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Influence of sustainable control methods on selected life-history parameters of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
No full textPlanococcus ficus is a key pest in the most important grape-growing regions. Its effective chemical control is difficult to achieve owing to its biotic potential and concealed habit. In addition, insecticide applications represent a threat for environment and human health. In this PhD thesis, alternative control techniques to reduce P. ficus populations were evaluated. Specifically, the effects of different cover crop management systems as well as of increasing nitrogen fertilization regimes on the life-history parameters of the mealybug were investigated in a commercial vineyard and in a screenhouse, respectively. Moreover, laboratory and field trials were carried out to determine the influence of delayed mating and mating disruption on biological and demographic parameters of P. ficus. Finally, the potential of the parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii as a biological control agent against the vine mealybug was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results obtained show that both ground covers and nitrogen fertilization affect developmental and reproductive parameters of the mealybug. Mating disruption reduced and delayed matings, whereasL. dactylopii successfully developed on P. ficus and showed a performance comparable to that of its preferred host, Planococcus citri (Risso). The results indicate that accurate cultural practices and environmentally friendly control methods may effectively integrate the conventional chemical control against P. ficus.</i
A Set of aploid strains available for genetic studies of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> flor yeasts
No full textFlor yeasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been extensively studied for biofilm formation, however the lack of specific haploid model strains has limited the application of genetic approaches such as gene knockout, allelic replacement and Quantitative Trait Locus mapping for the deciphering of the molecular basis of velum formation under biological ageing. The aim of this work was to construct a set of flor isogenic haploid strains easy to manipulate genetically. The analysis of the allelic variations at 12 minisatellite loci of 174 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains allowed identifying three flor parental strains with different phylogenic positions. These strains were characterized for sporulation efficiency, growth on galactose, adherence to polystyrene, agar invasion, growth on wine and ability to develop a biofilm. Interestingly, the inability to grow on galactose was found associated with a frameshift in GAL4 gene that seems peculiar of flor strains. From these wild flor strains, isogenic haploid strains were constructed by deleting HO gene with a loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette followed by the removal of the kanamycin cassette. Haploid strains obtained were characterized for their phenotypic and genetic properties and compared with the parental strains. Preliminary results showed that the haploid strains represent new tools for genetic studies and breeding programs on biofilm formation
Overcoming implementation barriers: a method for designing Strategic Environmental Assessment guidelines
No full textEuropean Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) implementation still presents a number of criticalities, which are often attributed to historical delays leading to less diffuse practices than those in other countries (Tetlow and Hanusch, 2012 and Bina, 2007). Since the Directive 2001/42/EC (henceforth, Directive) has introduced the SEA (European Parliament and Council, 2001), the European Union Member States have acknowledged its principles through proper legislative acts (see Table 9 in Annex 2 for a selection of cases). The timing of these juridical processes spans over some years: for instance, Bulgaria, France, and the UK released a SEA law in 2004, while Italy in 2006 (Italian Regulation, 2006).
Our approach consists in considering a number of European national SEA guidelines and evaluates their principles, contents, and completeness. The work presented in this article is useful for the design and update of guidelines concerning SEA implementation to any type of programme and plan. The argument unfolds as follows. In the next section, we introduce a state of the art summary on critical issues in SEA implementation and SEA guidelines. In the third section, we define our method. In the fourth section, we describe a selection of SEA guidelines, present and discuss the results of our analysis, and propose a framework for the design of SEA guidelines in a given member state. The fifth section concludes this paper and provides some final outlook remarks
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics of goat milk with different polymorphism at the α<sub>S1</sub>-casein genotype locus
No full textHyphenated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and multivariate data analysis techniques were used to uncover milk metabolite differences in different αS1-casein genotypes of goats. By a discriminant GC-MS metabolomics approach, we characterized milk polar metabolites of 28 goats. Animals were selected on the basis of their genotypes as 7 goats classified heterozygous for weak or null alleles, 5 for the genotype EE, 9 for the genotypes AE and BE, and finally 7 for the strong genotype AA. Low molecular weight polar metabolite profile was tightly related to the different goat genotypes, milk production, and protein levels. Results of multivariate statistical analysis of GC-MS data demonstrate that different heterozygous and homozygous genotypes expressed different metabolites such as citric and aconitic acid for the strong allele class with different sugars and polyols for the weak class
Long-term durability of tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy in relation to the co-administration of other drug classes in routine clinical practice
No full textBACKGROUND: In clinical trials, toxicity leading to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) discontinuation is rare (3% by 2 years); however in clinical practice it seems to be higher, particularly when TDF is co-administered with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r). Aims of this study were to assess the rate of TDF discontinuations in clinical practice and to identify factors associated with the risk of stopping TDF.
METHODS: All antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive patients initiating a TDF-based regimen were selected from the ICONA Foundation Study cohort. The primary outcome was TDF discontinuation regardless of the reason; secondary outcome measures were TDF discontinuation due to toxicity and selective TDF discontinuation (that is, TDF discontinuation or substitution, maintaining unchanged the remaining antiretroviral treatment).
RESULTS: 3,618 ART-naïve patients were included: 54% started a PI/r-based and 46% a NNRTI-based based regimen. Two-hundred-seventy-seven patients discontinued TDF and reintroduced ART within 30 days without TDF. The probability of TDF discontinuation regardless of the reason was of 7.4% (95%CI:6.4-8.5) by 2 years and 14.1% (95%CI:12.2-16.1) by 5 years. The 5-year KM estimates in the PI/r vs. NNRTI group were 20.4% vs. 7.6%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.0001), for the outcome of stopping regardless of the reason, and 10.7% vs. 4.7% (p = 0.0001) for discontinuation due to toxicity. PI/r use and lower eGFR were associated with an increased risk of discontinuing TDF.
CONCLUSION: In our cohort, the frequency of TDF discontinuations was higher than that observed in clinical trials. Co-administration of TDF with PI/r was associated with an increased rate of TDF discontinuations. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms that might have led to this outcome
Aspetti e problemi dell’universalismo romano: ricerche di <i>ius publicum</i> (e <i>ius sacrum</i>)
No full textSOMMARIO: 1. La fine della religione politeista romana. – 2. Luoghi dell’universalismo romano: la urbs Roma «auspicato inauguratoque condita». – 3. Una religio per la pax deorum. – 4. Dimensione religiosa dell’imperium populi Romani. – 5 Il sacrificio nella religione romana. – 6. Tensioni universalistiche e aperture (“tolleranza”) della religione politeista romana e dell’Impero Romano. – 7. “Aperture cultuali” come “procedure operative” dell’universalismo religioso romano. – 8. Conclusione. – 9. Bibliografia
La Cittadinanza romana tra esperienza storica e attualità
No full textThe concept of citizenship has become one of the key issues of the European political debate. The European citizenship was introducing, according to Community institutions, to strengthen and enhance the European identity and enable European citizens to participate in the Community integration process in a more intense way. But the result of this attempt, maybe too much related to national citizenships and devoid of genuine content statute, has been rather disappointing enough. The Roman citizenship, characterized by an opening beyond the boundary of the urbs identifying a community united in the fellowship in the same religio and ius, can be helpful in redefining a new EU citizenship.
Понятие гражданства стало одним из ключевых вопросов в европейских политических дебатах. Гражданство Европейского Союза было введено, по данным нормативных документов ЕС, для укрепления и усиления европейской идентичности и с целью позволить европейскому гражданину более интенсивно участвовать в процессе интеграции в общество. Но результат этой попытки, может быть, слишком связанной с национальными института-ми гражданства и отсутствием реального содержания в этом институте, был достаточно разочаровывающим. Анализ римского гражданства, характеризовавшегося открытостью границ urbs, выявлявшего сообщество, объединенное в братство одной и той же religio и одним и тем же ius, можетбыть полезным в разработке нового гражданства ЕС
Normativa primaria e normativa secondaria in materia di <i>zygostatai</i>
No full textLa recherche analyse la législation en matière de ζυγοστάται, officiers municipaux responsables de peser les pièces d’or: C. Th. 12.7.2 (= C. 10.73.2) du 363, constitution avec laquelle l’empereur Julien a ordonné la mise en place d’un zygostates dans chaque ville, afin de résoudre les différends sur le poids des pièces dans les emptiones-venditiones solidorum; Cod. Bodleianus Roe 18 nr. 7 et Index Marcianus nr. 3, l’édit de Hierius, préfet du prétoire d’Orient, relatif à la nomination du zygostates, publié sous l’empire d’Anastase; l’édit 11 de Justinien du 559, avec lequel on a condamné les activités illicites effectuées par des zygostatai et chrysonai à Alexandrie
Rappresentanza o/e partecipazione: formazione della volontà «per» o/e «per mezzo di» altri: nei rapporti individuali e collettivi, di diritto privato e pubblico, romano e positivo
No full textLa noción jurídica de “representación” nace y tiene sentido come parte de una específica forma del binomio constituido por la concepción y el régimen unitarios de la pluralidad de hombres.
Esta ‘forma específica’ es “persona jurídica y representación”. La “abstracción” de la pluralidad de hombres, conseguida con la noción de “persona jurídica”, es instrumental para su “substitición” volitiva (es decir, substitución en el ejercicio de su poder) por parte del “uno” o de los “pocos”, obtenida con la noción de “representación”.
El ‘binomio’ recibe esta ‘forma específica’ en aplicación de la lógica organizativa feudal: inicialmente durante la edad media avanzada y luego durante la época moderna y la contemporánea, en una progresión científica, que continúa.
La Pandectística ha reforzado el binomio feudal a nivel de verdadero postulado de razón, sobrescribiendolo en la lógica jurídica romana, que se “olvida”. Al refuerzo contribuye la aplicación de la noción de representación también a la categoría de los actos de volición individual con intermediarios (mandatum – procura). El resultado se resume con la fórmula “actuar por otros”, la cual expresa el protagonismo del “representante” (sujeto de la acción) y la eclipse del “representado” (“otros”).
A pesar de las voces críticas (en particular contra la “representación política”, más expuesta a ellas como “hierro de lanza” de la parte operativa del binomio feudal), este sigue apareciendo sin alternativas, justo en virtud de su superposición al Derecho romano durante el siglo XIX; superposición que, en el curso del siglo XX no se niega sino que se historiza.
Por lo tanto, parece necesaria y se propone una relectura de las fuentes romanas, la que, contra la lógica del “actuar por otros”, pueda recuperar la lógica del “actuar por medio de otros”, propia del “dominus negotii”; y, contra el binomio feudal de la “desmaterialización” de la pluralidad de hombres en la “persona jurídica” y de su consiguiente “substitución” volitiva con el “representante”, pueda recuperar el binomio republicano del “cuerpo societario concreto” y de su consecuente “participación” en la volición, a la que “colabora” un “encargado subalterno”.
La nozione giuridica di “rappresentanza” nasce e ha senso come parte di una specifica forma del binomio costituito dalla concezione e dal regime unitari della pluralità di uomini.
Tale ‘specifica forma’ è “persona giuridica e rappresentanza”. La “astrazione” della pluralità di uomini, ottenuta con la nozione di “persona giuridica”, è strumentale alla loro “sostituzione” volitiva (alla sostituzione cioè nell’esercizio del loro potere) da parte dell’ “uno” o dei “pochi”, ottenuta con la nozione di “rappresentanza”.
Tale ‘specifica forma’ è data al ‘binomio’ in applicazione della logica organizzativa feudale; inizialmente durante la epoca medievale avanzata e quindi durante le epoche moderna e contemporanea, con una progressione scientifica tuttora in corso.
La Pandettistica ha potenziato il ‘binomio feudale’ a postulato di ragione, sopra-scrivendolo sulla logica giuridica romana, la quale è “dimenticata”. Al ‘potenziamento’ concorre la applicazione della nozione di “rappresentanza” anche alla categoria degli atti di volizione individuale per mezzo di intermediari (mandatum – procura). Il risultato è sintetizzato con la formula “agire per altri”, la quale esprime il protagonismo del “rappresentante” (soggetto della azione) e la eclisse del “rappresentato” (“altri”).
Nonostante le voci critiche (in particolare contro la “rappresentanza politica”, più esposta ad esse in quanto ‘ferro di lancia’ della parte operativa del binomio feudale) questo continua ad apparire privo di alternative, proprio in forza della sua sovrapposizione ’800esca sul Diritto romano, la quale durante il ’900 è stata storicizzata, non negata.
Pertanto, appare necessaria e si propone una rilettura delle fonti romane, la quale, contro la logica dell’ “agire per altri”, recuperi la logica dell’ “agire per mezzo di altri”, propria del “dominus negotii”, e, contro il binomio feudale della “smaterializzazione” della pluralità di uomini nella “persona giuridica” e della loro conseguente “sostituzione” volitiva con il “rappresentante”, recuperi il binomio repubblicano del concreto corpo societario e della sua conseguente “partecipazione” alla volizione, cui “coopera” un preposto in posizione subordinata
Mito, religione, condizione femminile
No full textNel seminario Riflessi in uno specchio scuro. Miti, archetipi e stereotipi nel processo per violenza sessuale, si individua fra i motivi qualificanti anche quello dei miti. Da storico delle religioni, allora (come tale intervengo), poiché il mito costituisce uno dei pilastri portanti di ogni edificio religioso, il mio contributo consisterà nell’individuazione di alcuni fattori pertinenti all’ambito mitico (in diversi contesti religiosi, ma privilegiando quello occidentale e cristiano) che appaiono significativi nell’individuazione delle dinamiche di formazione di modelli culturali e di strutture mentali che stabiliscono nessi tra condizione di donna e spazio di subordinazione.
La formazione degli archetipi e degli stereotipi che entrano in gioco nei casi di violenza sessuale (tema centrale di questo incontro) è sicuramente di varia matrice e di varia natura, e sarebbe davvero riduttivo e imperdonabilmente superficiale ricondurre quei motivi a determinanti monocausali d’ordine ideologico-religioso.
Ciò premesso, ritengo tuttavia che uno dei fattori (e non certo di secondo piano, bensì fra quelli decisivi) che intervengono nei processi costruttivi dell’immagine sociale della donna (con tutto ciò che ne consegue per la condizione femminile sul piano di obblighi, divieti, modalità relazionali: quindi, sul piano politico in senso lato) vada individuato, in profondità, in quella sfera produttrice di valori che è la funzione mitopoietica delle religioni