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Global convergence of a new class nonlinear conjugate gradient method with exact line search
No full textUnconstrained optimization is a widespread problem that can be solved by a mathematical technique
known as the conjugate gradient method. This method is chosen because of its simplicity and less use
of time in solving problems that can be seen when the result has less number of iteration with a faster
time of the central processing unit (CPU). Motivated by this study, we are interested in researching as
there are many modifications taking place in the conjugate gradient parameter. Therefore, in this study,
five conjugate gradient parameters, including the preferred conjugate gradient parameter, modification
of the Hestenes-Stiefel conjugate gradient parameter, will be analyzed. We focus on the problem of
unconstrained optimization using the exact line search. The proof that this conjugate gradient
parameter fulfilled the condition; global convergent condition under the exact line search will be
shown. The performance of the conjugate gradient method with all conjugate gradient parameters was
tested using 15 optimization test functions through M A T L A B software to check whether the
conjugate gradient method with the chosen conjugate gradient parameter could perform better and
more efficiently than the conjugate gradient method with other conjugate gradient parameters based
on the number of iterations and time. The conjugate gradient method's accuracy and efficiency with
each conjugate gradient parameter will be compared based on the percentage obtained in the
cumulative frequency graph. The analysis shows that the conjugate gradient method's performance
with the chosen conjugate gradient parameter is more accurate and efficient than the conjugate
gradient method with another conjugate gradient parameter
Modeling fuzzy B-spline interpolation series using α-cut operation for spatial earth surface problem
No full textIn this paper, the series of α - cut is also known as the α - cut operation used to construct a new
model of surface called Fuzzy B - spline Interpolation Series surface . The surface is called
Fuzzy B - spline Interpolation Series because of the various values of α chosen in the fuzzification
method. Then, the operation is combined into a B - spline surface model. This new proposed model
will be used to solve spatial earth surface problems in every collected data points. The spatial
earth data have values in latitude, longitude and altitude. All these values are considered as
uncertainty data because of the satellite's measurement errors. Finally, constructed surfaces' results
will be compared between raw data's surface and Fuzzy B - spline Interpolation Series surface
Malay rejection on elimination of all forms of racial discrimination
No full textAfter the change of the new government on last year on 14th General Election
in May 2018, Malaysia is facing with a new administration, ideas and form of
government after sixty years in the hand of previous government called as the Barisan
Nasional (BN). After given the mandate by the Malaysian, the new government under the
role of Pakatan Harapan (PH) wanted to ratify the international convention known as
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(ICERD) under the United Nation (UN) that promotes states to eliminate all form of
discrimination in the government ruling. However, the ratification of ICERD has created
major wrath of the Malays and Bumiputras due to inconsistency in certain aspects of
special privilege and rights of the Malays and Bumiputras embedded in Article 153 of the
Constitutions. ICERD imply negatively to the ‘Social Contract’, Islam as the national
religion of the state and the constitutional monarchy system in Malaysia. This can be sum
up as the effort of the Malay to protect its ‘Ketuanan Melayu’ as their identity. This
paper is meant to study the pros and cons of the ICERD towards the people and also to
analyze the reactions of the Malays especially towards the ICERD issues
Dielectric properties measurement and pH analysis for drinking water
No full textEvery material has its own dielectric properties and it is also the same for water. In this research,
dielectric properties measurement on water will be done to examine the water quality of drinking
water whether it is safe to drink or not. Water quality in Malaysia, as well as access to water in general,
is a major problem. The primary pollutants present in the water are oils, rubbish, suspended solids,
sewage and toxic substances. These are consequences of untreated or only partially treated sewage
caused by human activities. Thus, water quality in Malaysia is currently of some concern. The normal
drinking water pH range mentioned in World Health Organization (WHO) and National Drinking Water
Quality Standards (NDWQS) guidelines is between 6.5 and 8.5. The water may contain some residue
even though the pH is in the range of 6 to 7.5 so it does not prove that the water is safe enough for
drinking purpose. Thereby, the analysis about the water quality using the specific measuring
instruments need to carry out to prove that the water in neutral pH may not be safe to drink as the pH
does not prove the content of the water as clearly as dielectric properties. High Temperature Coaxial
Probe as the dielectric properties measurement sensor will be used to provide better information
compare to pH. The measurement parameters that had been used to determine the water quality is the
dielectric constant. The results obtained from both pH and dielectric properties measurement values
are been analyzed and compared and it shows that pH value for clean and contaminated water is at
almost similar values while dielectric properties results show different for both clean and
contaminated water
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and competencies: Reinterpreting entrepreneurial embedded resources
No full textIn a new venture development process, entrepreneurs need to have a high degree of self-confidence and competence
to perform unique entrepreneurial tasks. These elements are known as built-in entrepreneurial tools. At the early stage
of the new entrepreneurship process, it is important to consider these two factors, since they can influence the
thought, behaviour and actions of entrepreneurs. The main purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding of
embedded entrepreneurial capital. We analysed and clarified the framework for evaluating entrepreneurial autonomy
and skills. We conducted interview with business incubator tenants to compare the growth of entrepreneurial
performance and skills. This study empirically demonstrates that the capacity of entrepreneurs to execute business
tasks is reflected in their prior experience in executing tasks successfully. Behavioral findings have been a central factor
in assessing actual entrepreneurs’ competences in the area of self-confidence. This emphasises the need to move from
the emphasis to a relatively important entrepreneurial training programme which takes into account the role of
entrepreneurs within the business cycle
Breast lesions detection using FADHECAL and Multilevel Otsu Thresholding Segmentation in digital mammograms
No full textBreast cancer is the most common cause of mortality among women. Early detection plays an
important role to improve survival rates. Digital mammograms can be used to detect breast lesions
within the breast tissue. However, digital mammograms have a limitation of low contrast images due
to the low exposure factors used. As a result, the extraction of breast lesions using the region of interest
(ROI) tool will be difficult and, thus, lead to misclassification. This paper presents a novel technique to
detect breast lesions in digital mammograms, known as Fuzzy Anisotropic Diffusion Histogram Equalization Contrast Adaptive Limited (FADHECAL) incorporated with Multilevel Otsu Thresholding
Segmentation. FADHECAL will enhance the breast lesions by reducing the image noise while preserving
the details. Multilevel Otsu Thresholding Segmentation detects the breast lesions using the ROI tool at
different intensity levels. The performance of FADHECAL incorporated with Multilevel Otsu
Thresholding Segmentation has been tested on 115 digital mammograms from the Mammographic
Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database with the abnormal conditions. The efficiency of the proposed
technique is 94.8%, and the error rate is 5.2%. In conclusion, FADHECAL incorporated with the
Multilevel Otsu Thresholding Segmentation has provided sufficient detection of breast lesions with the
appropriate quality of the digital mammograms
Combination of contracts in Islamic finance practices in light of hadith on prohibition of ‘two contracts in one contract’ (Bay’atan fi Bay’ah): A shari’ah investigation
No full textTo cater the dramatic changes in market demands, Islamic financial institutions supply various
types of Islamic financial products and services. Some of them are categorized as a hybrid in
nature, which combines more than one contract. Essentially this would be assumed to trigger
the shari’ah compliant issue because, in more than one narration, the Prophet (SW) prohibits
the combination of two contracts in a single agreement. As reported in many sources, the
Prophet (SW) prohibited two sales in one sale (bay’atan fi bay’ah) and two agreements in one
agreement (safqatan fi safqah). Also, he prohibited the combination of sale and loan contracts
(bay’ wa salaf) in a single arrangement. Thus, this study investigates the shari’ah status of
Islamic financial hybrid products in light of these prophetic narrations. This study is qualitative,
and a method of document analysis, both classical and contemporary, has been followed to
achieve the study's objective. The study concludes that the combination of more than one
contract in a single arrangement is not prohibited in general; it shall be subject to the nature
and essence of the contracts instead. A combination of partnership with the lease contract is
not prohibited as both contracts are not inconsistent with each other. While a combination of a
loan contract with another contract that begets benefit for the loan is not permissible as such
combination converts the arrangement into a usurious transaction
Establishment and optimization of plant growth media for the propagation of Ficus deltoidea var. Trengganuensis
No full textMas Cotek (Ficus deltoidea) var. trengganuensis is normally propagated using tissue culture techniques, thus
required long time and under sterilized condition. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the
formulation of the most suitable plant growth media for the propagation of Mas Cotek under field condition
using different rooting media. Three different experiments were done: 1) to determine the effect of plant
growth media on plant traits; 2) to determine the best ratio of cocopeat (CC) and rise husk biochar (RHB);
and 3) to evaluate the effect of added rooting promoting materials into plant growth media; for F. deltoidea
propagation. The parameters to measure the plant growth performance were total number of root, root
length, plant biomass, root biomass, chlorophyll content, and stem diameter. Soil pH, soil electrical
conductivity, and plant growth media biomass were also measured. All media produced 100% rooting but
plant performance were differs after one month. In first experiment, the performance of Mas Cotek in six
different growth media which is biochar, bris soil, cocopeat, peatmoss, sand and mixture of 70%
cocopeat:30% biochar were compared. Result obtained shows that Mas Cotek was propagated best in rice
husk biochar. Seedlings propagated in this plant growth media has the highest number of total root, longest
root length, heaviest plant and root biomass, biggest stem diameter and highest chlorophyll content. In the
second experiment, Mas Cotek was propagated in the different ratio of CC and RHB. The treatments were
100% CC : 0% RHB, 70% CC : 30% RHB, 50% CC : 50% RHB, 30% CC : 70% RHB and 0% CC : 100%
RHB. Result shows that Mas Cotek propagated best in the combination of 30% CC : 70% RHB growth
media. Seedlings propagated in this treatment has highest number of total root, heaviest plant biomass, and
biggest stem diameter. Even though plant seedlings also propagated well in 100% RHB, but no significant
difference were observed on the number of total root, root length, root biomass and chlorophyll content
between plant seedlings in both growth media. In the third experiment, the growth media with the ratio of
70% cocopeat : 30% biochar were added either with control (no material added), effective microorganism
(EM), Agromedia™, Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) organic fertilizer, peatmoss and seasol. The result showed
that Mas Cotek propagated best when planted in the growth media added with IBA. Seedlings propagated in
this plant growth media has the highest number of total root, longest root length, heaviest plant and root
biomass, biggest stem diameter and highest chlorophyll content. The findings indicate that Mas Cotek
propagated best when planted in the growth media added with IBA to ensure their best performance
Behaviour of geomagnetic storm, horizontal geomagnetic field and solar wind parameters during solar flare and CMEs event.
No full textSpace weather is driven by solar activities by pulling out the variety of phenomenon such as solar flare and coronal
mass ejection (CMEs). It been discovered the CMEs and solar flares have causes disturbance at near-Earth space. This
paper is to examined the behaviour of geomagnetic storm, horizontal geomagnetic field and several solar wind
parameters during solar flare and CMEs event at minimum of solar cycle of 24. Observational result found that
association of strongest solar flare and CMEs have declined the geomagnetic storm until-150nt at 8th September
2017. Following to this, the H component reading also slightly decreased at three magnetometer location respectively.
Solar flare and CMEs released the energetic particles that could disturbed the radio communications at the Earth and
electronic equipment. Therefore, it was required to study and understanding the solar flare and CMEs event