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Detektion von Nebenbefunden bei röntgenologischer Bildgebung in der kieferorthopädischen Praxis: eine fragebogenbasierte Untersuchung
No full textBackground: In orthodontic practice, radiographs with large fields of view - such as orthopantomogram (OPT) and lateral cephalogram (LC) radiographs - are routinely acquired and assessed. The reliability of identifying incidental findings on these images remains unclear, particularly regarding the influence of various factors on diagnostic accuracy and potential differences between dental and extradental regions.
Methods: A questionnaire was developed using Lime Survey and pretested in a pilot phase. A total of 2,615 email addresses of orthodontic specialists and trainees across Germany were identified and invited to participate via an online survey. The questionnaire collected demographic and professional data (gender, age, experience, workplace, and training) and included four radiographs to be evaluated (one OPT and one LC each from pediatric and adult patients). Responses were categorized into dental and extradental findings and response time was recorded.
Results: A total of 134 complete responses were analyzed. Overall, 39.1% of incidental findings were identified. Detection rates differed significantly between regions, with 57.9% of dental findings recognized compared to 20.3% in the extradental region (p < 0.001). A highly relevant incidental finding, suspected arteriosclerotic plaque, was detected in only 7.5% of OPT cases. More findings were identified on OPT (42.1%) than on LC images (36.0%, p < 0.001). Assessment time increased significantly with professional experience (p < 0.001) and correlated positively with the number of findings detected.
Conclusion: Diagnostic accuracy in evaluating orthodontic radiographs is strongly influenced by examiner experience and the time allocated for assessment. While dental findings are detected more reliably, medically significant extradental findings are frequently overlooked. These results underscore the need for comprehensive radiographic evaluation and ongoing education, particularly in identifying findings beyond the immediate orthodontic focus.2025-06-1
Influence of the differentiated presentation of multiple growth factors in biomimetic multilayer coatings of titanium implants on angiogenesis and osteogenesis
No full textThe aim of the present study was to test the simultaneous and sequential release of the growth factors rhVEGF165 and rhBMP2 from poly-L-lysine-heparin (PLL-Hep) and poly-L-lysine-heparin-collagen (PLL-Hep-Col) poly-electrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating on titanium surfaces to increase the implant-bone-contact and to enhance the peri-implant bone formation to enable improved osseointegration, particularly in patients with systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and trauma. For this purpose, titanium implants were first loaded with PEM and growth factors and then implanted press-fit into trephine cavities in the lower border of the mandibles of minipigs for an observation period of 4 and 13 weeks. In the histological preparations according to Smith Karagianes, there were no significant differences between the coated and uncoated implants after 4 weeks. After 13 weeks the simultaneous growth factor coating in the PEM showed significantly higher implant-bone contact and significantly increased new bone formation. The influence was mainly limited to the area of 100 µm around the implant. As the distance to the implant increased, the influence of the coatings decreased. In contrast to previous findings, primary BMP2 release with subsequent VEGF release also showed increased bone growth in addition to simultaneous growth factor release. This sequence of growth factor exposure is contrary to the current view of the temporal patterns of growth factor release. Additionally, the combined growth factor release showed a synergistic effect, with BMP2 singularly having a greater impact than VEGF. The greatest proportion of newly formed bone and the greatest implant-bone contact after 13 weeks was present in the PLL-Hep-Col coating with simultaneous growth factor release.2025-08-0
Assessment and Advancement of Genotype Imputation for genome-wide Association Studies
Get PDFIn genomweiten Assoziationsstudien (GWASs) wird versucht genetische Varianten zu finden, die mit dem Phänotyp von Interesse zusammenhängen. Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen (SNPs) sind die am häufigsten genutzten Marker und decken einen Großteil der genetischen Variation in Menschen ab.
Um die Kosten für die Genotypisierung gering zu halten, wird häufig Genotypimputation verwendet. Anstatt das ganze Genom zu genotypisieren, werden mit SNP-Arrays eine Auswahl besonders informative SNPs genotypisiert, die breit auf dem Genom verteilt sind. Die Lücken zwischen diesen SNPs werden im Idealfall mit einem sehr viel größerem Referenzdatensatz imputiert, der aus Individuen der gleichen Population besteht. Die Imputation benutzt Kopplungsungleichgewicht (LD) zwischen SNPs, um passende kurze Sequenzen im Referenzdatensatz zu identifizieren, die in die Lücken übernommen werden können. Die Qualität der Imputation wird dabei geschätzt, um die Verlässlichkeit der imputierten SNPs und allen darauffolgenden Analysen abzuwägen. Liegt diese Qualität unter einem gewissen Schwellwert, werden die betroffenen SNP aus dem Datensatz entfernt und nicht auf Assoziation getestet, was das multiple Testproblem vermindert.
Die Maße der Imputationsqualität basieren auf der Verteilung der imputierten SNPs. Dies kann dazu führen, dass schlecht imputierte SNPS nicht als solche erkannt werden, wenn die Imputation ein wahrscheinliches, aber falsches Ergebnis liefert. Darüber hinaus gibt es keine definite Empfehlung wie hoch der Schwellwert für die Imputationsqualität zu setzen ist, da verschiedene Schwellwerte entweder nur die Präservation richtiger SNPs oder nur die Entfernung falscher SNPs priorisieren können. Diese Methode vernachlässigt LD, welches eine große Rolle sowohl in der Imputation als auch in der Interpretation von Resultaten einer GWAS spielt.
Eines der Hauptziele dieser Dissertation ist es, die Genotypimputation und deren Qualitätskontrolle in GWASs zu untersuchen. In diesem Werk vergleiche ich die Leistung verschiedener Imputationsprogramme und Methoden der Qualitätskontrolle für imputierte SNPs, sowohl auf simulierten als auch auf echten Daten. Durch das Löschen und Imputieren von SNPs kann ein direkter Vergleich zwischen den ursprünglichen und den imputierten SNPs gezogen werden, was die Identifikation der Schwachstellen in der Imputation und eine Untersuchung zur Verbesserung der Qualitätskontrolle ermöglicht.
Des Weiteren habe ich mit einer Simulationsstudie die Effektivität der Methoden zur Qualitätskontolle von imputierten SNPs in GWASs untersucht und eine neue Methode vorgestellt, den Midrange Filter. Durch die Zusammenfassung einzelner SNPs zu Spikes kann der Midrange Filter falsche und wahre Assoziationssignale besser als die etablierten Schwellwerte unterscheiden. Dieses Ergebnis wird von einer Anwendung in der PsyCourse Studie unterstützt. Eine Implementierung des Midrange Filters ist online frei verfügbar.
Zusätzlich beinhaltet diese Arbeit die Analyse von longitudinalen Daten aus der Kontrollgruppe der PsyCourse Studie. Einige der betrachteten Phänotypen werden nur selten bei Individuen erfasst, die nicht an psychologischen Krankheiten leiden. Die Analyse hat keine robusten Hinweise gegen die Stabilität von Fragebögen und psychiatrischen Skalen bei gesunden Individuen gefunden. Darüber hinaus konnte der sogenannte Retest-Effekt in Tests zur Kognition identifiziert werden.In genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genetic markers are independently tested across the whole genome to find genetic variants associated with a phenotype for a given population. The most commonly used markers for such analyses are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which capture a great amount of genetic variation in humans.
To keep the cost of genotyping low while maintaining power, a common approach is genotype imputation. Instead of fully in-depth sequencing of all individuals within a study, only a subset of SNPs is genotyped. This subset contains informative SNPs spread across the genome. The gaps between genotyped SNPs are imputed from a reference panel comprising ideally a large number of fully sequenced individuals of the same population. The imputation algorithm utilizes the genetic structure of linkage disequilibrium (LD) to find adequate matches between the reference panel and the study data set. To ensure confidence in the results of imputation and any following analysis, imputation quality is estimated, and SNPs not meeting a set quality threshold are discarded. Since the latter are not tested for association, this also reduces the multiple testing problem.
Imputation quality measures estimate the accuracy based on the distribution of the imputed SNPs. This may result in poorly imputed SNPs not being discovered as such by probable, but wrongly, imputed genotypes. Further, there is no definite recommendation for setting the threshold for imputation quality, as different thresholds either prioritize discarding possibly wrongly imputed SNPs or preserving possibly correctly imputed SNPs. This method does not consider LD, which plays a major role both in imputation and the interpretation of GWAS results.
One main objective of this thesis is to assess genotype imputation and quality control in GWAS settings. In this thesis, I compare the performance of different imputation tools and the performance of imputation quality control methods, both on simulated data and real data where some genotyped SNPs were removed and re-imputed. By direct comparison between imputed SNPs and ground truth genotypes, the accuracy of imputation and the effectiveness of quality control is quantified to identify weaknesses and explore solutions.
Further, I conducted a simulation study to assess the performance of imputation quality control and introduced a new method for imputation quality control in GWAS, the Midrange Filter. By aggregating SNPs in close proximity to spikes, the Midrange Filter outperforms established imputation quality thresholds in the simulation study, which is supported in a real data application on the PsyCourse study. An implementation is publicly available.
In addition, this thesis includes the analysis of longitudinal phenotypes of healthy controls in the PsyCourse study, many of which are hardly ever applied to individuals not diagnosed with psychological diseases on the affective-to-psychotic spectrum. The investigation found no strong evidence against the stability assumption of questionnaires and psychiatric scales. Further, the retest effect was identified in cognitive tests.2025-05-2
Modulation of cytosolic redox balance by activity-induced Ca2+ signals in mouse hippocampal neurons
No full textIntracellular Ca2+ signals are essential for the modulation of cellular activity and excitability but also represent critical components of cellular dysfunction and damage in various neurological disorders. The aim of this work is to analyse the interaction of intracellular Ca2+ signals and cytosolic redox balance in mouse hippocampal neurons. Therefore ratiometric fluorescence imaging was used. Measurements based on primary cell cultures showed that there was always a redox balance shift after supplying reagents that increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels, usually toward more oxidized conditions in neurons. Glutamate and in particular the NMDA receptor play a decisive role in this Ca2+ dependent modulation of the redox balance.
The technical challenge of this work was the simultaneous quantitative measurement of both signals, cytosolic redox balance and intracellular Ca2+ levels. This was achieved by using the optical redox indicator roGFP1 and the Ca2+ dye Fura-Red. Based on their spectral properties, they can be excited at same wavelengths and the signals can be separated on the emission side by an optical image splitter (Dual View).2025-08-0
Functional characterization of solute carriers with emphasis on proton-coupled organic cation antiporters
No full textDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - project number 461080000)Solute carriers (SLCs) play an important role in the uptake of natural compounds and medically relevant drugs into various tissues, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many cationic drugs rely on carrier-mediated uptake across the BBB due to their charge and lipophilicity, but the specific membrane transporters responsible for their uptake remain largely unknown. Instead, based on several physiological criteria, many of these substances were identified as substrates of the proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter. However, the H+/OC antiporter is biochemically and genetically still not well characterized.
The aim of this project was to characterize several known and novel solute carriers with potential transport activity for organic cations. A comprehensive analysis of these transporters is expected to enhance our understanding of their biological functions and may provide valuable insight into organic cation transport. Such knowledge may also elucidate the mechanisms underlying the translocation of clinically important drugs across the BBB, with implications for both research and clinics. For instance, identifying the specific transporters involved might allow a better understanding of human genomic variation and drug-drug interactions.
The substrate spectrum of the genetically not yet identified H+/OC antiporter was further expanded in hCMEC cells, a model of the BBB endothelium. New substrates were identified based on antiport transport activity, pH dependence, and concentration-dependent uptake. Most of the newly identified substrates were psychoactive drugs from various therapeutic classes, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. Although these compounds were potential substrates for known organic cation transporters expressed at the BBB, such as OCT3, OCTN1, and OCTN2, they were not transported by any of these three transporters.
Similarly, the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) proteins 1 and 2, which are proton-coupled antiporters, showed minimal overlap with the antiporter activity observed in the hCMEC cell line. Nonetheless, over 100 new substrates of these MATE transporters were identified. A comparison of their substrate spectrum with the well- characterized organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 and 2 revealed a high overlap, despite a small sequence homology. While none of the typical physicochemical characteristics of these molecules alone could reliably explain their substrate status, machine learning classifiers provided promising results: it allowed to predict between 68% and 88% of the substrates, depending on the transporter. Surprisingly, the transporter OCT1 was also capable of efficiently transporting several uncharged or even negatively charged compounds, such as lamivudine and emtricitabine, and to a lesser extent, compounds like prostaglandins E2 and F2α.
To gain insight into the substrate polyspecificty of OCTs, cryogenic electron microscopy recently became a most important tool. In case of OCT3, seven sequentially arranged negatively charged amino acids had been proposed to be relevant in the substrate translocation path. Our findings confirmed the critical role of E390 as an orthosteric binding site. Additionally, we identified E451 as potential opportunistic binding site, as the removal of the negative charge resulted in substrate-specific loss of transport activity.
Further, several previously orphan or poorly characterized SLCs were identified and characterized as organic cation transporters. Notably, SLC35G3 and SLC38A10 demonstrated moderate uptake of several known H+/OC antiporter substrates, such as clonidine and nicotine. A prominent finding was the uptake of choline by multiple SLCs. SLC35F2, -3, -4, -5 and SLC35G4 exhibited KM values for choline uptake between 12 to 50 μM, which is in the range of physiological plasma concentrations of choline in humans.
In summary, I characterized several known and novel organic cation transporters regarding their substrate spectrum and specificity. The application of machine learning models to analyze the biochemical properties of substrates is promising for identifying distinct molecular features associated with transporter recognition. Collectively, these findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of organic cation transporters and the functionally important but yet genetically unidentified H+/OC antiporter.2025-10-2
Improving Labor Market Outcomes: Interventions to Foster Skills Development and Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textDie Verbesserung von Arbeitsmarktchancen ist zentral für die Steigerung des individuellen Wohlbefindens. Zwei Strategien, die Individuen verfolgen können, sind Investitionen in Qualifikationen und die Migration in dynamischere Arbeitsmärkte. In Subsahara-Afrika, wo starkes Bevölkerungswachstum auf eine begrenzte Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen und überwiegend informelle, prekäre Beschäftigungsverhältnisse trifft, ist es besonders wichtig, politische Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung dieser Strategien zu untersuchen. Trainingsprogramme können helfen, Arbeitskräfte besser auf die Anforderungen des Arbeitsmarktes vorzubereiten, doch Evidenz zu ihrer Wirksamkeit ist uneinheitlich. Zudem deuten regionale Einkommensunterschiede auf ein Potenzial für wohlfahrtssteigernde Migration hin, trotzdem bleiben viele Personen räumlich immobil. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Wirksamkeit von Maßnahmen zur Förderung beider Strategien mit vier randomisierten kontrollierten Studien in Ghana und Uganda.
Kapitel 1 und 2 evaluieren zwei Trainingsprogramme. Keines der Programme verbessert die Beschäftigung, doch sie wirken zumindest teilweise positiv auf die Arbeitsqualität, Berufspassung und mentale Gesundheit. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung einer arbeitsmarktorientierten Gestaltung und Zielsetzung solcher Interventionen. Umfragen mit Programmverantwortlichen zeigen zudem, dass diese übermäßig optimistische Erwartungen an die Programmeffekte hegten und diese nur selektiv an die Evaluationsergebnisse anpassten—ein wesentliches Hindernis für evidenzbasierte Politikgestaltung.
Kapitel 3 untersucht Selbstwirksamkeit als Einflussfaktor für Weiterbildungsentscheidungen. Eine zufällig ausgewählte Gruppe von Frauen, die zur Teilnahme am Training aus Kapitel 1 eingeladen worden war, erhielt eine Kampagne zur Förderung der Selbstwirksamkeit. Die Kampagne steigerte Selbstwirksamkeit sowie Abschlussquoten. Insbesondere Frauen mit niedriger Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit profitierten. Dies legt nahe, dass die Kombination von Maßnahmen zur Überwindung interner und externer Hürden die Wirkung klassischer Entwicklungsprogramme verstärken kann.
Kapitel 4 widmet sich der zweiten Strategie: Migration. Die Studienpopulation überschätzte regionale Einkommensunterschiede erheblich. Informationsbereitstellung beeinflusste die Zielpräferenzen und Migrationsabsichten abhängig vom ursprünglichen Kenntnisstand. Zwar nahm der Austausch über Migration zu, Migrationsverhalten blieb jedoch unverändert—ein Hinweis auf fortbestehende strukturelle und soziale Barrieren.
Insgesamt leistet die Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Literatur über verhaltensbasierte Arbeitsmarktpolitik, indem sie neue Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit arbeitsmarkt- und migrationspolitischer Maßnahmen liefert und die Rolle individueller Überzeugungen hervorhebt.
Die Ergebnisse bieten konkrete Anknüpfungspunkte für politische Strategien zur Erreichung der Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (SDGs), insbesondere hochwertige Bildung (SDG 4), menschenwürdige Arbeit (SDG 8) und verringerte Ungleichheiten (SDG 10).Improving labor market outcomes is central to enhancing individual well-being. Two key strategies available to individuals are investing in skills and migrating to more dynamic labor markets. In sub-Saharan Africa, where a rapidly growing population confronts limited job creation and predominantly informal, precarious employment, it is crucial to assess how policy can support these strategies. Training programs may better align workers’ skills with labor market needs, though evidence on their effectiveness remains mixed. Moreover, persistent regional income disparities suggest potential for welfare-improving migration, yet many individuals remain immobile. This dissertation investigates the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote these two labor market strategies through four randomized controlled trials conducted in Ghana and Uganda.
Chapters 1 and 2 evaluate two skills training programs. While neither program significantly increased employment, they enhanced—at least partially—job quality, occupational matching and mental health. The findings highlight the importance of aligning the design and goals of interventions with labor market realities. Both chapters also show that stakeholders hold overly optimistic beliefs about program effectiveness and only selectively update them in response to the evaluation results—highlighting an important barrier to evidence-based policy learning.
Chapter 3 studies the role of internal psychological constraints, specifically self-efficacy, in shaping skills investments. A random subset of women invited to participate in the training program evaluated in Chapter 1 received a testimonial-based campaign designed to boost self-efficacy. The campaign successfully increased self-efficacy and, in turn, improved training completion among women who started the training. Effects are strongest among women with a low initial propensity to complete the training. These findings suggest that addressing both internal and external constraints can enhance the impact of traditional development interventions.
Chapter 4 turns to the second strategy: migration. The urban, working-age study population was found to substantially overestimate regional income differentials. Providing accurate income information affected destination preferences and increased migration intentions among those who had underestimated potential income gains but reduced them among those who overestimated. While peer discussions about migration increased, actual migration behavior did not change, suggesting persistent structural and social barriers.
Together, the findings contribute to the literature on skills training and behavioral public policy by providing new evidence on the effectiveness of labor market and migration interventions, and by highlighting the central role of beliefs in shaping behavior. They also offer actionable insights for policies aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on education (SDG 4), decent work (SDG 8), and reduced inequalities (SDG 10).2025-08-0
Development and Characterization of a Pump-Probe Setup for Broadband Time-Resolved Reflectivity Measurements with Sub-10 Femtosecond Resolution
No full textIt has long been known that light as a tool can used for material modification. In order
to explore the related possibilities for a wide range of materials in science and tech-
nology, tremendous efforts has been made to investigate the material response to laser
radiation. In the past decades, there has been a rapidly increasing interest in such stud-
ies using ultrashort pulses. The exposure of solid materials to energetic ultrashort laser
pulses induces highly excited non-equilibrium states. A detailed investigation of these
states offers deeper insights into the mechanisms of light-matter interaction. The aim
of this work is to gain experimental access to transient optical parameters during and
after laser excitation by developing an advanced optical measurement apparatus. For
this purpose, an advanced setup for single shot time-resolved pump-probe reflectivity
measurement is developed. It is designed to provide a sub ten femtosecond resolu-
tion with an ultra broadband spectral distribution ranging from 550 nm to 900 nm. An
attenuable, high energy 80 fs excitation pulse with max. 557 mJ/cm2 at a central wave-
length of 780 nm enables investigations above and below the ablation threshold of most
materials.
Special emphasis is also placed on the temporal classification of the material response
relative to the excitation. To achieve this, a new approach has been developed to de-
termine the time zero point, i.e. the point in time at which the pump and probe pulse
hit the sample surface at the same time.
The performance of the setup is demonstrated with time-resolved measurement of the
transient reflectivity at different excitation parameters of gold and silicon. While the
measurements are consistent with published results, additional new features could be
identified here due to the unique performance range of the setup.2025-07-2
Wirksamkeit von kaltem Plasma auf die primäre postoperative Wundheilung nach laparoskopischer roboterassistierter radikaler Prostatektomie, eine prospektive randomisierte Studie
No full textThis dissertation investigates the efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in promoting primary postoperative wound healing following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Given CAP’s established antimicrobial and regenerative effects in the treatment of chronic and infected wounds, the study aimed to determine whether these benefits also apply to primarily healing surgical wounds.
A prospective, randomized, single-center trial was conducted at the University Medical Center Göttingen, enrolling 63 patients undergoing DaVinci-assisted prostatectomy for histologically confirmed prostate carcinoma. Each patient received both CAP-treated and non-treated (control) wounds, allowing intraindividual comparison. The plasma application was standardized, and wound healing was assessed through photographic documentation and clinical criteria.
The results demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the incidence of wound healing disturbances between the CAP group (7.9%) and the control group (4.8%). Logistic regression analyses of various co-factors (age, BMI, diabetes, ASA score, tumor characteristics) revealed no significant predictors of impaired wound healing. No severe adverse effects from CAP treatment were reported.
In conclusion, while CAP therapy proved to be safe and feasible, it did not yield a significant advantage over standard wound care in the context of primary healing surgical wounds. The findings suggest the need for further multicenter studies with larger sample sizes to explore potential subgroup benefits.2025-09-2
Temporal and spatial discretizations of Brownian motion on Riemannian manifolds
No full textThis thesis studies temporal and spatial discretizations of Brownian motion and diffusion processes on Riemannian manifolds. Geodesic random walks serve as temporal discretizations of diffusion processes and converge to the respective Brownian motion, but evaluating geodesics can be computationally costly. Motivated by the need for efficient and simple, yet convergent approximations of diffusion processes on manifolds, we introduce retraction-based random walks and prove convergence to Brownian motion under a second-order condition. We provide concrete examples of second-order retractions and also extend this framework to sub-Riemannian manifolds. For spatial discretizations, we define discrete Brownian motion via the cotan Laplacian, establish a functional central limit theorem, and investigate short-time asymptotics of the discrete heat kernel, identifying distinct continuous and discrete regimes. Finally, we prove convergence of the heat method for geodesic distance computation using homogenization techniques.2025-09-0
Stellar variability of M stars in the context of exoplanet detection and characterisation
No full textThe detection and characterisation of exoplanets around M dwarfs is an important aspect in the search for low-mass planets outside our Solar System. M dwarfs are excellent targets for radial velocity (RV) detection due to their low masses and the higher reflex RV amplitudes caused by orbiting planets. However, in the presence of magnetic activity, significant challenges may arise in the context of detection and characterisation of planetary signals, as stellar activity can mimic or obscure their signals.
This thesis presents a detailed analysis of four M dwarf planetary systems using a combination of high-precision RV and photometric data. It consists of the detection and characterisation of two new exoplanets (GJ 724 b and GJ 3988 b), illustrating the diversity of planetary system architectures, from circular to highly eccentric orbits. And it also includes rigorous stellar activity analysis of two already known planetary systems (GJ 832 and GJ 273) by employing methods such as Gaussian process (GP) regression, signal stability testing, Bayesian model comparison, and a chromatic RV analysis. This work
also contributes to broader studies in characterising planetary systems around M dwarf systems and refining stellar rotation period measurements.
The results from this thesis demonstrate how improved activity modelling can resolve ambiguities and prevent false positives in planetary systems. For instance, the complex case of GJ 273 highlights the limitations of traditional methods when faced with long-lived active regions and illustrates the power of chromatic analysis in disentangling planetary signals from stellar variability. Moreover, it is shown that the addition of new high-precision datasets with large time coverage does not always translate into better stellar activity mitigation.
Overall, these findings underline the importance of exploring the detectabilty limits imposed by activity and the need for advanced statistical tools and multi-wavelength approaches in the era of large RV datasets and future instrumentation such as the ELT/ANDES.2025-09-0