasierten, funktionalen Papierbeschichtungen. Ausgehend von Kraft-Lignin werden Lignin-Fettsäureester hergestellt und aus organischen Lösemitteln auf Papier gestrichen. Von den so erhaltenen Barrierepapieren wird die Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeitsrate (WVTR) bestimmt. Um den Einfluss von verschiedenen natürlichen Wachsen und kristallinen Fettsäuren auf die Barriereeigenschaften der Ligninesterbeschichtungen zu untersuchen werden diese mit den Ligninestern in Lösung gebracht und ebenfalls auf Papier gestrichen. Die Barriereeigenschaften gegenüber Wasserdampf, Lösungsmitteln und Fetten der beschichteten Papiere werden bestimmt. Zur Herstellung wässriger Streichfarben werden die Sprühmikronisierung mit anschließender Dispersion und die Schmelzdispersion betrachtet. Durch Wahl verschiedener Dispergiermittel werden die Partikel in Wasser dispergiert, die erhaltenen Streichfarben auf Papier aufgebracht und die Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeitsraten untersucht. Durch das Beschichten mit Ligninestern konnte die Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeitsrate mehr als halbiert werden. Zudem konnten die Barrierewerte durch das Einbringen der kristallinen Fettsäuren nochmals erheblich verbessert werden, mit Minima im Bereich von 20% bis 60% Fettsäureanteil. In einem zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden siegelbare Beschichtungen für Papier auf Basis von Lignin untersucht. Hierfür wird Ligninsuccinat synthetisiert, auf Papier aufgebracht und das so erhaltene Papier gesiegelt. In Zugversuchen konnte beobachtet werden, dass sich anstatt eines Brechens des Siegels die Cellulosefasern einer Seite des gesiegelten Papiers aus dem Fasergelege lösten. Dies deutet auf eine gute Siegelstärke hin

    Global state of the art of teaching life cycle assessment in higher education

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    Purpose: Globally, there is an increased demand for education on life cycle assessment (LCA). In response, there has been an increase in course availability, but also a lack of clarity on the comprehensiveness of these offerings and the resulting student competencies. Methods: A global survey was conducted to obtain empirical evidence on teaching LCA. The survey explored the availability of LCA courses globally and the depth of the teaching, including expected core competencies and related teaching and learning workloads. A purposive sampling strategy was adopted wherein eligible participants were approached by the researchers. Results and discussion: According to the survey, annually, over 10,000 students participate in more than 200 LCA courses. The results reflected the interdisciplinary nature of LCA with courses being taught across different disciplines, including engineering, chemical sciences, and economics. Estimated workload demands for achieving different competency levels were significantly lower than those estimated by an expert panel before. This may be attributed in part to respondents not accounting for the full workload beyond classroom interactions. Nonetheless, workload demands increased with competency levels. Conclusions and recommendations: The results emphasize the need for a common understanding of LCA teaching with regard to content, literacy levels, and competencies to avoid false expectations of the labor and research markets in terms of available expertise. Therefore, LCA curriculum development and program planning remain significant challenges and essential tasks for the global LCA community

    Current status and future trends in particle therapy – lessons from an interdisciplinary workshop

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    Purpose: To provide an introduction to the special issue containing the proceedings of the workshop on cancer therapy using hadrons (proton, carbon ions or boron neutron capture therapy) that was held in Pavia in October 2023 and organized by CNAO and IAEA. Methods: Papers contained in the issue are briefly summarized. Results: This issue contains a collection of papers from the workshop that provide a great opportunity to learn about the status and progress of this technology. Conclusions: Particle therapy is exponentially growing worldwide. While several clinical trials are now providing convincing evidence of the effectiveness of the treatment in tumor control and reduced toxicity, the technology remains expensive and the cost effectiveness is still under debate. The IAEA-CNAO workshop provided a clear picture of the state of the art and future prospective of this technology

    Gravimetric and morpho-structural analyses in the superhot geothermal system Los Humeros: an example from central Mexico

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    The influence of deep and regional geological structures is becoming increasingly important in superhot geothermal systems due to their proximity to the transition between brittleness and ductility. In the Los Humeros geothermal field in Mexico, where subsurface fluids reach temperatures of over 350 °C, the surface structures resulting from the collapse of calderas have so far only been interpreted at the local scale. The aim of this work is to place the recent tectonic and volcano-tectonic geomorphologic evolution and structures in the Los Humeros volcanic area in a regional context. NE- and NW-striking dominant structures resulting from a morpho-structural analysis on a regional scale are confirmed by negative and positive anomalies, respectively, after Butterworth filtering of gravity field data with different wavelengths over a local area of about 1000 km². By analyzing the slip and dilation trends of the observed directions, we show the relevance of the regional context for reservoir exploration. The magnitudes of the principal stresses we estimate indicate a trans-tensional fault regime, a combination of strike-slip and normal faulting. The structures derived from the gravity and morpho-structural analyses, which are parallel to the maximum horizontal stress, have the highest potential for tensile and shear failure. Therefore, the corresponding negative gravity anomalies could be related to fracture porosity. Consequently, we hypothesize that these structures near the transition between brittleness and ductility control fluid flow in the Los Humeros geothermal field

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