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Analysis of Aerosols in the Asian Monsoon Anticyclone as Observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment
No full textDuring the Asian summer monsoon season, pollutants from the lower troposphere are transported through deep convection to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Surface pollutants such as CO are transported upward and trapped in the anticyclone during this unique atmospheric phenomenon. Associated with the anticyclone is a layer of enhanced aerosols located near the tropopause often referred to as the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL). The chemical and physical properties of aerosols in the ATAL are not yet fully understood as direct observations of the aerosols are limited. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) is a satellite mission that provides high-resolution infrared observations of atmospheric trace gases and aerosols. ACE observes chemical isolation in the anticyclone and identifies three main types of aerosols in the ATAL: solid ammonium nitrate (AN), sulfate aerosols, and ice. ACE observes four main features in the spectrum of AN; the previously known 831 cm−¹ feature and the first-ever identification of the spectral bands at 1,390–1,450 cm−¹, 3,080 cm−¹, and 3,220 cm−¹. Simulated spectra reproduce the 831 cm−¹, 3,080 cm−¹, and 3,220 cm−¹ features well but the 1,390–1,450 cm−¹ spectral feature is poorly reproduced. In rare circumstances, ACE observes aerosols similar to AN far outside of the monsoon region. In these aerosols the 3,080 cm−¹ and 3,220 cm−¹ features align well with AN observed in the ATAL. The 831 cm−¹ feature is suppressed and shifted to 829 cm−¹, suggesting that AN aerosols outside the ATAL are liquid, or potentially an alternative phase of AN
The Downstream Well-Being Effect of Encounters with the U.S. Criminal Justice System
No full textThis study examines the relationship between encounters with the criminal justice system and psychological well-being in a large U.S. sample. This project builds upon previous research about the negative outcomes tied to such encounters by examining potential long term negative effects on people’s subjective well-being and sense of meaning and purpose in life. Panel study participants indicated their lifetime exposure to the criminal justice system, and then, about two years later, indicated their current subjective well-being and sense of meaning and purpose in life. Our findings reveal that the number of past police arrests is associated with reductions in well-being, with the first arrest showing the strongest effect. When controlling for number of previous arrests, no other aspect of exposure to the criminal justice system (e.g., the presence of a criminal conviction, amount of time spent detained) was significantly related to well-being. Race and gender predict encounters with the criminal justice system, but the relation to well-being remains consistent across demographics. Given the importance of meaning and life purpose as a protective factor against trauma and stress, it is vital to understand how first encounters with the criminal justice system, in particular, are related to people’s sense of purpose and meaning
Adapting Online Customer Reviews for Blind Users: A Case Study of Restaurant Reviews
No full textOnline reviews have become an integral aspect of consumer decision-making on e-commerce websites, especially in the restaurant industry. Unlike sighted users who can visually skim through the reviews, perusing reviews remains challenging for blind users, who rely on screen reader assistive technology that supports predominantly one-dimensional narration of content via keyboard shortcuts. In an interview study, we uncovered numerous pain points of blind screen reader users with online restaurant reviews, notably, the listening fatigue and frustration after going through only the first few reviews. To address these issues, we developed QuickCue assistive tool that performs aspect-focused sentiment-driven summarization to reorganize the information in the reviews into an alternative, thematically-organized presentation that is conveniently perusable with a screen reader. At its core, QuickCue utilizes a large language model to perform aspect-based joint classification for grouping reviews, followed by focused summarizations within the groups to generate concise representations of reviewers\u27 opinions, which are then presented to the screen reader users via an accessible interface. Evaluation of QuickCue in a user study with 10 participants showed significant improvements in overall usability and task workload compared to the status quo screen reader
The Effect of Electrode Geometry on Excited Species Production in Atmospheric Pressure Air–Hydrogen Streamer Discharge
No full textWhen a gas is overvolted at or near atmospheric pressure, it results in a streamer discharge formation. Electrode geometries exert significant impact on the electrical breakdown of gases by altering the spatial profile of the electric field. In many applications the efficient generation of radicals is critical and is determined by the characteristics of the streamer discharge. We examine the effect of electrode geometry on the streamer characteristics and the production of radicals. This is performed for three different electrode geometries: plane–plane, pin–plane, and pin–pin. A two-dimensional rotationally symmetric fluid model is used for the streamer discharge simulation in the hydrogen/air gas mixture. The spatial profile of electron density and the electric field for point electrodes show significant differences when compared to plane electrodes. However, the efficiency of radical generation shows similar trends for the electrode configurations studied. We also present the results of spatial electrical energy density distribution which in turn determines spatial excited species distribution. These results can inform the design of specific applications
Flinging the Museum Guide Far Outside the Doctrinal Window
No full text[First paragraph]
It may very well be easier to learn rather than to unlearn. Modes of learning quickly become habit forming; habits tend to become deeply ingrained and die hard. In the visual art world the roles that curator and viewer play can become routine and effectively cloud one\u27s aesthetic vision like so much residue on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Reorienting the viewer\u27s visual experience and taming the curator\u27s heavy hand are among the aims of Barbara Kendrick and Timothy van Laar in Losing the Instructions, a two person installation at the Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery in Lincoln, Nebraska. The problem that these artists address is that in the art world the adventure of looking has come under attack: various art historiographical isms, movements, and otherwise arbitrary designations and labelings have caused a rift between the museum-goer and the art. Both modernism and postmodernism have in many ways trumped art with an overly academic, preprogrammed script that condescendingly informs an assumingly incapable audience as to what is good, bad, important and, worst of all, just what the viewer should see and how they should see it. In Losing the Instructions, though, Kendrick and Van Laar have effectively hijacked the museum and taken the curator hostage: they each act autonomously as both artist and curator while utilizing their own art and the permanent collection of the Sheldon Art Gallery
From the Editor
No full text[Introduction] Welcome to issue 19(4) of the Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling. The mission and purpose of this journal is to illuminate the lived experiences of people who are sexual, affectional, intersex, and gender-expansive diverse and how these experiences relate to counseling, counselor education, mental health, and social justice. Throughout the nearly 20-year history of the journal research on affirming care best practice, scholarship that centers the stories of LGBTGEQIAP + individuals, groups and communities, and innovative research on multiple-minority communities have all been regular features. In addition to the focus of the published scholarship, which includes over 400 manuscripts, the researchers and authors highlighted in the journal are themselves representative of diverse LGBTGEQIAP+ identities. Scholarship on best practice when serving LGBTGEQIAP+ people remains a critical need, as does the need to reflexively interrogate our own biases as scholars. The process of examining, critiquing, and synthesizing other scholarship is as necessary as engaging with empirical evidence to challenge and expand our ideas. How counseling can reliably serve LGBTGEQIAP+ people requires acknowledgement of how counseling and psychotherapy have harmed members of these related but distinct communities, a point of reflexive self-critique that serves as one of the cornerstones of the journal and the scholarship published within it. Reclaiming counseling, mental health, counselor training, and research methods with and on behalf of LGBTGEQIAP+ people remains the aspirational and philosophical goal the journal and the community of counselors, scholars, and advocates who look to the journal to help inform their ongoing critical praxis
Investigation of New Superconducting Materials for the Next Generation High-Performance RF Superconducting Cavities for Particle Accelerators
No full textIn this DOE-funded project DE-SC0010081-020 Old Dominion University (ODU) in collaboration with University of Wisconsin (UW) and Jefferson Laboratory have investigated both experimentally and theoretically electromagnetic response and losses in multilayered superconducting structures made of new SRF materials which can push the field and Q performance limits of accelerating cavities
The Economic Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics on Former Students: Unfulfilled Promises
No full textCollege graduates do not benefit economically from the intercollegiate athletic programs of their alma mater.
Students provide substantial funding for their institution’s intercollegiate athletic programs via tuition and fees. In fact, a typical student is required to pay for such activities. Will this financial burden paid for during undergraduate years help them in the real world?
Whether measuring the incomes earned by alumni, their upward economic mobility, or their record in paying off federal student loans, there is no subsequent economic payoff to graduates of institutions that spend large sums of money on athletic programs. And, in all actuality, evidence suggests that graduates of campuses with FBS (‘big-time”) football programs end up earning less than graduates of comparable non-FBS institutions.
The statistical analysis provided in this book is derived from a sample of almost 700 four-year institutions between 2004 and 2022. The authors present the information and provide analysis, focusing on five different measures of economic success the alumni (for example, the incomes alumni earn after graduating). The book uses this data to explain that there is either no definitive positive connection—and, in fact, there might be a negative relationship—between intercollegiate athletic programs and the economic success of their alumni. [From the publisher]https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/economics_books/1032/thumbnail.jp
A Decision-Space Model Explains Context-Specific Decision Making
No full textOptimal decision-making requires consideration of internal and external contexts. Biased decision-making is a transdiagnostic symptom of neuropsychiatric disorders. We created a computational model demonstrating how the striosome compartment of the striatum constructs a context-dependent mathematical space for decision-making computations, and how the matrix compartment uses this space to define action value. The model explains multiple experimental results and unifies other theories like reward prediction error, roles of the direct versus indirect pathways, and roles of the striosome versus matrix, under one framework. We also found, through new analyses, that striosome and matrix neurons increase their synchrony during difficult tasks, caused by a necessary increase in dimensionality of the space. The model makes testable predictions about individual differences in disorder susceptibility, decision-making symptoms shared among neuropsychiatric disorders, and differences in neuropsychiatric disorder symptom presentation. The model provides evidence for the central role that striosomes play in neuroeconomic and disorder-affected decision-making
Moderate Heating Renders 7.8-Million-Year-Old Sedimentary Organic Matter Bioavailable
No full textMarine sediments are a large reservoir of recalcitrant organic matter and host microbes at subsurface depths exceeding 2.4 kilometers and temperatures up to 120°C, yet the mechanisms supplying bioavailable substrates remain unclear. Here, we investigated 7.8-million-year-old sediment from IODP Site C0012 off the Nankai Trough, Japan, through incubations at 20°, 35°, 55°, and 85°C to simulate burial temperatures. Using 3D fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, we tracked changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM). At 35°C, humic-like DOM was released alongside metal ions, exhibiting low bioavailability. At 55°C, abiotic decomposition of humic compounds generated smaller, more bioavailable DOM, promoting fermentation. At 85°C, large nitrogen-containing humic compounds decomposed, producing labile H2 and acetate mainly through abiotic processes, bypassing fermentation. Our findings show how abiotic thermal processes activate the refractory organic matter pool, advancing our understanding of long-term carbon sequestration in marine sediments and its implications for global carbon cycling