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Derivative free Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) for solving symmetric systems of nonlinear equations
No full textResearch from the work of engineers, economist, modelling, industry, computing, and scientist are mostly nonlinear
equations in nature. Numerical solution to such systems is widely applied in those areas of mathematics. Over the
years, there has been significant theoretical study to develop methods for solving such systems, despite these efforts,
unfortunately the methods developed do have deficiency. In a contribution to solve systems of the form F (x) = 0, x is
an element of R-n, a derivative free method via the classical Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) update is presented. This
is achieved by simply approximating the inverse Hessian matrix with Q(k+1)(-1) to theta I-k. The modified method
satisfied the descent condition and possess local superlinear convergence properties. Interestingly, without
computing any derivative, the proposed method never fail to converge throughout the numerical experiments. The
output is based on number of iterations and CPU time, different initial starting points were used on a solve 40
benchmark test problems. With the aid of the squared norm merit function and derivative-free line search technique,
the approach yield a method of solving symmetric systems of nonlinear equations that is capable of significantly
reducing the CPU time and number of iteration, as compared to its counterparts. A comparison between the proposed
method and classical DFP update were made and found that the proposed methodis the top performer and
outperformed the existing method in almost all the cases. In terms of number of iterations, out of the 40 problems
solved, the proposed method solved 38 successfully, (95%) while classical DFP solved 2 problems (i.e. 05%). In terms
of CPU time, the proposed method solved 29 out of the 40 problems given, (i.e. 72.5%) successfully whereas classical
DFP solves 11 (27.5%). The method is valid in terms of derivation, reliable in terms of number of iterations and
accurate in terms of CPU time. Thus, suitable and achived the objective
Part 20 Design and Development of Mobile EZ-Arabic.Net for Ubiquitous Learning Among Malaysian Primary School Learners from Experts
No full textGeneral safety Procedures in Biomedical Laboratory: Laboratory Pocket Manual
No full textTo minimize health risks at workplace and making safe, protected environment, we need to educate students, employees, workers, staffs and supervisors. This manual contain all essential basic information regarding, educations about occupational safety and health, rules and standard operating procedures (SOPs) along with management strategies. It will help the readers to have strong understanding about technicalities of the work environment, precautions, usage of safety equipments and preventive measures. In addition to addressing these regulations that are mandatory, this manual also offers some best management practices supported by leading standards setting organizations and research institutions. Throughout, this document regulatory requirements will be clearly identified using words such as "must," "required," and "shall". The primary objective of occupational safety and health is concerned with preserving and protecting human capital and available resources in the workplace, colleges, university's departmental laboratories. The individual laboratories are free to adopt any non-mandatory guidelines found within this document as they are appropriate and applicable for their units or laboratories. This Laboratory Safety Manual is not intended to replace or supersede any specific operational rules or procedures that have been adopted by the university to comply with environmental, health, and safety regulations or policies. It is a dynamic document and will be reviewed periodically and updated based on the comments and suggestions of readers, laboratory users, and the broader scientific community in order to minimize risk and accidents
Chapter 5: Betel Leaves (Piper betle L.) Powder: Production, Nutritional Quality, Physico-Chemical and Functional Properties
No full textBetel (Piper betle L.) vines are cultivated for its nutrition and medicinal properties. Good
as it is, betel leaves are highly perishable. Hence, it posses challenge in
commercialisation of betel leaves. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the
effect of different drying conditions, i.e., hot-air oven drying at 40 (HAD-40), 50 (HAD50), and 60°C (HAD-60) and freeze drying (FD), on the nutritional values, physical,
chemical, and functional properties of betel leaves powder. Hot-air oven drying at 60°C
was the most effective method to preserve the nutrients of dried betel leaves with
proximate compositions of 8.80% moisture, 22.81% crude protein, 5.40% crude fat,
12.02% crude fibre, 12.09% ash, 50.91% total carbohydrate, and 343.44 kcal/100 g
energy. Results of physical analyses showed that HAD-40 had higher yield and lower
water activity (aw) compared to other powders, while HAD-60 demonstrated highest bulk
density value. FD showed the highest lightness, greenness, and yellowness values. For
chemical properties, HAD-40 had the highest pH and total titratable acidity values, while
the total soluble solid of all samples were insignificantly (P > 0.05) different. The
functional properties results demonstrated that HAD-40 had the highest water holding
capacity and the lowest oil holding capacity. HAD-40 betel leaves powder appeared to be
the best drying method as it shows the highest value for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential assay. However, in 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging ability, FD technique recorded the highest value. Overall, the suitable drying method in the production of betel leaves powder can be identified for their further applications as food ingredients, depending on characteristics and quality of the end product
