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St. Cloud Area Quarterly Business Report, Vol. 26, No. 2
Get PDFWeaker business conditions were reported during the February-April 2024 period by business leaders responding to the St. Cloud Area Quarterly Business Survey. Businesses were betting on being able to obtain higher prices for their products at the time the Federal Reserve is trying to restrain inflation. Other indicators gave way to hope that the next four-to-six months would be better. The closure of FDC, an area wholesale distribution firm with approximately 320 workers, was not seen as impacting the St. Cloud economy
Effects of Performance Expectation and Instruction Format on Student Learning
Get PDFIn everyday life, the likelihood of contacting reinforcement contingencies for engaging in a particular response depends on the presence or absence of multiple stimuli within the respective context. Individuals who demonstrate generalized conditional responding have histories of reinforcement for responding differentially to discriminable stimuli in this manner; however, some individuals may require more programmed instruction to acquire these conditional discrimination skills. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of different instructional arrangements for facilitating the acquisition of auditory-visual conditional discriminations with seven undergraduate students. Specifically, a within-subjects experimental design was used to teach participants 36 novel, arbitrary auditory-visual conditional discriminations via a custom-made software program across four conditions: 80% blocked-trial, 80% mixed-trial, 100% blocked-trial, and 100% mixed-trial. Under the blocked-trial format, the same conditional sample stimulus was presented consecutively across a predetermined number of trials. In contrast, the same conditional sample was presented randomly across learning opportunities under the mixed-trial format. Each participant acquired all 36 conditional discriminations, regardless of the experimental condition. Results indicated that the 80% mastery criterion led to more efficient learning outcomes and both instructional formats were effective in teaching novel conditional discriminations, though the blocked-trial format was slightly more efficient. Additionally, block size fading was unnecessary for proper stimulus control development. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed, and directions for future research are provided
Human and Sex Trafficking on Women and Children: The Effect on The Future of Public Safety
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A Qualitative Review of the Knowledge and Experiences of Special Education Teachers Using the One Teach-One Assist and Station Teaching Models
Get PDFThis qualitative study explored the knowledge and experiences of co-teaching teams using the one teach-one assist and station teaching models. Through data collection and analysis of a focus group and teacher interviews, the study examined the influence of co-teaching models on co-teacher ‘performance in a collaborative setting. The process of selecting study participants was done through the snowball sampling technique. Participants of the study were eight select Minnesota school teachers at the elementary, middle school and secondary levels who were identified as teachers who use the one teach-one assist and station teaching models, and who agreed to be part of the study.
The findings regarding the co-teachers’ knowledge and perceptions of the one teach-one assist and station teaching models were presented in six main themes for their relation to teacher understanding and involvement: (a) greater access to curriculum for students, (b) communication between co-teachers, (c) common planning time, (d) mutual respect of co-teaching partners, (e) shared leadership of co-teaching partners, and (f) an increase in professional development opportunities. This study demonstrated that effective co-teaching model implementation requires positive interdependence among teachers, effective cooperation strategies, and shared or common goals
Blurred Lines: Examining the Experiences of Women Mentor-Leaders in Executive Higher Education Roles during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFMentoring is an essential strategy for developing leaders and promoting gender parity in the workplace. The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented challenges for women in higher education leadership positions, disrupting traditional mentor-mentee dynamics. This feminist-hermeneutic phenomenological study explored the experiences of executive women mentor-leaders in higher education during the COVID-19 crisis, providing insights into their coping strategies and resilience.
Using a constructivist interpretive approach, this research examined the lived experiences of seven women in executive leadership positions within higher education institutions from 2020 to 2022. Semi-structured interviews reveal how these women navigated the transition to remote work, balanced professional and personal responsibilities, and adapted their mentoring practices in response to the pandemic. The hermeneutic circle facilitated data interpretation, allowing for a thorough examination of individual experiences.
Key findings show that women mentor-leaders used innovative and flexible strategies to maintain mentoring relationships, focusing on availability, active listening, and regular check-ins. Technology played an important role in maintaining engagement and support. Personal and professional boundaries, along with mentorship and leadership roles, were blurred, which added to their cognitive and emotional load, emphasizing the need for boundaries and self-care.
The study underscores the intersectionality of identities, including gender, race, sexual orientation, and familial roles, influencing mentor-leaders’ experiences and support capabilities. Effective leadership was characterized by empathy, vulnerability, and authenticity. This research emphasizes the importance of flexible strategies, empathetic leadership, and community support for navigating future challenges in higher education
Analysis of Pretrial Detention for Misdemeanors in New York
Get PDFAnalyzing New York pretrial data from January 2022 to June 2023, this paper utilizes multivariate regression to find inability to post bail for misdemeanors correlates with a 60.6-day increase in pretrial detention. For outer New York state (ONYC), inability to post bail for misdemeanors results in a 58.5-day increase in pretrial detention. Variables like having cases remanded and being rearrested have a respective 50.1 and 10 day increase in pretrial detention (NYC). In total, 262,336 cases were analyzed. There is strong evidence that New York’s recent bail reforms left positive effects on the pretrial process by replacing the number of cases where bail is set with release on recognizance (ROR) and non-monetary release (NMR). Meanwhile, for a small percentage of misdemeanor defendants (3.5% to 14% depending on the county) their inability to post bail continues to result in excessive detention. Variables like race, crime accused, and gender are much less important than one would expect. With the size of New York and the outsized impact of bail on pretrial detention, this paper questions the necessity for setting bail for any misdemeanor cases in the United States. The economic cost of pretrial detention is incurred by the state and defendants. Explaining the most significant predictors of pretrial detention provides tangible numbers to measure the economic cost of bail.
Key-words: Pretrial Detention, Cash Bail, Arraignment, Criminal Justice Reform, New York, Economic Analysis, Data Analytics, Multivariate Regressions.
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