Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

NOR FAZLIYANA MOHTAR (DR)

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KESAVEN BHUBALAN (PM TS DR)

AZILA ADNAN (TS DR)

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YUSNITA HAMZAH (PM DR)

MAISARAH JAAFAR (DR)

CHAN KOK SHENG (PM DR)

Muhammad Nadzrin Nazri

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF CORAL LARVAE BROADCAST FOR RIG-
TO-REEF PROGRAM IN MALAYSIA 
MUHAMMAD NADZRIN BIN NAZRI 
2022 
Main Supervisor : Associate Professor Mohd Hairil Bin Mohd, PhD 
   
Co-Supervisor : Associate Professor Mohd Asamudin Bin A. Rahman, 
PhD 
   
Faculty : Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and 
Informatics 
   
Operating for more than 20 years, most oil rigs in Malaysia have reached their end-of-
life (EOL) status. Rig-to-reef program is deemed fit for all those EOL platforms as it 
is not only significantly reduced cost but promotes the growth of marine habitat. 
However, an indication of a successful artificial reef, hard coral must be present at the 
artificial reef surface and certain criteria must be met. Although many researchers had 
developed formula and even applied artificial intelligence for suitable reefing site, the 
parameter of coral larvae presence still need more deep research. This study was done 
to predict the coral larvae’s presence by modelling its trajectory after spawning using 
numerical approach. Wave and hydrodynamic of Southern South China Sea was 
modelled and validated for coral larvae trajectory modelling. Validation for wave 
model with satellite data for September 2019 shows RMSE of 0.16% (significant wave 
height) and 49.6% (mean wave direction) while validation with measured data shows 
0.5% (maximum wave height) and 41.2% (mean wave direction). The high RMSE for 
mean wave direction is due to Typhoon Nakri occurred at Philippine – Malaysia 
waters. Validation for wave model with satellite data for April 2020 shows RMSE of 
0.07% (significant wave height) and 27.6% (mean wave direction) while validation 
with measured data shows 0.39% (maximum wave height) and 39.4% (mean wave 
direction). Two spawning seasons were simulated during September 2019 and April 
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2020. In general, both seasons show that coral larvae trajectory flow only in the 
vicinity of coastal region and heavily influenced by monsoon season. The data 
produced should be useful for any artificial reef deployment planning that not only can 
attract fishes but also for hard coral growth.  
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 
sebagai keperluan untuk Ijazah Sarjana Sains 
PERMODELAN BERANGKA PENYIARAN LARVA TERUMBU KARANG 
UNTUK PELANTAR-KE-TERUMBU DI MALAYSIA 
MUHAMMAD NADZRIN BIN NAZRI 
2022 
Penyelia : Profesor Madya Mohd Hairil Bin Mohd, PhD 
   
Penyelia Bersama : Profesor Madya Mohd Asamudin Bin A. Rahman, PhD 
   
Fakulti : Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kelautan Dan 
Informatik 
   
Setelah beroperasi lebih dari tempoh 20 tahun, kebanyakan pelantar minyak di 
Malaysia telah mencapai tahap penghujung hayat. Program Pelantar-ke-terumbu 
dikatakan bukan sahaja dapat menjimatkan kos penyahtauliahan dengan signifikan 
malah dapat meningkatkan kualiti habitat marin. Namun begitu, indikasi kejayaan 
terumbu artificial ialah dengan adanya terumbu karang keras pada permukaan terumbu 
artifisial dimana hanya terjadi pada kriteria-kriteria terentu. Walaupun telah banyak 
para pengkaji membina formula dan ada sehingga mengaplikasikan kecerdasan buatan 
untuk proses ‘reefing’, tetapi keberadaan larva karang masih memerlukan kajian yang 
mendalam. Kajian ini telah dilakukan untuk meramal lokasi keberadaan larva karang 
dengan melakukan permodelan terhadap trajektorinya selepas musim bertelur dengan 
menggunakan kaedah berangka. Permodelan dan pengesahan untuk model ombak dan 
hidrodinamik telah dilakukan untuk permodelan trajektori larva karang. Validasi untuk 
model ombak untuk September 2019 dengan data satelit telah menunjukkan RMSE 
sebanyak 0.16% (ketinggian ombak signifikan) dan 49.6% (arah ombak purata) 
sementara validasi dengan data pengukuran menunjukkan RMSE sebanyak 0.5% 
(ketinggian ombak maximum) dan 41.2% (arah ombak purata). RMSE yang tinggi 
untuk arah ombak purata adalah disebabkan faktor Taufan Nakri yang terjadi di sekitar 
peraiaran Filipina – Malaysia. Validasi untuk model ombak untuk April 2020 dengan 
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data satelit telah menunjukkan RMSE sebanyak 0.07% (ketinggian ombak signifikan) 
dan 27.6% (arah ombak purata) sementara validasi dengan data pengukuran 
menunjukkan RMSE sebanyak 0.39% (ketinggian ombak maximum) dan 39.4% (arah 
ombak purata). RMSE yang tinggi untuk arah ombak purata adalah disebabkan faktor 
Taufan Nakri yang terjadi di sekitar peraiaran Filipina – Malaysia. Dua musim bertelur 
telah disimulasikan pada September 2019 dan April 2020. Secara amnya, kedua-dua 
musim bertelur menunjukkan bahawa larva karang hanya akan hanyut mengikut arus 
laut di sepanjang pesisir pantai dan dipengaruhi oleh musim monsoon. Data yang telah 
dihasilkan sepatutnya berguna untuk mana-mana aktiviti untuk tempat pelancaran 
terumbu karang artifial di mana bukan sahaja mampu menarik ikan tetapi pertumbuhan 
karang keras. 
   


Numerical modelling of coral larvae broadcast for rig-to-reef program in Malaysia

ENGKU ABDUL GHAPUR CHE ENGKU ALI (TS DR YM)

BATOOL IBRAHIM ALRFOOH

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy  
 
THE EFFECTS OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND INNOVATIVE 
CULTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE 
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, AND INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF 
JORDANIAN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES 
BATOOL IBRAHIM ALRFOOH 
2022 
 
 
Main Supervisor :  Associate Professor Siti Nur ‘Atikah Zulkiffli 
                                                Ph.D. 
 
Co-Supervisor      :  Associate Professor Siti Falindah Padlee, Ph.D. 
 
Co-Supervisor      :  Associate Professor Nik Hazimah Nik Mat, Ph.D. 
 
Faculty         :  Faculty of Business, Economics and Social  
Development  
 
 
In Jordan, SMEs have helped to sustain the economic and social livelihoods of the 
people. The incessant regional unrests have forced SMEs in Jordan to concentrate on 
utilizing innovation in enhancing their business performance instead of just operating 
on a normal scale. As a result, this study was carried out to examine the potential 
variables that could help clarify on the innovative performance of Jordanian SMEs by 
trying to investigate the relationship between human resource management (HRM) 
system (which includes recruitment and selection, teamwork, incentive-based 
compensation, training and development, and performance appraisal) and absorptive 
capacity on innovative performance. Also, it aims to investigate innovation culture’s 
moderating role in HRM system’s relation to innovative performance. To explain the 
possible relationship between the variables in the study model, knowledge-based view 
theory and resource-based view theory are combined. A total of 324 managers of 
manufacturing SMEs participated in this study, which represented a response rate of 
68.5%. The hypotheses were tested, and the data was analyzed.  Statistical results show 
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that both absorptive capacity as well as innovative performance were positively 
associated to the HRM system. Absorptive capacity was also found to be positively 
related to innovative performance. Moreover, results reveal that absorptive capacity 
mediated in the relationship between HRM system and innovative performance. 
However, the effect of innovative culture on innovative performance and its role as the 
moderator were not significant. For Jordanian SMEs operating in extremely 
competitive environment, this research has vital implications with regard to the 
strengthening and building of competitive approaches. These results will be helpful to 
support the main objectives of Jordanian industries' strategic planning by enhancing 
performance, supporting strategic planning by establishing new policies, and 
promoting SME growth to be globally competitive. 
 
. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 
sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah  
 
KESAN KAPASITI PENERIMAAN DAN BUDAYA INOVASI KEPADA 
JARINGAN HUBUNGAN DI ANTARA SISTEM PENGURUSAN SUMBER 
MANUSIA DAN PENCAPAIAN INOVASI DI KALANGAN PERUSAHAAN 
KECIL DAN SEDERHANA DI JORDAN 
 
BATOOL IBRAHIM ALRFOOH 
 
2022 
 
 
Penyelia Utama :  Profesor Madya Siti Nur ‘Atikah Zulkiffli, Ph.D. 
 
Penyelia Bersama :  Profesor Madya Siti Falindah Padlee, Ph.D. 
 
Penyelia Bersama :  Profesor Madya Nik Hazimah Nik Mat, Ph.D. 
 
Fakulti  :  Fakulti Perniagaan, Ekonomi dan Pembangunan  
Sosial  
 
 
Di Jordan, perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) membantu menjana kehidupan 
ekonomi dan sosial rakyat. Kegawatan serantau telah mendorong PKS untuk 
menumpukan pada inovasi perniagaan untuk mengembangkan perniagaan mereka, dan 
bukannya hanya beroperasi pada skala biasa. Secara keseluruhannya, penyelidikan ini 
bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor yang menjelaskan pencapaian inovasi PKS 
Jordan melalui penilaian hubungan antara sistem pengurusan sumber manusia 
(termasuk pemilihan dan pengambilan bakat, kerja berpasukan, bayaran insentif, 
latihan dan pembangunan, penilaian prestasi) dan kapasiti penerimaan terhadap 
pencapaian inovasi. Penyelidikan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan mediator 
budaya inovasi terhadap hubungan antara sistem pengurusan sumber manusia dan 
pencapaian inovasi. Dalam model penyelidikan ini, teori perspektif berasaskan sumber 
dan teori perspektif berasaskan pengetahuan digabungkan untuk menerangkan 
hubungan antara pembolehubah. Sebanyak 324 pengurus PKS di dalam industri 
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pembuatan mengambil bahagian dalam penyelidikan ini, merangkumi 68.5% daripada 
responden. Hipotesis telah diuji dan data telah dianalisis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan 
bahawa sistem HRM boleh dikaitkan secara positif terhadap kapasiti penerimaan dan 
pencapaian inovasi. Kapasiti penerimaan didapati memberi kesan positif terhadap 
pencapaian inovasi. Oleh itu, kapasiti penerimaan boleh dianggap sebagai pemacu 
hubungan di antara sistem HRM dan pencapaian inovasi. Walau bagaimanapun, kesan 
budaya inovasi dan peranannya sebagai perantara terhadap prestasi inovasi adalah 
tidak signifikan. Bagi PKS Jordan yang beroperasi dalam persekitaran yang sangat 
kompetitif, penyelidikan ini mempunyai implikasi penting untuk mengukuhkan dan 
membina PKS ke arah pendekatan yang kompetitif. Hasil penyelidikan ini akan 
menyokong matlamat utama Perancangan Strategik Perindustrian Jordan, untuk 
meningkatkan prestasi, menyokong perancangan strategik melalui pembangunan dasar 
baharu, dan menggalakkan PKS untuk berdaya saing di peringkat global. 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


THE EFFECTS OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND INNOVATIVE CULTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, AND INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF JORDANIAN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

AHMAD NAZRI DAGANG (PM TS DR)

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

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Numerical modelling of coral larvae broadcast for rig-to-reef program in Malaysia

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THE EFFECTS OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND INNOVATIVE CULTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, AND INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF JORDANIAN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

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